Job-appropriate personal protective equipment(PPE) is important for decreasing the high rates of occupational injury experienced by construction site. Objective: This analysis describes Personal protective equipment payment methods improvement by revision of occupation safety&health acts. Methodes: Data are show up during the past 9 year statistics for occupation injury cases from actual construction site in Korea construction company. Results: Most construction workers are not wearing PPE because of non-payment of PPE by employer mainly small enterprises. Conclusions: Construction site workers should be buy with job appropriate PPE themselves. Buying of PPE is essential in the near future and government should be provide appropriate compensation for self-buying action such as raise retirement deduction installment or raise of industrial accident insurance.

In this study, we investigated the effects of EGR rate and engine load on the emission characteristics in a 4-cylinder common rail direct injection diesel engine fueled with canola oil biodiesel (BD) blended fuel. The biodiesel blend fuel, BD20 (20 vol.% biodiesel and 80 vol.% ULSD blend) was used at an engine speed of 1,500rpm. The experimental results showed that with the increasing of EGR rate, the combustion pressure and rate of heat release (ROHR) of three test fuels were decreased, and the ignition delay was extended, the carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) emissions increased slightly, but the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission decreased clearly. On the other hand, with the increasing of engine load, the combustion pressure and ROHR were increased, and the CO and PM emissions decreased. However, the NOx emission was increased due to the rise of the combustion temperature.

본 연구에서는 산화된 피복관으로부터 염소화 공정을 통해 Zr을 선택적으로 회수하기 위한 연구의 일환으로, 단면이 개방 된 ZIRLO 피복관의 염소화 반응 속도식을 열중량분석기를 이용하여 분석하였다. 실험을 통해 산화된 ZIRLO 피복관은 400 도 염소화 조건에서 염소 기체와 반응하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 하지만 피복관 한쪽 혹은 양쪽 끝의 새로운 단면이 개방 될 경우 ZIRLO의 염소화 반응이 가능함을 확인하였고 반응을 완료하기까지 8 시간이 소요되었다. 이는 반응 완료까지 7 시 간이 소요된 산화되지 않은 피복관에 비하여 반응시간이 14% 증가한 것이다. Sharp-Hancock 식을 이용하여 단면이 개방된 ZIRLO 피복관과 염소 기체의 반응을 모사하기 위한 구조함수를 도출하였으며, 부피축소 모델이 본 연구 조건에서 가장 적 합한 구조 함수로 확인되었다. 또한, 본 연구를 통해 ZIRLO 피복관의 표면이 산화되어 있는 조건에서도 단면노출을 통해 염 소화 공정에 적용이 가능함을 확인하였다.

토콜즈(tocols) 이성질체 조성이 서로 다른 자포니카와 통 일형 품종을 이용하여 저장기간에 따른 지질 관련 품질의 변 화를 살펴보았다. 자포니카와 통일형 품종의 현미를 35℃, 습 도 80%에서 8주간 저장하며, 2주 간격으로 품질 변화를 분석 한 결과, 자포니카 품종들의 발아율은 저장 초기 98.0%에서 저장 8주 후 22.4%까지 감소한 데 반해, 통일형 품종들은 저 장 초기 93.3%에서 8주 후 59.7%로 감소해 통일형 품종의 발 아율 감소율이 2배 이상 낮았고, 쌀의 저장 중의 산패 정도를 나타내는 지방산가 또한 통일형 품종에서 유의적으로 낮았 다. 발아율 및 지방산가는 쌀의 저장 중 품질 저하를 판단하 는 주요 기준이며, 본 실험을 통해 통일형 벼 품종이 자포니 카 품종에 비해 저장에 따른 품질 저하 속도가 늦다는 사실을 확인하였다. 통일형 벼는 토코페롤 대비 토코트리에놀 함량 이 높고, 특히 지질 안정성 및 지질의 산화 억제 효과가 뛰어 난 γ-토코트리에놀의 함량이 높은 지질 특징을 지니고 있어, 벼 저장 중의 지질 산패 지연에 관여하였을 것으로 추측된다. 그러나 벼의 저장성과 관련된 명확한 성분 구명을 위해서는 자포니카와 통일형의 토콜즈(tocols) 조성 혼합물을 이용한 저장 실험이 추가로 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

