In consideration that a high tensile strength and ion exchange capacity are maintained as the swℓing of membrane is controlled by the coagulation of PSf with the introduction of ion exchange groups and PPSS without the introduction of ion exchange groups, the block copolymer of PSf and PPSS were synthesized. The cation exchange membrane was prepared by sulfonation with CSA and casted. The synthesized block copolymer and cation exchange membrane were characterized by FT-IR and their thermal stability was confirmed by TGA. The optimum sulfonation could be accomplished at a mole ratio of BPSf to CSA 1:3. The best electrochemical properties obtained by the optimal condition were area resistance of 4.37 Ωㆍtextrmcm2, ion exchange capacity of 1.71 meq/g dry membrane, water content of 0.2941 g H2O/g dry membrane, and fixed ion concentration of 5.81 meq/g H2O. When GBL was used as an additive, area resistance was increased by 13.7 % and ion exchange capacity was increased by 14.6%. When the membrane was fabricated in a form of composite using non woven cloth as a support. the tensile strength of membrane could be improved, but the electrochemical characteristics were not influenced.

대부분의 동적계는 기진력 및 계 인자들에 있어서 다양한 불확정 특성올 갖고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기진력의 불 확정성과 계 인자들의 불확정성을 모두 갖는 선형 동적계에 대한 웅답해석 과정을 제안하였다. 확률특성올 갖는 계 인자와 웅답은 섭동법에 의해 모델링되였으며， 웅답해석은 불규칙 진동 이론에 의하여 정식화 되었다 또한 제안된 웅답 모텔에 의해 계산되기 어려운 웅답의 평균에 대한 해석은 확률유한요소법을 사용하였다. 적용 예로서 정상 백색잡음 기진력을 받으며 불확정 질량과 스프링 상수를 갖는 1 자유도

본 연구는 주조성, 내압성, 내열성 등이 우수하여 군용 및 민수용 기계소재로 이용되고 있는 AI-Si-Mg계 AC4C 합금에 세라믹(AI2O3, AI2O3-TiC)을 강화시키는 복합재료제조에 관한 기초연구의 일환으로 수행하였다. 연구내용은 세라믹 강화재의 젖음성을 높이기 위하여 수소환원법에 의한 AI2O3입자의 Ni 피복과 기존의 프리폰 제조방법보다 간단하고 경제적인 자전연소합성법에 의해 AI2O3-TiC 다공성 pellet을 제조하여, 이들 강화재와 AC4C 기지금속을 이용하여 고대-compocasting 및 squeeze casting법으로 복합재료를 제조하고 미세조직, 계면생성물, 기계적 성질, 내마멸성 등의 특성을 조사하였다. 고대-compocasting법에 의해 제조된 AI2O3Ni 입자 강화 복합재료에서 강화재들은 응집체로 존재하지 않고 비교적 균일하게 분산되었고 AI2O3-TiC 강화재를 이용하여 squeeze casting으로 가압주조 하므로써 기지금속과 강화재의 젖음성이 향상되었다.

융체방사법으로 제작한 YB a2C u3A g15과 YbB a2C u3A gx(x=5, 16 and 53) 예비 합금 리본(precursor alloy ribbon)을 263~322˚C에서 산화시키고, 산소 1기압 온도 872~890˚C에서 열처리하였다. 또한 약 10개의 리본을 층으로 쌓아 프레스로 압축.접착시켜 다층 시편(multilayered specimen)을 제작하였다. 이 다충 시편도 위의 리본과 같은 조건에서 열처리하였다. YB a2C u3 O7-δ 혹은 YbB a2C u3 O7-δ상이 모든 리본과 모든 다층 시편에서 형성되었다. 이 1-2-3상들은 모든 리본에서 집합조직(texture)을 나타내지 않았으나, 다층 시편들에서는 약간의 집합조직을 나타내었다. 모든 리본은 0 자장 77K에서 임계 전류 밀도 JC가 0을 나타내었다. 다층 시편 중에서 YB a2C u3A g15과 YbB a2C u3A g16시편이 각각 260, 180A/cm2의 임계 전류 밀도를 나타내었다. 여러 리본들 중에서 YB a2C u3A g15 과 YbB a2C u3A g16 리본이, 프레스 변형으로 집합조직을 가지게 함으로써 향상된 JC를 가진 초전도 산화물을 만들 수 있는 적절한 조성을 가지고 있다. 다층 YB a2C u3A g15 시편의 개시 임계 온도 ( Ton )는 92K 이었으며, 다층 YbB a2C u3A gx(x=5, 16 and 53)의 Ton 은 88~90K이었다.

