Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) induced necrotic enteritis (NE) and related subclinical disease has become economically significant problems for the broiler industry. The objectives of this study were to determine the toxinotype and the antimicrobial susceptibility of C. perfringens isolated from the intestine of NE-suspicious and clinically healthy chickens in Korea. All of the 110 isolates belong to C. perfringens type A. In addition, these strains harbored the luxS, colA, virS, cpb2, netB and tpeL genes in high percentage order. They do not harbor the cpe gene encoding enterotoxin production. Our results suggest the important roles of the several toxin genes in the pathogenesis of NE except α-toxin, previously thought to be the major virulence factor. In the antimicrobial susceptibility test of 13 antimicrobial agents, none of them is completely susceptible in this study. Remarkably NE-suspicious chickens have higher resistant value than health ones in all of antimicrobial agents. The presence of tetracycline-resistance genes were also tested to analyze the correlation of genotype and phenotype.

비용매 유도 상분리(NIPS) 법으로 제조된 폴리이미드 전구체를 이용하여 탄소분자체 중공사 분리막을 제조하였 으며, 온도변화에 따른 열처리 조건이 탄소분자체 중공사막의 기체 분리 특성에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 열처리 온도 250~ 450°C에서 승온 속도, 안정화 시간을 조정하여 최적화 하였을 때, 중공사 분리막의 단일기체 N2, SF6, CF4 투과도는 각각 20, 0.32, 0.48 GPU이었고, N2/SF6 선택도는 62, N2/CF4 선택도는 42로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. SF6/CF4/N2 혼합기체 평가 에서는 0.5 MPa에서 stage cut이 0.2일 때, SF6, CF4 회수율이 각각 99, 98% 이상으로 높게 나타났고, 농축농도는 stage cut 0.8에서 주입농도의 4.5배 이상이었다. 이로부터 제조된 탄소분자체 중공사 분리막은 불화가스 회수용 분리막으로써 우수한 소재임을 확인할 수 있었다.

전기 탈이온 공정(EDI)은 전기투석법과 이온교환수지법을 혼합한 공정으로 알려져 있고, 모듈은 전기투석을 위한 양이온교환막과 음이온교환막 사이에 이온 교환수지를 채워 넣는 형태로 제조된다. 모듈 제조에 사용되는 양이온교환막을 고무상의 고분자 SEBS triblock copolymer를 이용하여 sulfonation을 진행하여 S-SEBS 양이온교환막을 제조하였다. 제조된 양이온교환막의 특성평가를 진행하였고, 술폰화시킨 SEBS, 물 분자, 히드로늄 이온을 모델링하여 술폰화시킨 SEBS, 히드로늄 이온과 물분자의 의 동역학을 분자동역학시뮬레이션을 이용해서 살펴 본 뒤 비교분석을 진행했다.

분자 전산모사는 다양한 화학물질들을 원자 및 분자 수준에서 모델화하여 전산모사를 수행하는 방법으로서, 실험적으로 분석하기 어려운 화학 구조상의 특 징들이 그 물질의 특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 특히, 고분자 분리막의 경우 화학구조가 복잡하고, 이런 복잡한 요소들이 전체 특성에 영향을 미치기 때문에 원자나 분자들의 개별적인 영향을 파악하기 매우 어렵기 때문에, 분자 전산모사 기술이 유용하게 활용되어질 수 있다. 본 발표에서는 다양한 분자 전산모사 기술의 장단점 및 가능성/한계 등을 소개하여 분리막 연구 자 들이 분자 전산모사 기술을 활용하는 데에 있어서 도움을 주고자 한다.