양돈 농가의 모돈 1두당 연간 출하두수(MSY; Marketted-pigs per Sow per Year)를 향상시키기 위 해 돼지의 폐사율을 줄이는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 2014년 6월 초부터 2015년 2월 말까지(여 름, 가을, 겨울철) 총 10곳의 양돈 농가에서 각 사육단계별 돼지의 폐사율에 영향을 미치는 계절별 각 환경요인의 기여도를 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 그 결과,‘여름+가을+겨울’에는 일교차가 분만사와 이유자돈사에서의 폐사율에 영향을 미치고(p<0.05),‘가을+겨울’에는 일교차만이 분만사에서의 페사율 에 영향을 미치는 반면에 평균기온 및 일교차가 이유자돈사에서의 폐사율에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다(p<0.05). 하지만, 육성·비육사에서의 폐사율에는 어떠한 계절별 환경요인도 유의적으로 작용하 지 않음을 알 수 있었다(p>0.05). 따라서 계절에 상관없이 분만사와 이유자돈사의 경우에는 일교차를 적정수준인 2℃ 이하로 유지하고, 상대적으로 기온이 낮은 가을·겨울철에는 예열과정을 거쳐 외부의 찬 공기가 직접 돈사 내부로 유입되는 것을 방지하고, 난방 등을 통해 돈사 내 평균기온을 적절하게 유 지한다면 이유자돈의 폐사율을 낮춤으로써 농장의 모돈 1두당 연간 출하두수를 향상시킬 수 있을 것으 로 판단된다.

Bees of the genus Osmia are cavity-nesting solitary species that play important roles as pollinators. Nest traps are one of the most common methods to study Osmia bees. To elucidate the optimal environmental conditions of nesting sites, we investigated the effects of location, direction, altitude, and sites of nest traps on the rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. During the collection period, the average rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. collected within 90 days after the installation of traps was 17.0±20.0%. This percentage was 2.7-fold higher than that of trap-nesting bees in 30 days after the installation of traps. The Jeongseon location exhibited the highest rates of trap-nesting Osmia spp. collected in 30 and 90 days, representing 11.1 ±17.6% and 23.2±22.5%, respectively. The direction of the nest traps did not affect the rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. The altitude ranges of the traps were 0-199 m, 200-399 m, 400-599 m, 600-799 m and over 800 m. Interestingly, the altitude range of 600-799 m showed the highest rate of trap-nesting bees, which was 40.4±3.9%. Higher altitudes seemed to correspond to higher rates of trap-nesting bees. With regards to the sites where the nests were placed, the rate of trap-nesting bees in a mud wall of an old house was 45.1±25.2%, which was 3-fold higher than that of a nest in an apple orchard. The flowering plants collected at different locations during the trap-nesting activity of Osmia bees belonged to 18 families and 34 species. In conclusion, the rates of trap nests colonized by Osmia spp. were affected by altitude, site, and plant diversity.

This study was conducted to propose the use of a non-compliance rate for evaluation of the HACCP operational condition. We calculated the sectoral non-compliance rate from the HACCP prerequisite evaluation reports. This rate indicates vulnerability of the operational prerequisite conditions that must be improved to increase HACCP reliability for safe foods. The common weak point in the livestock products industry was storage and transportation management, and operating condition in butcher shops were worse than those for the other livestock businesses. In order to obtain better information on findings, evaluation items should be improved simply with one item for evaluation of one check point.

본 연구는 공급자(supplier), 중간공급자(distributor) 그리고 고객(customer)으로 구성된 2 단계 공급사슬에서 퇴화성 제품(deteriorating products)에 대한 중간공급자의 재고모형을 분석하였다. 문제 분석을 위해 공급자는 중간공급자의 수요 증대를 목적으로 중간공급자의 주문 크기에 따라 차별적으로 외상 기간을 허용하고, 최종 고객의 수요는 중간공급자의 재고 수준에 따라 선형적(linearly)으로 증가한다는 가정 하에 모형을 분석하였다. 중간공급자의 이익을 최대화하는 경제적 주문량 결정 방법을 제시하였고, 예제를 통하여 그 해법의 타당성을 보였으며, 민감도 분석을 통하여 퇴화율이 재고정책에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.

