There is a growing interest in animal-assisted intervention (AAI) all over the world. AAI is an umbrella term describing various forms of human-animal teams in formal human service, such as animal-assisted activity (AAA), animal-assisted therapy (AAT), and animal-assisted education (AAE). Animals commonly used as partners in AAI are dogs, cats, horses, guinea pigs, farm animals, and dolphins. Research on various topics within the field of AAI has experienced rapid growth over the past decade, but AAI approaches are still struggling to establish credibility as a complementary therapy method for a range of medical and psychological conditions. The aim of this review is to scrutinize the research literature related to AAI. Most studies have shown that AAI can have multiple outcomes, including social, psychological, and physical ones, in a wide range of settings. However, studies have not yet examined whether these effects carry over into other contexts. Moreover, study samples have tended to be small, non-representative, heterogeneous, and conducted without control groups. Further research is, thus, necessary to explore the sustainability and long-term benefits of AAI in a variety of settings and for different populations. Also, there is a need for specific guidelines for the welfare of therapy animals, as well as possible directions for standardized professional competencies.

목적 : 고령화 시대의 부정적인 노인 문제를 해결하고 성공적 노화에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 라이프스타일 중재에 대한 관심은 높아지나 라이프스타일 중재를 위한 전문가 양성 교육 모델에 대한 연구는 미흡하 다. 이에 본 연구는 국내·외 진행되고 있는 라이프스타일 중재 전문가 교육 프로그램들을 분석하여 향 후 국내 실정에 맞는 효과적인 라이프스타일 중재 전문가 양성 교육 모델을 구축하기 위한 기초자료를 마련하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 Arskey 와 O’Malley가 제시한 5단계의 주제범위 문헌고찰(Scoping review)의 연 구 단계에 따라 진행하였다. 문헌 검색을 통해 Lifestyle Medicine Global Alliance(LMGA)과 자매결 연을 맺은 28개의 단체들이 진행하고 있는 라이프스타일 중재 전문가 교육 프로그램 중에서 교육 목적, 대상, 방법, 과정들을 명확하게 확인할 수 있는 프로그램들만 선정하였다. 결과 : 연구 결과, 6개의 프로그램이 선정되었다. 첫째, 국가별로는 미국이 4개로 가장 많았고, 그 다음으 로 대한민국이 2개의 프로그램을 진행하고 있었다. 둘째, 교육 대상자 자격요건은 의료·보건·건강 종 사자로 제한하거나 별다른 제한 없이 관심 있는 사람이라면 누구나 이수할 수 있도록 한 경우가 각각 2 개씩 있었다. 셋째, 5개의 프로그램이 온라인 기반 비대면 교육 전달방식을 가지고 있었다. 넷째, 교육 내용은 대부분 신체활동, 식이, 정신적 건강(수면 및 스트레스 관리), 약물 관리 등에 초점을 맞추어 진 행되었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 새로운 라이프스타일 중재 전문가 교육 모델 구축을 위한 기초자료를 마련하였다. 따라 서 본 연구 결과에서 확인할 수 있었던 프로그램 교육 대상자 자격요건, 효과적인 교육 전달방식, 교육 내용 등을 향후 국내 상황을 고려하여 개발할 필요가 있다. 또한 활동 참여 및 디지털 리터러시 역량을 개발할 수 있는 내용도 추가한 다면적인 라이프스타일 중재를 위한 전문가 교육과정이 새롭게 개발될 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

Mucosal malignant melanoma is an uncommon tumor of the head and neck, and patient cannot easily recognize the lesion. Most patients are diagnosed with advanced lesions, and the 5-year survival rate is very low. Therefore, intraoral pigmented lesions require an incisional biopsy for differential diagnosis from malignant melanoma. As the size of the tumor increases, lesion showing vertical growth and lymph node metastasis increases, and the prognosis becomes poor. In this study, we report a case of mucosal malignant melanoma in the oral cavity that shows radial growth and no lymph node metastasis despite its relatively large size.

현재 대한민국의 가족 규모가 축소됨에 따라 반려동물에 대한 관심 및 양육 가구 수가 급증하면서 반려동물과의 상호작용도 활발하게 이루어지고 있는 추세이다. 그러나 이러 한 현실과는 달리 국내에서는 인간-동물 상호작용(Human-Animal Interactions, HAI), 반려동물과 인간의 상호작용에 관한 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있지 않는 실정이다. 본 연 구에서는 반려동물과 인간의 상호작용에 관한 국내 연구들을 살펴보고 정리하여 관련 연 구에 필요한 자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다.