기체분리막의 기체의 투과거동은 대부분 실험적으로 계획되고 실험이나 이론 만으로 검증을 하는 수준에 머무르고 있다가, 최근에 들어서 분자동력학적인 모 사방법(Molecular Dyanmic Simulation)을 이용하여 고분자의 거동, 기체분자의 거동을 컴퓨터를 이용하여 분자수준에서 모사하고 이해하고자 하는 노기체의 확산계수와 비교를 통하여 확산거동에 대한 이해를 높이고자 시도하 였으며, 기체확산계수가 관능기 력들을 기울이고 있으며, 실험적인 결과들과 모사결과를 비교하여 고분자의 설계나 기체분자의 거동의 이해를 하는데 기여를 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기체분리막 으로서 사용이 되는 폴리이미드나 폴리벤즈옥사졸같은 탄화수소계 고분자분리 막의 기체 분자의 투과거동을 모사하고자 하였다. PEG를 포함하는 폴리이미드 공중합체에서 폴리에틸렌 부분과 같은 관능기그룹의 밀도로 확산계수를 계산하여 그룹이 많은 부분에서 증가하는 것을 확인하였고, 이는 기체투과 테스트의 실험데이터와 거의 일치하였다.

Serine protease inhibitors play a critical role in physiological processes and immune responses by regulating serine protease activities. Here we describe the molecular cloning and antimicrobial activities of a serine protease inhibitor from the mason bee, Osmia cornifrons (OcSPI). OcSPI consists of 405 amino acid residues and contains a potential reactive center loop (RCL) region in its C-terminus. Recombinant OcSPI was produced as a 64-kDa glycoprotein in baculovirus-infected insect cells and exhibited inhibitory activity against chymotrypsin. Additionally, OcSPI demonstrated inhibitory activity against microbial serine proteases, such as subtilisin A and proteinase K, but not against tissue plasminogen activator, thrombin, or plasmin. Recombinant OcSPI bound directly to Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Beauveria bassiana and exhibited antimicrobial activity against both bacteria and fungi. Our results demonstrated the antimicrobial functions of OcSPI and suggest a role for OcSPI in the immune response of O. cornifrons.

The spotted-wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an Asian species introduced into North America and Europe. It damages a wide variety of thin-skinned fruits. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of D. suzukii to better understand the mitogenomic characteristics of this species and understand phylogentic relationships of Drosophila. The 16,230-bp complete mitogenome of the species consists of a typical set of genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes, and one major non-coding A+T-rich region, with an arrangement typical of insects. Twelve PCGs began with the typical ATN codon, whereas the COI began with TCG, which has been designated as the start codon for other Drosophila species. The 1,525-bp A+T-rich region is the second longest in Drosophila species for which the whole mitogenome has been sequenced, after D. melanogaster. Phylogenetic analysis with the 13 PCGs of the Drosophila species using Bayesian Inference and Maximum likelihood methods both placed D. suzukii at the basal lineage of the previously defined Melanogaster group, with a strong support.

This study is the identification of root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne hapla, from strawberry in Korea using molecular analyses. Strawberry plants showed localized stunting and galled roots. Molecular analyses of COⅡ/lrRNA, 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were employed for the identification of Meloidogyne spp. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of COⅡ/lrRNA region produced a single fragment ca 528bp. Restriction digestion of the amplified PCR products with Dra1 enzyme produced two fragments at 200 and 250bp indication M. hapla. 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment and ITS were cloned and sequenced. 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment and ITS region produced a single fragment of 1004bp and 560bp, respectively. In BLAST search in Genbank, all sequences accord with other known M. hapla. As a result, all of the RKN samples were M. hapla. This study suggests that the dominant species of RKN on strawberry is M. hapla in Korea.

Repetitive applications of drugs to tumor tissues and animals induced resistance and/or tolerances which caused severe problem in agriculture and medicine. However, we still do not clearly understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying development of resistance and tolerance to chemicals. Drosophila is one of the most widely used model for studying fundamental phenomena in sciences using its available genetic and genomic resources. To investigate unknown molecular and cellular basis of drug resistance development, we applied Drosophila with two different concentrations of a chemical after treating them with Ethyl methanesulfonate mutatgenesis. We found that flies treating with two different concentration of chemicals showed different susceptibility to a chemical. We have established two different lines showing different susceptibility to a chemical. We will use these lines to compare any differences in mRNA expression profiling and enzyme activities. (This work was supported by project title: Investigation on cross drug resistance mechanisms using Drosophila as a model (PJ010821032016) from Rural Development Administration).

