Fish samples were collected by a set net from April to December 2020 at the coastal waters off Tongyeong, Korea to determine fish species composition and seasonal variation. A total of 330,675 fish (1,032,578 g) representing 56 species belonging to 39 families were collected during the sampling period. The dominant species were Engraulis japonicus, Trachurus japonicus and Trichiurus japonicus, which accounted for 98.1% of the total number of individuals and 87.5% of the total biomass collected. E. japonicus and Chelidonichthys spinosus appeared every month off the coast of the Tongyeong. Cluster analysis based on the number of individuals of fish were classified into two groups at the dissimilarity level of 57%, and the results of ANOSIM analysis revealed significant differences in community structure among the two groups

계절에 따른 정원의 경관 변화 특성을 알아보고자, 우수 정 원 4개소를 대상으로 계절별 식재 특성과 색채 변화를 분석하 였다. 대상 정원에서 계절별로 조사된 식재 종수 합은 346분 류군이었고, 교목:관목:초본의 식재 백분율(%)은 8:21:71로 나 타났다. 초본은 봄을 기준으로 여름과 가을에 각각 6%와 15% 증가하였다. 관목은 봄에서 가을까지 계절 변화에 따라 64-100% 증가하였다. 계절에 따라 정원의 포인트 식물이 달라 졌으나, 꽃이 만발하는 초본과 관목으로 나타났다. 색채 분석 결과, 정원의 주조색은 식물 생육이 왕성한 봄과 여름에는 녹 색에서 짙은 녹색으로 나타났고, 가을에는 갈색으로 확인되었 다. 강조색은 계절에 따라 분명하게 달라졌으며, 주로 계절별 특징적인 화색이나 잎무늬로 결정되었다.

To assess the influence of environmental factors on the phytoplankton community structure and total phytoplankton biomass during four seasons in 2014, we investigated the abiotic and biotic factors at 25 stations in the Busan coastal region. The phytoplankton community and total phytoplankton biomass were strongly dependent on the discharge from the Nakdong River, and the high density of phytoplankton was related with the introduction of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC), particularly in the thermohaline fronts of the fall season. The relationship between the salinity and nutrient (Dissolved inorganic nitrogen=DIN: R 2=0.72, p<0.001 and Dissolved inorganic silicon=DSi: R 2=0.78, p<0.001) highly correlated with the river discharge, implying that those nutrients have played a crucial role in the growth of diatom and cryptophyta. The total phytoplankton biomass was highest in the summer followed by autumn, spring, and winter. Diatom and cryptophyta species were dominant species during the four seasons. Additionally, there were strong positive correlations between Chlorophyll a and total phytoplankton biomass (R 2=0.84, p<0.001), cryptophyta (R 2=0.76, p<0.001) and diatom (R 2=0.50, p<0.001), respectively. In particular, we found that there were significant differences in the nutrients, phytoplankton community compositions, and total phytoplankton biomass between the inner and the outer coastal region of Busan, depending on the amount of river discharge from the Nakdong River, particularly during rainy seasons. Therefore, the seasonal change of TWC and river discharge from the Nakdong River serve an important role in determining phytoplankton population dynamics in the Busan coastal region.

A survey was conducted to analyze seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton community at 22 stations on the surface and bottom layers in the Anma Islands of Yeonggwang (AIY) in the southern West Sea, Korea from the spring of 2020 to the winter of 2021, using a marine survey vessel Ed Ocean. Based on the survey results, there were 87 phytoplankton species in 52 genera, diatoms accounted for 67.8%, dinoflagellates 26.5%, silicoflagellates 3.5%, and cryptomonads and euglenoids accounted for 1.1% each. By season, it was simple in spring and relatively varied in winter. The phytoplankton standing crop on the surface was low (28.8±30.1 cells mL-1) in summer and high (87.0±65.1 cells mL-1) in spring. In the phytoplankton community, diatoms showed a high share (over 80%) throughout the year, and Skeletonema costatum-ls was the dominant species with a dominance of more than 60% in spring and winter, and 34.6% and 24.2% in summer and autumn, respectively. The diversity expressing the characteristics of the community structure was high (2.79±0.45) in autumn and low (1.82±0.18) in spring, unlike the phytoplankton standing crop. However, the dominance was high at (0.86±0.08) in spring and low (0.44±0.13) in autumn. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) using environmental and phytoplankton-related factors, it was estimated that the biological oceanographic environmental characteristics seen through the phytoplankton community in the AIY were dominated by nutrients supplied from open seawater and surface sediments by seawater mixing, such as tidal mixing.