This study was conducted to reduce contamination ratio of oyster mushroom bottle cultivation. The optimalconditions of substrate sterilization for reducing of contamination ratio were at 121oC for 90min. In addition, UV-C irradiation isgood for lower contamination ratio to continue over 6 hours at cooling and inoculation room after sterilization. Thecontamination ratio and density of microorganisms of substrate were showed 0% after sterilization at 121oC for 90min.Trichoderma sp., main pathogen of mushrooms, was detected from substrate after sterilized during 2 or 4 hours at 101oC and 105oC,respectively. The amount of electricity used was the lowest at 121oC for 90min than that of other sterilization conditions. The UV-Cirradiation treatment was used UV-C lamp(40 watts) in the inoculation room(56m3). The density of bacteria did not detected after UV-C irradiation for 6 hours. And the death ratio of bacteria and Trichoderma sp. was 99.9% after UV-C irradiation for 6 hours. However,in the same UV-C irradiation time, the death ration of Cladosporium sp. was 90.9%. Therefore, the death ratio of fungi was lower thanthat of bacteria at the same UV-C irradiation treatment.

The IRR(internal rate of return) is often used by investors for the evaluation of engineering projects. Unfortunately, it has serial flaws: (1) multiple real-valued IRRs may arise; (2) complex-valued IRRs may arise; (3) the IRR is, in special cases, incompatible with the net present value (NPV) in accept/reject decisions. The efforts of management scientists and economists in providing a reliable project rate of return have generated over the decades an immense amount of contributions aiming to solve these shortcomings. Especially, multiple internal rate of returns (IRRs) have a fatal flaw when we decide to accep it or not. To solve it, some researchers came up with external rate of returns (ERRs) such as ARR (Average Rate of Return) or MIRR (MIRR, Modified Internal Rate of Return). ARR or MIRR. will also always yield the same decision for a engineering project consistent with the NPV criterion. The ERRs are to modify the procedure for computing the rate of return by making explicit and consistent assumptions about the interest rate at which intermediate receipts from projects may be invested. This reinvestment could be either in other projects or in the outside market. However, when we use traditional ERRs, a volume of capital investment is still unclear. Alternatively, the productive rate of return (PRR) can settle these problems. Generally, a rate of return is a profit on an investment over a period of time, expressed as a proportion of the original investment. The time period is typically the life of a project. The PRR is based on the full life of the engineering project. but has been annualised to project one year. And the PRR uses the effective investment instead of the original investment. This method requires that the cash flow of an engineering project must be separated into ‘investment’ and ‘loss’ to calculate the PRR value. In this paper, we proposed a tabulated form for easy calculation of the PRR by modifing the profit and loss statement, and the cash flow statement.

Domestic plant construction sites have a tendency to become bigger, more various and complicated. Moreover frequency of industrial incident is increasing due to short project period, coexistence work condition and using heavy construction equipment. Installing safety facilities and safety training contribute to prevent incident. But mostly incident happens due to workers’ unsafe action and wrong work method. Technically, it is very difficult for us to closely manage workers preventing incident. Therefore, the role of foreman who ordinarily works together with his workers is considered more important. Specific execution plan was drawn through industrial incident statistics from Ministry of Labor and questionnaire survey to interest parties(supervisor, safety staff and foreman). If foreman has raised sense of belonging and responsibility by conducting practical safety training for his workers, manages job site and receives proper compensation for these roles, it will be expected that it fully influences incident decrease.