Rapid development of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced to polymer composites has been recently noticed in many aspects. In this work, the latest developments on fatigue and fracture enhancement of polymer composites with CNTs reinforcement with diverse methods are thoroughly compiled and systematically reviewed. The existing available researches clearly demonstrate that fatigue fracture resistance of polymer composites can be improved accordingly with the addition of CNTs. However, this work identifies an interesting research gap for the first time in this field. Based on the systematic reviewing approach, it is noticed that all previously performed experiments in this field were mostly focused upon studying one factor only at a time. In addition, it is also addressed that there were no previous studies reported a relationship or effect of one factor upon others during examining the fatigue fracture of carbon nanotubes. Moreover, there was no adequate discussion demonstrating the interaction of parameters or the influence of one parameter upon another when both were examined simultaneously. It is also realized that the scope of the conducted fatigue fracture studies of carbon nanotubes were mainly focused on microscale fatigue analysis but not the macroscale one, which can consider the effect of environment and service condition. In addition, the inadequacy of fatigue life predicting models via analytical and numerical methods for CNT-reinforced polymer composites have also been highlighted. Besides, barriers and challenges for future directions on the application of CNT-reinforced polymer composite materials are also discussed here in details.

This article presents recent advancements in the development of flexible piezoresistive strain sensors based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)–polymer composites, with particular attention to their electromechanical properties. Various fabrication approaches and material preparation of CNTs–polymer composites with improved piezoresistive performance are introduced. Moreover, the article presents the working principle of the piezoresistive sensors in terms of the tunneling effect and disconnection-reconnection mechanism. The sensing performances of recently reported applications are studied. This work also reveals that the CNTs–polymer composites have great potential for flexible, skin-mountable, and wearable electronics applications. Finally, possible challenges for the future developments of CNTs–polymer composites are discussed.

Graphitic carbon nitride ( C3N4) has been intensively studied in the last 25 years. Although the number of papers about C3N4 published per year has been growing exponentially, there are still some unclear issues with this material. One of them is s-triazine C3N4 (s-C3N4), which is an allotrope of C3N4. The theoretical computational as well as experimental synthetic results are not unambiguous. The properties of s-C3N4 have been described only in two papers, and no similar and reproducible results have been obtained so far. This paper provides a brief overview of s-C3N4 to bring attention to this material, for example, as a potential photocatalyst.

Corrosion is a natural, inevitable process, and is one of the world's most serious problems. Losses incurred due to corrosion are extremely expensive for society. Several technological strategies have been explored and implemented to address these losses. The use of inhibitors to prevent corrosion is a common and efficient method to reduce corrosion losses. This review covers Al and Al-composite corrosion inhibitors in chloride-containing solutions, because of their popularity in a broad array of industrial applications. A vast number of studies in the literature detail the common tendency of Al and Al-composites with reinforcements to deteriorate. Accordingly, it is worthwhile to employ inhibitors to protect them, as discussed in the present work. The emphasis is on selecting the smartest corrosion inhibitor and evaluating its performance. According to the study, the most commonly used corrosion inhibitors are 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), 1,5-naphthalene diol, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (ATAT), ammonium tetrathiotungstate, clotrimazole, amoxicillin, antimicrobial and antifungal drugs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic (PDP), and weight loss were among the most commonly used modern electrochemical technologies to test inhibitors’ efficacy under environmental conditions.

To solve the pathological problems of the musculoskeletal system based on evidence, a sophisticated analysis of human motion is required. Traditional optical motion capture systems with high validity and reliability have been utilized in clinical practice for a long time. However, expensive equipment and professional technicians are required to construct optical motion capture systems, hence they are used at a limited capacity in clinical settings despite their advantages. The development of information technology has overcome the existing limit and paved the way for constructing a motion capture system that can be operated at a low cost. Recently, with the development of computer vision-based technology and optical markerless tracking technology, webcam-based 3D human motion analysis has become possible, in which the intuitive interface increases the user-friendliness to non-specialists. In addition, unlike conventional optical motion capture, with this approach, it is possible to analyze motions of multiple people at simultaneously. In a non-optical motion capture system, an inertial measurement unit is typically used, which is not significantly different from a conventional optical motion capture system in terms of its validity and reliability. With the development of markerless technology and advent of non-optical motion capture systems, it is a great advantage that human motion analysis is no longer limited to laboratories.