This study was carried out to compare the DMY (dry matter yield) of IRG (Italian ryegrass) in the southern coastal regions of Korea due to seasonal climate scenarios such as the Kaul-Changma (late monsoon) in autumn, extreme winter cold, and drought in the next spring. The IRG data (n = 203) were collected from various Reports for Collaborative Research Program to Develop New Cultivars of Summer Crops in Jeju, 203 Namwon, and Yeungam from the Rural Development Administration (1993 – 2013). In order to define the seasonal climate scenarios, climate variables including temperature, humidity, wind, sunshine were used by collected from the Korean Meteorological Administration. The discriminant analysis based on 5% significance level was performed to distinguish normal and abnormal climate scenarios. Furthermore, the DMY comparison was simulated based on the information of sample distribution of IRG. As a result, in the southern coastal regions, only the impact of next spring drought on DMY of IRG was critical. Although the severe winter cold was clearly classified from the normal, there was no difference in DMY. Thus, the DMY comparison was simulated only for the next spring drought. Under the yield comparison simulation, DMY (kg/ha) in the normal and drought was 14,743.83 and 12,707.97 respectively. It implies that the expected damage caused by the spring drought was about 2,000 kg/ha. Furthermore, the predicted DMY of spring drought was wider and slower than that of normal, indicating on high variability. This study is meaningful in confirming the predictive DMY damage and its possibility by spring drought for IRG via statistical simulation considering seasonal climate scenarios.

말채나무공깍지벌레의 계절적 발육을 2019년 6월 4일(약충) 부터 2020년 6월 25일까지(1세대 약충) 경상남도 사천시 소재의 블루베리 과 원에서 관찰하였다. 본 충의 발육을 연구하기 위해서 2018년 눈에서 발아한 5개 이상의 잔가지를 1주 간격으로 농가에서 채취하였다. 깍지벌레의 발육은 실체현미경 하에서 조사하였고 화학적 방제는 시중에서 이용할 수 있는 3종의 살충제로 블루베리 과원에서 수행하였다. 발육기간과 유효적산온도(Centigrade Degree-Days accumulation, DDC)에 대한 결과는 다음과 같다. 산란기간(최성기): 2020년 5월 12 -26일(DDC, 110.0-188.5(173.6)); 부화기간(최성기): 2020년 6월 9 - 23(19)일)(DDC, 325.2-480.8(435.6); 난기간: 26 일; 월동성충으로부터 약충의 신엽으로 이동: 2020년 6월 16-25 일(DDC, 410,5 - 500.4); 성충으로 발육하기 위한 잎에서 잔가지로 이동(최성기): 2020년 2월 4 -18(8)일. 성충 한 마리 당 산란수(범위): 956.8 ± 73.4 (13 - 3497); 알의 크기(mm): 0.29 ± 0.020(L), 0.15 ± 0.013(W); 부화약충의 크기: 0.35 ± 0.018(L), 0.18 ± 0.007(W), 0.09 ± 0.007(눈 간격); 성충크기: 4.30 ± 0.893(L), 2.64 ± 0.520(W). 월동성충으로부터 부화한 약충은 신초의 잎 뒷면에서 다음해 2월 초순 잎이 떨어질 때까지 약 95%가 발견되었다. 이들은 2령충으로 월동하고 1년에 한 세대를 경과하였다. 기어다니는 1령충을 방제 하기 위하여 3종의 살충제를 7월 16일과 30일에 거북밀깍지벌레에 등록된 농도로 처리하였다. 아세타미프리드수화제가 1회 처리 21일 후에 96.9%의 사충율을 나타내었다.