To conserve the population of a hesperiid butterfly, Leptalina unicolor, inhabiting the protected areas of Jaeyaksan, we provide ecological information on their behavior and propose habitat conservation measures, such as the creation of alternative habitats based on comprehensive information. The behavioral study used a method of re-capture after releasing the butterfly with enamel marks on the wings. Adult behaviors were shown in four patterns: flying, settling on a plant, nectar absorption, and water absorption. Both males and females had the highest proportion of flight movement overall; however, males had a slightly higher proportion of flight movement. As for duration, females spent more time settling on plants to select spawning sites, and males seemed to take a longer time for water absorption activities, to absorb minerals needed to form the spermatophore. The average travel distance of butterflies was 27.5 m for females and 46.7 m for males, with daily activity ranges from 11.2 m to 43.8 m, and 21.4 to 57.6 m, respectively. The most important condition to preserve the habitat of Leptalina unicolor is to maintain the community of Miscanthus sinensis, a food plant. Additionally, because this butterfly has a high rate of water absorption activities, wetlands should be maintained.

This study investigates the characteristics of diurnal, seasonal, and weekly roadside and residential concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Busan, as well as relationship with meteorological phenomenon. Annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were 44.2 ㎍/m3 and 25.3 ㎍/m3, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio was 0.58. Diurnal variations of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were categorized into three types, depending on the number of peaks and times at which the peaks occurred. Roadside PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM10 concentration was highest on Monday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM2.5 concentration was highest on Monday and Tuesday and lowest on Friday. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were highest on Asian dust and haze, respectively. The results indicate that understanding the spaciotemporal variation of fine particles could provide insights into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

This research investigated the characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at the main subway stations in Busan. Annual mean PM10 concentrations at the Seomyeon 1- waiting room and platform were 51.3 ㎍/㎥ and 47.5 ㎍/㎥ , respectively, and the annual PM2.5 concentration at the Seomyeon 1- platform was 28.8 ㎍/㎥ . PM2.5/PM10 ratio at Seomyeon 1-platform and Dongnae station were 0.58 and 0.53, respectively. Diurnal variation of PM10 concentration at subway stations in Busan was categorized into four types, depending on the number of peaks and the times at which the peaks occurred. Unlike the areas outside of the subway stations which reported maximum PM10 concentration mostly in spring across the entire locations, the interiors of the subway stations reported the maximum PM10 concentration in spring, winter, and even summer, depending on their location. PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Sunday. The numbers of days when PM10 concentration exceeded 100 ㎍/㎥ and 80 ㎍/㎥ per day over the last three years at the subway stations in Busan were 36 and 239, respectively. The findings of this research are expected to enhace the understanding of the fine particle characteristics at subway stations in Busan and be useful for developing a strategy for controlling urban indoor air quality.

This research investigated the characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration at roadside (Choryangdong) and residential (Sujeongdong) locations in Busan. The PM10 concentration at roadside and residential locations were 50.5 and 42.9 ㎍/m3, respectively, and PM2.5 at roadside and residential were 28.1 and 23.9 ㎍/m3, respectively. The roadside/residential ratio of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration were 1.18, and the PM2.5/PM10 ratio at roadside and residential were 0.55 and 0.56, respectively. The PM10 concentration in spring at roadside were 64.6 ㎍/m3, and were the highest, followed by 48.0 ㎍/m3 and 45.2 ㎍/m3 in winter and summer. Number of exceedances per year of the daily limit value for PM10 at roadside and residential were 66 and 39 days, respectively. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentration, and PM2.5/PM10 ratio at roadside were 53.0 ㎍/m3, 29.0 ㎍/m3 and 0.55 for day, and 45.5 ㎍/m3, 26.7 ㎍/m3 and 0.59 for night, respectively. These results indicate that understanding the relationship between roadside and residential could provide insight into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

Background: This study was conducted to acquire basic information on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the germplasm of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer collected from China and Korea, and identify the variations that can be utilized in ginseng breeding programs. Methods and Results: Quantitative parameters were evaluated, and used to compare and analyze on genetic polymorphisms in the germplasm. The genetic characteristics and classifications were compared and analyzed for each character. Stem length followed a normal frequency distribution ranging from 15.5 ㎝ to 40.5 ㎝, with showing approximately 40% having a stem length of 20 - 30 ㎜. Stem diameters ranged from 2.7 ㎜ to 11.3 ㎜. Stem number per plant ranged from 1 to 3; approximately 50% had a single stem, and 45% had two stems. A non-normal frequency distribution was observed for petiole number, with approximately 60% of the germplasm having 3 - 5 petioles. Petiole length exhibited a normal frequency distribution, raging from 4.5 to 10.6. Petiole angle in the germplasm ranged from 28° to 89° and seedstalk length ranged from 5.6 ㎝ to 27.3 ㎝. Conclusions: The genetic polymorphisms identified by complete linkage clustering based on the quantitative characteristics of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer collected from Korea and China were classified to 6 groups, namely I, II, III, IV, V, and VI with frequencies of 6.7%, 20.0%, 31.7%, 8.3%, 6.7%, and 26.7%, respectively.

