In this study, the reduction kinetics and behaviors of oxides in the water-atomized iron powder have been evaluated as a function of temperature ranging 850-1000˚C in hydrogen environment, and compared to the reduction behaviors of individual iron oxides including Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeO. The water-atomized iron powder contained a significant amount of iron oxides, mainly Fe3O4 and FeO, which were formed as a partially-continuous surface layer and an inner inclusion. During hydrogen reduction, a significant weight loss in the iron powder occurred in the initial stage of 10 min by the reduction of surface oxides, and then further reduction underwent slowly with increasing time. A higher temperature in the hydrogen reduction promoted a high purity of iron powder, but no significant change in the reduction occurred above 950˚C. Sequence reduction process by an alternating environment of hydrogen and inert gases effectively removed the oxide scale in the iron powder, which lowered reduction temperature and/or shortened reduction time.

In this study safety distance was investigated for small-scale LNG storage facilities in order to provide basic data for safety. The results are as follows; (1) For explosion pressure criteria, current criteria are reasonable, but water spray system should be recommended to LNG storage tank to ensure safety. (2) For criteria based on the results of the quantitative risk assessment, criteria applied to people are 5kW/㎡ for radiation, LFL for dispersion, and 7kPa for explosion pressure. And criteria applied to facility are 37.5 kW/㎡ for radiation and 20 kPa for explosion pressure.

본 연구의 목적은 가정 내 안전성 평가도구에 대해 알아보고 노인에게 적용해봄으로써 노인의 가정환경 평가를 소개하고, 향후 국내에서의 적극적인 사용을 제안하기 위한 것이다. 가정 내 안정성 평가도구 중 Safety Assessment Scale(SAS)는 다른 평가도구에 비해 비교적 문항수가 적고, 실시 방법이 간단한 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 강원도 원주시에 거주하는 노인 두 명의 가정을 방문하여 SAS 평가를 하였다. 두 대상자 모두 독거노인으로 연령, 인지기능, 한국판 간이 정신 상태 검사(Mini Mental State Examination – Korea; MMSE-K)점수는 유사하였다. SAS 평가결과는 비슷한 인지 수준 의 대상자라고 하더라도, SAS의 점수에는 10점의 차이가 있었다. 대상자 1의 경우 대상자 2에 비해 점수가 더 높았고, 즉 이것은 위험이 크다고 해석할 수 있었다. 특히 낙상 및 안전사고, 영양 상태의 위험이 컸고 이러한 항목의 중재 및 교육이 필요하였다. 앞으로 작업치료 영역에서 노인을 대상으로 한 가정 내 환경에서의 안전성 평가의 중요성은 점점 더 부각될 것으로 보인다. 대상자의 안전한 가정 내 생활을 위한 중재 수립, 대상자 교육, 나아가 대상자의 가정환경 수정을 하기 위한 평가도구의 하나로서 SAS의 적용을 고려해 볼 수 있을 것이다.

Methyl Bromide (MB) has been regulated by montreal protocol due to ozone depletion since 1992, and there is a need to develop MB alternative fumigation methods. To find out the efficacies and tolerance in developmental stages of citrus mealybugs (Planococcus citri) which frequently infested in imported pineapples, phosphine(PH3) gas was tested in different exposure times (2~24 hr) and concentrations (0.1∼2g/m3) in small desiccators at 8℃. Based on Lethal 99% concentration × time products (LCTP 99%) of PH3 gas to target developmental insect, 2g/m3 PH3 was applied for 24 hr in 300 m3 fumigation facility, which was designed in well sealed and evacuation system (5 air exchange/min). We monitored PH3 gas in fumigation facility to confirm CTP and checked PH3 gas in atmospheres in air ventiliation process after fumigations to make quarantine guideline and protocol for worker safety as well as efficacy to target pest.

멸종위기종이며 식물지리학적으로 중요 종임에도 불 구하고, 천연기념물 제191호 한란의 개체군 생태에 관 한 연구는 우리나라에서 수행된 바 없다. 본 연구는 2013년 10월부터 2014년 2월까지 제주특별자치도 서 귀포시 상효동 돈내코 계곡과 접한 한란 자생지의 환경 개체군 구조 및 미세 석시처 선호성을 분석하였다. 조사 지역 (1.25 ha)에서 총 1,237 (989.6개체 ha-1)개체의 한 란을 관찰하였으며, 위인경 (pseudobulb)은 모두 4,341 개, 그리고 17개체 (1.4%)에서 개화를 확인하였다. 전체 개체 중 60.9%에서 잎마름 및 반점 등의 병징이 관찰 되었다. 엽면적의 경우 전체적으로 소형 개체가 가장 많 고, 준중형, 중형, 준대형 및 대형의 순으로 많은 역-J자 형태로 나타났다. 한란의 크기 (위인경 수 rs=-0.159, 잎 수 rs=-0.148, 그리고 엽면적 rs=-0.114)는 토양온 도와 약하지만 유의한(p⁄0.0001) 음의상관을 나타내었 다. 한란은 거의 모든 개체 (95.4%)가 구실잣밤나무 아 래에서 자라고 있었으며, 공간적으로 모여서 자라는 특 성을 나타내었다. 연구 지역에 나타난 한란 개체군 특성 은 종의 서식처 선호성과 자생지의 천이 진행에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구를 통하여 한란 자생지 모니터 링 기반을 마련하였으며, 개체군 특성에 기초한 보전방 안을 논의 하였다.

