The introduction of Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), in the USA and Europe has disrupted many established fruit, vegetable and row crop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. BMSB poses a profound threat to many crops because of its broad host range, strong dispersal capacity, well-concealed overwintering populations, as well as the fact that biological control from native natural enemies has been limited and very few registered insecticides are considered effective. The need for sensitive biosurveillance and monitoring tools in uninvaded and invaded regions, respectively, as well as alternative management tactics to reduce insecticide inputs has been paramount. The identification of the BMSB pheromone, (3S,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol and (3R, 6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol in a 3.5:1 ratio and pheromone synergist methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate has rapidly propelled the development of these tools and tactics. Pheromone-baited traps deployed with these stimuli have been evaluated across invaded regions in the USA and Europe and in the native range in South Korea. In every case, traps baited with the combination of the BMSB pheromone and pheromone synergist captured greater numbers of BMSB than traps baited either stimulus alone indicating that these trapping systems can be used for worldwide biosurveillance. Moreover, baited traps have been used as sensitive IPM tools to guide management decisions in affected crops such as apple. Finally, these pheromonal stimuli have served as the basis for successful attract and kill programs in affected crops. While refinement of these tools and tactics continue, their use has resulted in significant reductions in insecticide inputs in apple crops, for example, and successful biosurveillance in newly invaded regions.

The new businesses started by the companies usually results in being unsuccessful. The main reasons for that are either aiming targeting wrong customers, unsatisfaction of customers’ requesting quality standards, or taking wrong actions against the competitors in the market. Therefore, companies should aim the targets for the newly developing products based on the fulfilling values for the customers when they start the new businesses, and should take good cares for risk managements at the each step of the new business to prevent the failure in advance. In addition to that, the companies starting new businesses not only need to take the customers attributes (CA) into account, but they also should apply the new technologies as one system to initiate a new business to satisfy the basic wants of the customers. This article suggests the New Product Development Pursuing Model using the Indicative Planning methodology and the Quality Management tools. The New Product Development Pursuing Model would be completed by the following steps as below; 1. Drawing the CTQ (Critical To Quality) for setting up the new product development objectives by : i) using the VOC (Voice Of Customers) obtained by the QFD (Quality Function Deploypment) if the market is mature, ii) applying AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to information in the QIS (Quality Information System) if the market is unmature to get enough need information of the customers. 2. Risk Management in NPD : The NPD pursuing model consisted of the IP (indicative planning) is suggested not by the process of top-down-way mandatory planning process, but by the tools used in the administrative science and economic fields, namely by governance. The companies could apply innovative methodology for new products development processes to fulfil the customers satisfaction in the fields, through the CA (Contingency Approach) of the NPD (New Product Development) process.

Despite its innovative and avant-garde reputation, the luxury industry initially began showing a very low commitment to new online marketing tools and it held a conservative approach to selling when compared to other sectors. Nowadays, the context has dramatically changed and luxury brands are approaching with an increasing interest social networks as well as the online selling. This research aims to clarify the current strategic approaches of the players in the different luxury markets towards the social commerce phenomenon, from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The purpose is to test a framework that can be used to classify luxury companies’ strategies regarding social media adoptions based on actual theories on social media. Four strategies related to the social media adoption by luxury brands have been identified: the Social brand ambassadors strategy class (low promotional content percentage and low social commerce score) includes those brands that use social media for entertainment and user engagement; the Social showcases strategy (high promotional content percentage and low social commerce score) includes those brands that use their social accounts as online catalogues; the Social infotainers strategy (low promotional content percentage and high social commerce score) includes those brands that scored high in social commerce, mainly because of the provision of informative content and brand–consumer interactions, but they were linked to more entertainment-oriented actions rather than product-related ones. Finally, the Social sellers strategy (high promotional content percentage and high social commerce score) includes those brands that have integrated social commerce into their online strategies and have subsequently exploited the potential of social media to drive online and offline sales. The database is built using original data from a content analysis of 100 luxury brands’ postings on five different social media platforms – namely Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest. The total final sample included 12,132 Facebook posts, 21,216 tweets on Twitter, 1,105 YouTube videos, 10,138 Instagram pictures/videos, and 117,359 Pinterest pictures. The main findings are the following: luxury brands adopt at this stage the Social brand ambassadors and Social showcases approaches; brands belonging to the perfumery, cosmetics, jewelry and watches markets show a more developed attitude towards the social commerce; in other luxury markets, such as wine and spirits, brands still adopt a Social Brand Ambassador strategy, while managers should increase the promotional content in order develop the social commerce. The Fashion & Accessories brands show a positive relationship between the percentage of promotional content and social commerce score. This means that social commerce adoptions depend on the single brand’s strategic choices, ranging from low adoption to best practices. In general, social commerce is still not widespread; many luxury fashion brands, while presenting new collections during fashion weeks, focused on fashion shows, backstage events, and celebrities, rather than really promoting the new product lines with materials, availability, and purchasing indications. This social media approach is mainly focused on increasing brand awareness rather than increasing social commerce. If managers aim at increasing social commerce they should add direct call to action and link the contents to e-commerce market place. Automotive brands are concentrated in the Social showcases area; This sector encounters natural limitations in the introduction of social commerce due to the difficulty of selling products through the digital channel; many brands have, however, devised strategies to approach their users during the purchasing process prior to the actual transaction to take advantage of the increasing ROPO phenomenon. Conversely, the Perfumes & Cosmetics sector shows a highly fragmented approach to social commerce. The content analysis based on single post contents has shown that actually the contents are based on pictures of the products, or the brand, information on events, and a large and increasing presence of video posts based storytelling about the history of the product and the brand heritage; the most social commerce oriented posts are picture or video focused on the product. The commercial contents that aim at developing the see now, buy now approach are mainly based on video shows.

Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tools possessing high hardness and abrasive wear resistance are particularly suited for drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites, where tool life and consistent hole quality are important. While PCD presents superior performance when drilling CFRP, it is unclear how it performs when drilling multi-stack materials such as CFRP-titanium (Ti) stacks. This comparative study aims to investigate drilling of a Ti plate stacked on a CFRP panel when using PCD tools. The first sequence of the drilling experiments was to drill 20 holes in CFRP only. CFRP-Ti stacks were then drilled for the next 20 holes with the same drill bit. CFRP holes and CFRP-Ti stack holes were evaluated in terms of machined hole quality. The main tool wear mechanism of PCD drills is micro-fractures that occur when machining the Ti plate of the stack. Tool wear increases the instability and the operation temperature when machining the Ti plate. This results in high drilling forces, large hole diameter errors, high surface roughness, wider CFRP exit thermal damage, and taller exit Ti burrs.

Pine wilt disease is currently the most deadly forest disease in the world and is known to be caused by infection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Until now, no method has been developed to confirm the pine tres infected with pine wood nematodes. In order to develop a method to diagnose pine wood nematode infection, we produced a monoclonal antibody against Expansin B3, which was found to be secreted by pine wood nematodes. ELISA assay using various monoclonal antibody confirmed that the pine trees infected with the rewarming can be detected. Further studies using our antibodies may help to develop a diagnostic method that can quickly confirm infection of pine wood nematodes in the field.

Insect resistance to crop protecting chemicals is developing very rapidly, which is a major problem in the production of crops. Recently, the mechanism of resistance to various pseticides s has been revealed in Helicoverpa armigera. However, to date, no technology has been developed to quickly diagnose resistance yet. In this study, we present the results of developing method of rapid diagnosis of resistance

본 사례는 공작기계산업의 A사에서 수행한 R&D 개발완료 과제 79건을 대상으로 R&D 효율성을 DEA를 활용하여 분석하고, 그 개선방안을 제시한 것이다. DEA 분석에서투입변수는 R&D 투자비와 연구인력 맨먼스, 산출변수는 개발기간 목표달성률과 예상매출액(5년간)으로 설정하였으며, 표본은 제품, 선행기술, 제어기술로 구분하여 분석하였다. 여기서선행기술은 제품성능을 위한 요소기술과 응용프로그램을 개발하는 것이고 제어기술은 컴퓨터를 토대로 수치제어 프로그램을 설계하는 것이다. 분석결과에 따르면 제품, 제어기술, 선행기술 순으로 효율적으로 운영되고 있어 선행기술의 효율성이 가장 낮았다. 그 이유는 선행기술의 불학실성에 기인한다. 선행기술은 개발목표를 정하기 어렵고 개발계획도 수립하기 어렵다. 심지어 운영하는 과정에도 환경변화가 영향을 미친다. 투자효율성 분석결과에서 CRS는 제품 34.6%, 선행기술 14.3%, 제어기술 38.9%이다. IRS는 제품 53.8%, 선행기술 85.7%, 제어기술 38.9%이다. DRS는 제품 11.5%, 선행기술0%, 제어기술 22.2%이다. 전체적으로 본 사례는 과다투입보다는 과소투입이 문제가 되고 있다. 이는 R&D 투자 부족을 의미한다. 주목할 부분은 기업의 미래 경쟁력이 될 수 있는 응용기술에 대한 과소투입이 심각하다는 것이다. 비효율적 DMU의 효율적 운영을 위해서는 최적의 투입량을 관리해야하며, 이것은 준거집단과의 비교를 통해 구할 수 있다.

The rapid growth of the Chinese tourism has stimulated competition within tourismrelated industries, such as the hospitality industry. The purpose of this study is to examine the Chinese consumer reaction to different promotional tools used by hotels in China and, thus, to provide a deeper understanding for marketers of how to use sales promotion effectively to generate appropriate consumer responses. An experimental survey was administered yielding a total sample of 319 Chinese customers, who were probed using different types of sales promotion tools. Data analysis indicates that bonus packs (e.g. a 3-night stay at a hotel for the price of 2) induced the highest consumer perceived value, brand switching, and purchase acceleration intention, whereas price discounts resulted in the highest intention to spend more. Although this study has its limitations given its reliance on a convenience sample, it offers insightful practical implications for hotel business owners in Asia regarding targeting the right customers with the right promotional tools, where it is proposed that bonus packs successfully attract new Chinese customers and price discounts support in generating more sales.