Exposure to several common acting through oxidation stress environmental toxins has been shown to be associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). One recently identified inherited Parkinson’s disease (PD) gene, DJ-1, may have a role in protection from oxidative stress, thus potentially linking a genetic cause with critical environmental risk factors [1]. In the present study, initially we assessed the antioxidant activity of Silk Worm Powder (SWP) in selected chemical systems and further explored the efficacy of SWP in Drosophila lacking DJ-1 function (This work was carried out with the support of the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project title: Elucidation the health improvement effects of boiled silk worm larvae, Project No: PJ01082801) Rural Development Administration).

Halyomorpha halys(Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), also known as Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), is a recent invasive pest in America and Europe. It originated from East Asia such as Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan. Genus Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) which is regarded as important species for biological control of H. halys, was described 6 species previously in Korea. But biology and taxonomic character of this genus is poorly known in Korea. Herein, we report two species from Korea, T. japonicus Ashmead, 1904 and T. plautiae Watanabe, 1954. We have investigated the morphological characters and COI sequence, and conducted an experiment about parasitic preference on BMSB's egg. Morphological key and picture of two species, and result of sequence investigation and experiment will be presented.

The soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) are plant-sucking insects, some of which are considered as serious agricultural pests. Here, we performed phylogenetic analysis of Coccidae, based on molecular fragments 1813bp containing mitochondrial DNA (COI), nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (18S and 28S), and elongation factor 1α (EF1-α). Data sets of 64 taxa were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Our molecular analyses represent: 1) Monophyletic clade of Ceroplastinae is nested within the major clade of Coccinae; 2) Four tribes of Coccinae are paraphyletic, especially Megapulvinaria and Paralecanium not clustered within the major clade of Coccinae; 3) Didesmococcus is separated from the clade of Eulecaniinae; 4) Filippiinae and Cardiococcinae are paraphyletic with respect to some of Coccinae and Eulecaniinae.

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes transmit dengue fever and West Nile virus diseases, respectively. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity and mechanism of action of four flavonoids and seven fatty acids from Millettia pinnata (Fabaceae) seed as well as four fatty acid esters toward third instar larvae from insecticide-susceptible C. p. pallens and A. aegypti as well as wild A. albopictus. Potent toxicity was produced by karanjin, oleic acid, karanjachromene, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, pongamol, pongarotene, and elaidic acid toward C. p. pallens larvae (24 h LC50, 14.61–28.22 mg/L) and A. aegypti larvae (16.13–37.61 mg/L). Against wild A. albopictus larvae, oleic acid (LC50, 18.79 mg/L) and karanjin (35.26 mg/L) exhibited potent toxicity. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the main site of action of the flavonoids, oleic acid, and palmitic acid.,Linoleic acid and linolenic acid might act on both AChE and octopaminergic receptor. Further studies will warrant possible applications of M. pinnata seed-derived products as potential larvicides for the control of mosquito populations.

For reviewing Korean species of Denticollinae and reconstructing phylogenetic relationships between subfamilies in Elateridae, three kinds of studies were conducted: 1) taxonomic review based on morphology; 2) DNA barcode for Denticollinae; 3) molecular phylogenetic study of Elateridae using 12 genetic markers. In taxonomic study, a total of 54 species were reviewed including 13 new species and then unrecorded species. In DNA barcoding, six cryptic and/or pseudocryptic species were confirmed by their sympatric or allopatric distribution. We propose a conservative threshold of 3.6% for convenient molecular operational taxonomic unit identification in Denticollinae. From this study, we confirmed that COI sequence is useful for reassessing species diversity for polymorphic and polytypic species occurring in sympatric and allopatric distributions. In molecular phylogenetic study, the phylogenetic inference constructed robust phylogeny with almost very strongly supported nodal values(>90%) and showed that Hypnoidinae, Oxynopterinae and Denticollinae are monophyletic; Elaterinae, Hemiopinae and Melanotinae are a monophyletic group; and two tribes in Denticollinae are paraphyletic, it is needed to reclassify their systematic accounts.