During five years (Year 2009~2013), Total victims of 72 %( 81,560 people) and those 50.6 %( 1,258 people) of death accident occurs in small scale construction site which operate 2 million USD less construction budget. Especially, falling death accident account for 785 people, in the share of 33.2 %( 261 people) death disaster takes due to defect of original cause materials. The major safety issues in small scale work place take place while scaffold installation, disassembling, work-plate improper installation or non-professional skills of workers. Furthermore, labor subcontract systems make small construction site shortage of resources. Those workers regard work-plate as unnecessary and consumables supplies. Because of that most of workers use unsafe workplace in most construction site. Therefore, in order to prevent falling accident occurring in small scale work site, government should organize related regulations such as “Work site safety construction method” and then expands education support, financial aid, and sourcing safety supplies for work plate which offer broad variety experiences. Also, introduce certificate solutions for various work plates to improve safety function such as anchoring type method and anti sliding function.

본 연구는 경사지 밭에서의 토양유실량 저감을 위해 실트펜스와 식생밭두렁의 적용 가능성을 평가하기 위한 현장실험 연구로, 이를 위해 전라북도 익산시 금마면에 시험포장을 설치하고 포장실험을 수행하였다. 시험포장은 표준시험포 크기 (5 m × 22 m), 경사 9%의 시험구 3개소와 정방형 크기(15 m × 15 m), 경사 6%의 시험구 2개소로 구성되어 있으며, 포장에서의 강우량을 측정하기 위해 자기우량계를 설치하였고, 각 시험구의 말단에는 유출량을 측정하기 위한 플륨 및 수위계를 설치하여 모니터링 하였다. 강우시 유출수에 의해 토양이 유실되며 토양 입자에 흡착되어 있는 오염물질도 같이 유출되는데 이러한 유출수의 오염 부하량을 산정하여 토양유실량을 평가하였다. 시간변화에 따라 오염 부하량 저감효과를 분석한 결과 대조구 시험포를 기준으로 실트펜스에서 SS 50.1%가 저감되었고 SS 항목이 저감되었다는 것은 유사가 저감되어 토양유실을 저감시킨 것을 나타낸다. 향후 추가적인 연구를 통해 경사지밭 토양유실량 저감효과를 평가하고 제어대책을 개발하게 되면 밭에서의 토양유실을 최소화시켜 수질개선에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 지도학의 주요 개념인 투영법과 축척에 관한 미국 학부생들의 이해 상태를 조사하였다. 첫째, 투영법 개념을 테스트하는 인터뷰에서 지도학의 비전문가인 학생들은 두 지점 사이의 대권항로가 지도상에서 직선으로 나타나지 않는 이유에 대해 항공 교통 통제 및 비행기 충돌방지, 높은 산과 같은 장애물 회피, 환승, 코리올리의 힘 때문이라는 네 가지 유형의 반응을 보였다. 본 조사에 참여한 학생들은 투영법에 따른 대권항로의 다양한 표현 형태를 제대로 이해하지 못하였다. 둘째, 축척에 대해서는 기존 연구에서 널리 알려진 대축척, 소축척 개념의 혼동이 가장 흔하게 나타나는 오해였다. 대부분의 학생들이 대축척 지도에서 사용된 ‘대’자라는 용어 때문에 대축척 지도가 넓은 지역을 표현한 지도라고 생각하였다. 그리고 축척이라는 개념 자체를 제대로 인지하지 못하는 학생들도 있었다. 이 연구는 투영법과 축척이라는 두 가지의 중요한 지도학적 개념에 대해 학생들의 이해 상태를 실증적으로 조사했다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 이 연구 결과는 추후 지도 관련 정보 디자인이나 효과적인 지리교육 전략 개발 등을 위한 기초 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

Cu2O nanowires were synthesized at large scale on copper plate by thermal oxidation in air. The effect of oxidation time and temperature on the morphology of the nanowires was examined. The oxidation time had no effect on the diameter of the nanowires, while it had a great effect on the density and the length of the nanowires. The density and the length of the nanowires increased, and then decreased, with increasing oxidation time. The oxidation temperature had a tremendous effect on the size-distribution as well as the density of the nanowires. When the oxidation temperature was 700˚C, uniform size-distribution and high density of the nanowires was achieved. At lower and higher temperatures, the density of the nanowires was lower, and they displayed a broader size-distribution. It is suggested that the Cu2O nanowires were grown via a vapor-solid mechanism because no catalyst particles were observed at the tips of the nanowires.