Background : Mulberry (Morus alba L.), renowned for their medicine benefits and the leave as the sole food for silkworm (Bombyx mori). To understanding the molecular mechanism of color formation and nutritive value in different mulberry fruit varieties, we use high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technique to investigated the anthocyanin and betulinic biosynthesis pathway related functional genes. In addition, the total antosyanin and betuinic acid contend were also measured. Methods and Results : The resulting cDNA library was then sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq™ 2000 system. The clean reads were assembled using Trinity software, Then perform gene family clustering to get final unigenes. The pH differential method was used to determine the total anthocyanin content (TAC) of methanol extract from the red and white mulberry, and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to quantify the triterpenes content. In this study, total 50,149 unigenes with an average length of 1,125 nt and N50 equaling 1,861 nt were generated. Using these transcriptome sequecing, cDNAs encoding anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and triterpene biosynthetic genes were isolated. In addition, total anthocyanins and betulinic acid content were analyzed. A great amount of total anthocyanins (59.16 mg/g) were found in fully ripe fruit of Cheongil. Accumulation of betulin and betulinic acid were also detected in all stages of Cheongil and Turkey fruits with small amount. Conclusion : The results of transcriptome sequencing provide useful information at molecular lever in mulberry research, such as interesting gene discovering, marker assisted molecular breeding, and interesting metabolic pathway investigate. The gene expression results could help us understanding of the molecular mechanisms of different fruit color determining factor.

This study investigates weekday/weekend characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration and metallic elements in Busan in the springtime of 2013. PM10 concentration on weekday/weekend were 77.54 and 67.28 ㎍/㎥, respectively. And PM2.5 concentration on weekday/weekend were 57.81 and 43.83 ㎍/㎥, respectively. Also, PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio on weekdays/weekend was 0.75 and 0.65, respectively. The contribution rates of Na to total metallic elements in PM10 on weekday/weekend were 38.3% and 38.9%, respectively. It would be useful in control effectively with management of urban fine particle to understand characteristics of fine particle concentration on weekday/weekend.

This study probed into some characteristics of the urban household such as household income, number of the household, age distribution of the family members, their characteristics of shopping behavior such as the shopping place, types of the packaging and the characteristics of the time series, using consumer panel data of the Rural Development Administration (RDA). It further examined how the above factors affect fruit purchasing prices and then estimates the degree of the influence by each factor. The study looked at the purchase of apples, pears, tangerines, and oranges - the most favorite fruits in Korea. The results of this study can be utilized as the basic information for marketing strategies and/or for the establishment of future policy plans related to fruits consumption.

The study investigates weekday/weekend characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations and meteorological elements in Busan. The PM10 concentration is highest on Wednesday and Thursday, and lowest on Sunday. On the other hand, the PM2.5 concentration is highest on Wednesday and lowest on Sunday. The location where concentrations of weekdays and weekend differ the most is Hwakjang-dong, the industrial area, and where they differ the least is Gijang-up and Joa-dong, the residential area. Fine particle concentration in the industrial area was consistent at dawn and in the morning, but varied in the afternoon and at night. The visibility of Sunday was 0.49 km higher than that of weekdays, and the solar radiation of Sunday was 0.11 MJ/㎡ higher than that of weekdays. These results indicate that the concentration of fine particles had influence on the change of visibility and solar radiation.

This study analyzes the chemical composition of metallic elements and water-soluble ions in PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan during 2010-2012 were 97.2±67.5 and 67.5±32.8 ㎍/㎥, respectively, and the mean PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio was 0.73. The contribution rate of water-soluble ions to PM10 ranged from 29.0% to 58.6%(a mean of 38.6%) and that to PM2.5 ranged from 33.9% to 58.4%(a mean of 43.1%). The contribution rate of sea salt to PM10 was 13.9% for 2011 and 9.7% for 2012, while that to PM2.5 was 17.4% for 2011 and 10.1% for 2012. PM10 concentration during Asian dust events was 334.3 ㎍/㎥ and 113.3 ㎍/㎥ during non-Asian dust events, and the PM10 concentration ratio of Asian Dust/Non Asian dust was 2.95. On the other hand, the PM2.5 concentration in Asian dust was 157.4 ㎍/㎥ and 83.2㎍/㎥ in Non Asian dust, and the PM2.5 concentration ratio of Asian Dust/Non Asian dust was 1.89, which was lower than that of PM10.