Alfalfa weevil is an invasive pest of several leguminous plants. In the world preservative, there is a lack of information about the level of differentiation among separate populations. We ran a comparative molecular and ecological analysis to assess diversity, phylogenetic relationship and also simplify the taxonomic decisions. By analyzing a total of 147 specimens from Middle East, Europe and America plus a few sequences in GenBank we improved our current knowledge of world phylogeography of Hypera postica. The result of mitochondrial genes (Summation of COI and CytB) revealed a deep divergence between two previously defined clades (5.6 – 6.7% nucleotide divergence) within sympatric distribution. The Eastern lineage comprised 60 haplotypes in Iran and 3 haplotypes in Italy with respectively 0.07 – 2.2% and 0.2 – 3.4% sequence divergence range. On the other hand, the Western lineage which was detected in Poland, Czech and Western America had relatively lower haplotype diversity presenting a total of 11 haplotypes and 0.1%-1.1% sequence divergence. The coexistence of two lineages in some regions led to the huge overlap in their fundamental nich, but also a certain level of divergence can be detected via ecological nich modeling analysis.

The genus Apolygus China (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae), comprising 64 species in the world, is one of the most diverse groups in the subfamily Mirinae, including well-known insect pests such as A. spinolae and A. lucorum. A total of 56 species are known in the Palaearctic Region up to date, and most of them have been described from China (28 species), Japan (26 species) and Russia (13 species) respectively. In this talk, taxonomic study on the genus Apolygus from the Korean Peninsula is presented with three Apolygus sp. nov. and two newly recorded species. Photographs and illustrations of diagnostic characters and biological information such as host plants and distributions for each species, and a key to the Korean species are provided. Besides, COI barcoding as a diagnostic tool for this group is discussed emphasizing on the low genetic distances between some species.

The integrative approach for ecological stream health assessments was applied to a stream ecosystem using a multi-level organization from molecular level of biomarkers to community levels of bioindicators along with analysis of physical and chemical stressors. Water quality parameters of BOD, COD, TN, and TP etc were measured and physical habitat health, based on Qualitative habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) model were analyzed. Also, Ecological stream health model, based on index of biological integrity (IBI) by fish assemblage, was developed for regional assessments and then applied to the stream. Six metric attributes of original 11 metrics were modified for a development of the model. Biomarkers of comet assay, blood chemistry, physiological parameters, and bioindicators such as organismal-, population-, community- level parameters were evaluated in this study along with eco-toxicity tests. Some stations impaired (stressed) in terms of stream health were identified by the IBI approach and also major key stressors affecting the health were identified using BOD, TN, TP, physical habitat evaluation, and eco-toxicity tests. The assessment approach of integrative ecological stream health would be used as a key tool for ecological restorations and species conservations in the degraded stream ecosystems and applied for elucidating major causes of ecological disturbances. Ultimately, this approach provides us an effective management strategy of stream ecosystems through establishments of ecological networks in various watersheds. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2013R1A1A4A01012939).

We developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular method for sexing and identification using sexual dimorphism between the Zinc Finger-X and -Y (ZFX-ZFY) gene and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome B (CYTB) gene in meat pieces and commercial sausages from animals of different origins. Sexual dimorphism based on the presence or absence of SINE-like sequence between ZFX and ZFY genes showed distinguishable band patterns between male and female DNA samples and were easily detected by PCR analyses. Male DNA had two PCR products appearing as distinct two bands (ZFX and ZFY), and female DNA had a single band (ZFX). Molecular identification was carried out using PCR-RFLP of CYTB gene, and showed clear species classification results. The results yielded identical information on the sexes and the species of the meat samples collected from providers without any records. The analyses for DNA isolated from commercial sausage showed that pig was the major source but several sausages originated from chicken and Atlantic cod. Applying this PCR-based molecular method was useful and yielded clear sex information and identified the species of various tissue samples originating from livestock.