Even in the business-to-business(B2B) markets, service quality is becoming very important factor which determines success or failure of the long-term business relationship. Considering that most previous researches about service quality were conducted in the business-to-consumer (B2C) area, this study conceptualizes the various quality aspects of service that are considered in B2B market and proposes B-SERVQUAL which is the detailed quality measurement scale of B2B service. Our study aims to reveal how such recognized service quality influences on realizing the relationship between the customer and the supplier. We began this research with two main objectives: (1) develop the service quality scale to facilitate assessments of B2B service quality and (2) investigate the structural model which deals with the relation between the service quality and business relationship performance. Service quality has a positive effect on relationship bonding, indicating that the superior service quality of service providers leads relationship bonding with buyers. Five dimensions considered in this study bring not only structural bond but also the social bond that refers to the emotional bonding. Especially, we assumed that the empathy quality, a human factor in service quality, plays an important role in binding sellers and buyers personally and emotionally. Technical quality and the process quality related to service delivery are closely associated with the technical level of the service provided, so the service quality structurally binds the relationship between companies. In addition, service quality has a greater effect on structural bond than social bond, which implies that service quality is emphasized as core elements that bring economic, strategic, technical, and organizational benefits in B2B trading rather than be seen as a catalyst to accelerate trading or supplementary elements to the products. Structural bond in relationship bonding is an antecedent of social bond. Relationship bonding has been studied in 2 categories traditionally. This study could identify a casual relation between them. The findings from the study demonstrate that the structural bond is developed when clear economic and managerial advantages exist for buyers, and then the social bond is formed based upon this. In other words, structural bond is a positive predictor of social bond or emotional bond. As suggested earlier, service quality has a greater effect on structural bond than social bond, which supports a structural casual relation in which the structural bond is accomplished first through service and then, based upon this, social bond is accomplished. Commitment appeared to be an important factor that has a positive effect on relationship performance, which demonstrates the experience and the reduction of management cost through commitment is the antecedent that brings the relationship performance which is defined as the degree of the effectiveness and efficiency from mutual organization exchange activities. Managerial implications and limitations of the study were also discussed in detail.

Research on new product development has emphasized the importance of integrating customers, employees, and suppliers in an organization’s innovation processes. While several studies evaluate respective participatory processes, there is, surprisingly, no consensus on which dimension participation quality consists of, and how to measure them consistently. The present study contributes to the literature by identifying the dimensions of participation quality and by constructing a participation quality scale that includes six dimensions, namely (1) project-related resources, (2) early involvement, (3) degree of influence, (4) transparency of processes, (5) incentive mechanisms, and (6) voluntariness of participation. Furthermore, a 24-item measure of participation quality is developed using a mixed-method design. Results of our study show that the developed measure impacts important innovation-related outcomes such as innovation performance, acceptance of the innovation, and intention to participate in future innovation projects. Given that the six identified dimensions of participation quality differentially affect these outcomes, the scale provides the opportunity to better design participatory innovation projects, and thus helps managers to integrate stakeholders more successfully in these projects.

Malaysia is currently implementing the use of the Frog Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) in all government schools in the country. This paper outlines the basis for introducing the VLE in leveraging teaching and learning in Malaysian schools. It discusses the state of current literature associated with the use of VLE. In addition, it articulates the need for programme evaluation as a means for decision-makers to plan and take necessary corrective action to better implement VLE among teachers and students in schools. To sustain the implementation of this endeavour, a monitoring and evaluation mechanism must be put in place. This would determine how the VLE is performing and ascertain key success factors with the use of the Frog VLE among teachers and students. For this purpose, a survey research was undertaken using a sample comprising 426 teachers and 223 students from primary and secondary schools throughout the country. Reliability computations show Cronbach alpha values greater than .90 for the various constructs in the scaled items of the teachers’ and students’ questionnaires. The key findings of the study show significantly different perceptions (p < .05) in the use of Frog VLE as a learning tool between primary pupils and secondary students with significantly higher perceptions from secondary students on all aspects ranging from ease of use of Frog VLE to using Frog VLE as a collaborative tool for interaction within and outside the classroom. Factor analysis via the Principal Component Analysis method shows 3 critical success factors cited by teachers in the use of Frog VLE. The first factor concerns the functionality of VLE as a pedagogical tool; the second is associated with the user-friendliness of the VLE; and the third concerns the VLE as a tool for collaboration. An analysis of ranks derived from the mean computations of the variables within the first factor shows the VLE provides a platform for teachers to share ideas and opinions being ranked first. This is followed by VLE being used by students to obtain learning materials, which is ranked second. Third, the VLE being used by teachers to source for new teaching materials. Other major findings include issues associated with slow and unstable internet connectivity where secondary schools fared worse compared to primary schools and that rural schools tended to have more problems in connectivity as compared to urban schools. This paper puts forth a proposition that educational technology needs continuous monitoring and evaluation and effective change management is imperative to attain success in its implementation.