청국장 제조 시 사용되는 균주인 Bacillus sp. HJ18-3과 B. subtilis KACC 15935균주를 청국장 제조 시 starter로 접종하여 발효시켜 품질특성과 isoflavone 비배당체 함량을 측정하였다. a-amylase와 cellulase활성은 control과 B. subtilis HJ18-3 균주를 접종한 청국장이 B. subtilis KACC 15935 균주를 접종한 청국장보다 각각 2.56, 2.59배 그리고 1.13, 1.23배 높은 결과를 보였다. 그러나 protease활성은 B. subtilis KACC 15935과B. subtilis HJ18-3의 활성이 높은 효소활성을 보였다. 아미노태질소 함량은 Control, B. subtilis KACC 15935, B. subtilis HJ18-3의 함량이 각각 88.20±13.86, 129.62±1.15, 118.40±48.65 mg%로 나타났으며 이는 protease 효소활성의 결과와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 환원당 함량은 control, KACC 15935, HJ18-3의 함량이 각각 1.95±0.72, 2.62±1.17, 2.59±0.76%로 전반적으로 control에 비해 처리구가 더 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 호기적 총균수와 미비한 차이로 B. subtilis HJ18-3의 균수가 적은 경향을 나타낸 것은B. cereus와Candida albicans에 대해 항균력이 우수하다고 보고된 영향으로 해석된다. control과B. subtilis KACC15935, B. subtilis HJ18-3의 isoflavone 비배당체 형태인 daidzein과 genistein, glycitein을 합한 함량은 각각 158.20±6.55, 131.60±4.00, 200.79±7.54 ug/g으로 나타났다. 이는 초기 raw soybean의 aglycone함량이 3.96 ug/g인 것에 비하여 39∼50배 전 환율을 보인다. 또한 β-glucosidase활성 이 있는 B. subtilis HJ18-3균을 접종하여 제조한 청국장이 control과 Kacc15935균을 접종하여 제조한 청국장보다 1.27, 1.53배 더 높은 aglycone 전 환율을 보였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 사용한 메밀 속성 장으로부터 분리된B. subtilis HJ18-3 균주는 amylase, protease, cellulase와 같은 세포의 효소분비능이 우수하며, 아미노태질소와 환원당 함량이 높고, isoflavone 비배당체 함량을 증가시키는 기능을 함유한 균주로 확인되었으며, 앞으로도 우리나라 전통 청국장의 세계화를 위해 유용 starter로 찾는 노력이 더 필요할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of spacio-temporal variation for PM10 and PM2.5 concentration in Busan. PM10 concentration has been reduced for the past three year and exceeded 50 ㎍/㎥ of the national standard for PM10. PM2.5 concentration showed gradual decrease or stagnant trends and exceeded the U.S. EPA standard. Seasonal analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 suggested spring>winter>fall>summer(by Asian dust) and winter>spring>summer>fall(by anthropogenic effect) in the order of high concentration, respectively. Characterization of diurnal variations suggests that PM10 levels at all the three sites consistently exhibited a peak at 1000LST and PM2.5 at Jangrimdong experienced the typical PM2.5 diurnal trends such that a peak was observed in the morning and the lowest level at 1400LST. In the case of seasonal trends, the PM2.5/PM10 ratio was in the order of summer>winter>fall>spring at all the study sites, with a note that spring bears the lowest concentration. During AD events, PM10 concentration exhibited the highest level at Jangrimdong and the lowest level at Joadong. And PM2.5/PM10 ratio in AD was 0.16∼0.28.

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological characteristic of native Parasenecio firmus population in Korea and China. The survey quadrates were located in the middle of the native P. firmus habitats. According to the field survey, the habitats of P. firmus were classified into same Tilia amurensis community in tree layer. The investigation of native habitat in Korea shows that P. firmus inhabited deciduous forest from with T. amurensis, Acer pictum subsp. mono, Carpinus cordata and Acer pseudosieboldianum, which was similar to vegetation structure of Mt. Laoling in China. The result of the cluster analysis which uses SYN-TAX 2000 program, dissimilarity from 53% level was on a large scale divided at 2 units. The research revealed 96 taxa in total, in which 51 families, 81 genera, 21 varieties, 5 forma, 1 sub-species and 67 species were checked in the flora of the native P. firmus habitats.