In accordance with the notification of the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC), environmental impact assessments around nuclear power plants are conducted annually and the results are disclosed to the public. KHNP evaluates the dose of residents around nuclear power plants using the K-DOSE60 program that reflects ICRP-60. K-DOSE60 calculates the expected exposure dose for residents by modifying the atmospheric dispersion and deposition factors evaluation module (XOQDOQ), gaseous effluent evaluation module (GASDOS) and liquid effluent evaluation module (LIQDOS) developed by the US NRC. The current evaluation program is the Bounding Assessments method, which evaluates under the assumption that residents reside at the exclusion area boundary (EAB), and has a disadvantage in that the estimated exposure dose is evaluated too conservatively. In the EPRI, instead of the conservative method that is conventionally performed for the residents’ dose evaluation method, a plan to improve the accuracy of the dose evaluation reflecting the site characteristics was reviewed. In addition, improvements were derived through the review of NPPs operation status, experience cases and the latest technology.

Gamma Reality Inc. (GRI) provides real-time, mobile 3D radiation mapping, data fusion, and visualization technologies for applications ranging from nuclear power and decommissioning to emergency response. The GRI-LAMP is a compact, multi-sensor system weighing about 10 lbs (4.5 kg). LAMP is fully mobile, provides 360 degree imaging (only limited by physical access to objects/area), and streams the 3D map fused with radiation data in real-time to the control tablet for immediate results that can quickly inform the user of potential hazards in the area or direct the user to the specific location where efforts should be focused. GRI systems are also remotely deployable on robotic platforms and are used on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAS), unmanned ground vehicles (UGV), as well as on manned vehicles and in handheld configurations. This deployment flexibility coupled with real-time data maximizes dose reduction opportunities and further enables dynamic operational planning, which can help reduce the costs of managing and maintaining operational nuclear power plants, as well as decontaminating, or decommissioning nuclear facilities. Applications include, but are not limited to, conducting regular radiation surveys, hotspot localization, shielding verification, radioactive waste shipment surveys, contamination mapping, and dose measurement. GRI’s solutions enable faster, safer, and more efficient radiation detection, mapping, and visualization of source terms and contamination. Commercially available LAMP versions include gamma-ray imaging, dual neutron and gamma mapping, and non-imaging gamma-ray mapping options.

The decommissioning cost of a nuclear power plant (NPP) is largely composed of activitydependent costs, period-dependent costs, and collateral costs. And activity-dependent costs for each decommissioning activity are composed of five cost elements: Removal, decontamination, packaging, shipping and disposal. Among these, the removal cost elements are calculated by multiplying the appropriate inventory data element by the corresponding unit factors (UF), which are developed in terms of labor hours to perform an activity on a per unit basis. The labor hours included in UF is calculated under theoretical working conditions, which, after being multiplied by labor rates, composes unit cost factor (UCF) along with material cost. In the actual working conditions, there are number of factors that increase the time needed for performing a task. The effects of these factors are taken into consideration by means of work difficulty factor (WDF), expressed as a percentage of increase of the working time, comparing to an unimpeded working situation. WDF, by increasing the labor hours and consequential labor cost in UCF, makes it possible to calculate the actual removal cost. There are about five types of adjustment factors commonly used as WDF: Height, Respiratory protection, Radiation, Protective clothing, Work break. Considering the different working conditions, all of the five factors’ combination could be used theoretically, which results in the huge increase of the number of WDFs. For practical purpose, two representative WDF application methods has been used in the dismantling decommissioning cost evaluation program: A separate development of the UCFs, WDFs applied to the decommissioning area. In the first method, all of the UCFs, having different working environment, should be developed separately by the cost estimator. In the second method, UCFs are to be allocated to the relevant decommissioning areas where WDF sets are predefined by the cost estimator. In this study, the components of the decommissioning cost, the relation between UCF and WDF, and WDF application methods were reviewed. The result of review implies that WDF has a great influence on decommissioning cost. Additionally, since WDF application methods have somewhat limitations and complexity, their characteristics should be sufficiently examined by the user before being used.