Many researches have been performed on eye tracking technology and its major researches include mobile UI measurement, navigation, internet web measurement, measurement of TV concentration. However, a research on evaluating concentration of mobile gamer has not been performed so far. In this study, a possibility of being able to provide mobile game designer with data for concentration measurement was verified by measuring concentration of mobile gamer based on GazePlot, HeatMap, Cluster by utilizing eye tracking technology. In addition, based on the result of measuring eye tracking experiment, several advantages for objectivity, differentiation and complementarities of eye tracking technology were suggested. In order to measure suggested experiment result, an experiment was performed by using eye tracking system software (Tobii Mobile Device Stand for 2x2) and data, graph that could be utilized as reference data at the time of game development in the future were presented by identifying concentrated part and not concentrated part in playing a game after measuring concentration by each age group.

Ventilation devices and room air cleaners can be used to remove indoor contaminants from indoor air. Generally, room air cleaners are rated according to clean air delivery rate (CADR). However, a similar metric for ventilation has not been used to be compared with CADR of room air cleaner. The CADRs and cost-effectiveness metrics (CADR/kw) of ventilation devices and room air cleaners were newly defined and theoretically compared for a child care center. The results indicate that the CADRs of room air cleaner were greater than that of ventilation. A higher collection efficiency for the particles guaranteed a higher CADR for ventilation. Ventilation filter had a performance that exceeds MERV11 should be used to effectively control the indoor particle concentration. The stand alone type air cleaner was found to have the best performance in the cost-effectiveness. The reason for this is that the effective air cleaning ratio of the stand alone type air cleaner is higher than that of the others and the power consumption of the stand alone type air cleaner is lowest.

이 연구는 중국 내몽고 쿠부치사막지역의 사막화확산 방지를 위한 사막복구조림을 실시함으로써 장기적으로 사막화지역에 적합한 사방기술을 향상시키는데 기여하고자 수행하였다. 연구지역은 모래가 약 97%로 식재시 지속적인 수분공급이 필요하고, 토양pH가 7.2~7.9인 약알칼리성토양으로 토양양료가 대단히 부족한 상태로 나타났다. 우리나라 산림청이 조림한 지역에서 양수(楊樹, Populus simonii Carr.)의 평균활착률은 87.8%로 나타난 반면, 사류(沙柳, Salix gordejevaii Chang et. Skv.) 평균활착률은 76.8%로, 양수보다 저조하였다. 양수의 평균 신초생장량은 50.4 cm로 나타났고, 사류의 평균 신초생장량은 67.8 cm로 나타나 신초생장량은 사류가 양수보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 경기도가 조림한 지역에서 양수의 평균활착률은 89.5%로 나타난 반면, 사류의 평균활착률은 68.3%로 양수보다 현저히 낮아, 보식이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 양수의 평균 신초생장량은 56.7 cm로 나타났고, 사류의 평균 신초생장량은 56.9 cm로 나타나 두 수종 간 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다.

To obtain geographical range and growth–kinetics parameters of mottled sake (Beringraja pulchra) populations in the Yellow Sea, three mark–recapture experiments were carried out. Overall, 991 tagged individuals were released, and 4.1% of them were recaptured with the mean release period of 339 d (range, 8–1,420 d) and the mean growth rate of 1.4 cm mon–1 (female, 1.5 cm mon–1; male 1.3 cm mon–1). In the first experiment, 667 individuals were released at Heuksan Island from April to June, 2007–2009, and 30 individuals were recaptured mainly at the north and the north–east coasts of the island, indicating absence of migration to the south of the island. In the second experiment, 323 individuals were released at several fishing grounds scattered in the Yellow Sea in 2010–2013, and 11 individuals were recaptured at points deviated to all directions from the releasing points. As the last, one individual was released with pop–up satellite archival tag at a costal point (34°37.2’N, 124°59.3’E) off Hong Island on May 21, 2010. The tagged individual migrated to a north–east location (35°50.4’N, 126°03.6’E) of Eocheong Island by Aug. 25, 2010. The data archived for the three months in the tag indicated that the migration path had depths of 48–80 m and temperature of 12.6–14.4°C. The results indicated that mottled sake populations had a localized habitat ranges at the north of Heuksan Island and the west of Hong Island while growing at the rate of 1.4 cm mon–1.