In Korea, Starting with the permanent shutdown of Kori Unit1, decommissioning of commercial nuclear power plant is underway. Although various technologies are required to decommissioning a nuclear power plant, the most important technology is the characterization of radioactive waste. In particular, it is possible to establish an accurate decommissioning plan and estimate cost for radioactive waste through accurate characterization of reactor vessel (RV), reactor vessel internal (RVI) and bioshield, which are highly activated waste. In Slovakia’s V1 nuclear power plant, two units were shutdown in 2006 and 2008, respectively, and decommissioning license was approved in July 2011. Before approving the decommissioning license, the decommissioning database project was carried out from 2008 to 2011. At this time, radioactive evaluation was performed through sampling and radiological analysis of radioactive structures.

The decommissioning of nuclear power plant (NPP) generates large amount of waste. Since the most of the concretes are slightly surface contaminated, the accurate characterization and regionspecific surface decontamination are important for the efficient waste management. After the effective surface decontamination and separation, most of the concrete waste from decommissioning of NPP can be classified as a clearance waste. Various surface characterization and decontamination technologies are suggested. The mechanical technologies are simple and offers direct application. The laser-based technologies offer efficient separation and surface contamination. The high price, however, hesitates the application of the process. The nitro-jet technology, which is based on the evaporation of liquid nitrogen, allows the effective decontamination. However, the high price and uncertainty of large are application hinders the practical application in NPP decommissioning. In this paper, various technologies for characterization, handling, treatment, etc., will be discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the technologies will be discussed, in terms of practical applications.

The permanent shutdown of NPPs (nuclear power plants) has been growing steadily around the world. Also, permanent shutdown of old NPPs has been determined following to Kori-1 and Wolsong-1 in the Korea. Among issues of decommissioning of NPPs, especially, the management of radioactive waste is the most sensitive issue. According to IAEA, a large volume of radioactive concrete waste would be generated from decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Also, EC (European commission) expected that about 500 million tons of concrete will be produced in Europe by 2060 due to decommissioning of NPPs. It is known that the radioactive concrete consists of surface contaminated concrete and activated concrete. So, if contaminants from radioactive concretes can be removed using specific technologies, volume reduction of concrete can be achieved. Since there is no experience of decommissioning of NPPs in Korea, it is important to analyze previous cases. In this study, decontamination of radioactive concrete is analyzed through previous studies. Decontamination technologies of concrete are composed of mechanical methods, chemical methods, and thermal methods. Mechanical methods are physical technologies separating contaminants from concrete using scabbling, milling, and vacuum cleaning. In chemical methods, contaminants were removed from concrete using an oxidizing agent/reducing agent, acid/base. Thermal methods are removal technologies using lasers, microwaves, and pulsed power discharge. Some methods still have practical use cases, and further research is needed on the issue of generation of secondary waste. Review on the experience of decontamination of concrete show that waste of concrete generated during decommissioning of NPPs are expected to have effect of large volume reduction. However, many studies are needed because secondary waste and decontamination cost is sensitive issue of concrete generated during decommissioning of NPPs. In order to successful decommissioning of NPPs in Korea, various research of decontamination of concrete are need

In order to indirectly evaluate the inventory of difficult-to-measure (DTM) nuclides in radioactive waste, the scaling factor method by key nuclide has been used. It has been usually applied to low-and intermediate-level dry active waste (DAW), and the tolerance of 1,000% margin of error in the US, that is the factor of 10, is applied as an allowable confidence limits considering the inhomogeneity of the waste and the limitation of sample size. This is because the scaling factor method is based on economic efficiency. Confidence limits is the uncertainty (sampling error) according to predicting the mean value of the population by the mean value of the sample at 95% confidence level, reflecting the limitations of sample size (representation) with the standard deviation. If the standard deviation is large, the sample size can be increased to satisfy the allowable confidence limits. In the new nuclear power plants, the concentration of cesium nuclide (137Cs) in radioactive waste tends to be very low due to advances in nuclear fuel and reactor core management technology, which makes it very difficult to apply cesium as a key nuclide. In addition, it is inevitable to apply the mean activity concentration method, which reasonably and empirically derives the concentration of DTM nuclides regardless of key nuclide, when the correlation between key and DTM nuclides is not significant. The mean activity method is a methodology that applies the average concentration of a sample set to the entire population, and is similar to applying the average concentration ratio between key and DTM nuclides of a sample set to the population in the scaling factor method. Therefore, in this paper, the maximum acceptable uncertainty (confidence limits) at a reasonable level was studied when applying the mean activity concentration method by arithmetic mean unlike the scaling factor method which usually uses the geometric mean method. Several measures were proposed by applying mutatis mutandis the acceptable standard deviation in radiation measurement and the factor of 10 principle, etc., and the appropriateness was reviewed through case analysis.