This study has investigated on the obstacles to the production of social network games. It also tried to find their production tools in order to remove existing obstacles, which will guide to design and create new production tools. The new production tool is designed to make it easy for Terrain, UI, and Object tools to be used for essential functions, game linkage, and testing. The detailed explanation about the structure design and functions of the new production tool is also written and added for better understanding. To test its functions, texture of the animation application was printed on top of the production tool. The test result showed stable processing speed. I also made a 􋺵Farming􋺶 trial-game to test how easily social network games can be developed. As a result, more stable framework, which could not be made without production tools, was able to be designed and even the time spent on developing it became shortened.

청동기시대의 생업도구인 마제석기는 요령지역의 점토대토기 문화가 유입됨에 따라 점차 쇠퇴하게 된 다. 점토대토기 문화의 파급경로와 유입시기에 대해서는 여러 이견이 있지만, 이로 인해 나타나는 한국식 동검문화의 성립, 원형점토대토기의 사용, 지석묘의 소멸과 목관묘의 등장, 마제석기의 쇠퇴 등 문화적 변 화는 부인할 수 없다. 특히, 금속제 도구의 등장은 획기적인 변화라 할 수 있다. 마제석기 소멸의 직접적 인 요인은 삼각형점토대 문화와 관련된 전국계 철기문화이다. 본고는 철기문화의 출현이 명확한 영남지역을 중심으로 점토대옹의 발생순서에 따라 원형점토대토기 단 계(Ⅰ기), 원형점토대토기와 삼각형점토대토기가 공반되는 단계(Ⅱ기), 원형점토대토기가 소멸되고 삼각형 점토대토기만 보이는 단계(Ⅲ기), 삼각형점토대토기와 와질토기가 공반되는 단계(Ⅳ기)로 설정하고, 마제 석기를 대체하는 금속기는 기왕의 연구성과를 통하여 석검→세형동검·철검, 석촉→철촉, 석부→철부, 석착 →철착·철사, 석겸·반월형석도→철겸으로 파악하였다. Ⅰ기는 B.C. 4C 말∼B.C. 3C 후엽으로 유(무)경식석검, 평기식무경촉, 합인석부, 편평편인석부, 주상편 인석부, 주형석도, 석겸 등 다양한 석기가 공존하며 세형동검의 등장으로 석검은 쇠퇴기에 접어든다. Ⅱ기 는 B.C. 2C 전엽∼B.C. 2C 중엽까지로 전국계 철기가 유입되는 단계로서 Ⅰ기에 비해 마제석기의 수량이 급감한다. Ⅲ기는 B.C. 2C 후엽∼B.C. 1C 전엽까지로 주상편인석부·유구석부→판상·주조철부, 석착→ 철착·철사, 석도·석겸→철겸으로 대체된다. Ⅳ기는 B.C. 1C 중엽∼B.C. 1C 후엽까지로 와질토기가 등 장하는 시기로서 석촉→철촉, 합인석부·편평편인석부→판상·단조철부로 바뀐다. 늦어도 기원 전후를 기 점으로 지석, 연석 등을 제외한 대부분 기종의 석기가 철기로 대체된다.

주지하다시피 청동기시대는 신석기시대보다 정형화된 석기인 磨製石器가 성행하였으며, 청동기시 대에서 당시인들의 주요 도구였던 석기에 대한 이해는 필수적이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 비교적 지역연구가 활발하다고 할 수 있는 남강유역의 청동기시대 연구는 아직까지도 토기 나 특정 유구 중심의 연구가 대부분이고, 그에 비해 석기연구는 미진하다고 볼 수 있다. 그나마 최근 에 나온 남강유역 석기연구는 석기의 개별 기종만을 분석한 연구이기 때문에 남강유역의 전체적인 석 기양상을 알기에는 무리가 있다. 필자는 이에 영남지역의 청동기시대 대표 동일문화지역권이라 할 수 있는 南江流域을 연구대상지 역으로 하여 최근까지 확인된 다수의 자료를 바탕으로 형식 분류가 가능한 대표 마제석기들의 편년과 단계설정을 실시하고, 이를 바탕으로 이 지역 석기문화가 가진 특징과 시간의 흐름에 따른 변천과정 을 파악하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 본고는 기본적으로 기존에 연구가 상당히 진행되어 시간성을 잘 알 수 있고, 공반관계 검 토가 용이한 출토유구인 주거지와 무덤과의 비교 검토 및 각 기종별 마제석기의 공반양상을 통해 남 강유역 청동기시대를 총 5단계로 구분할 수 있었다. 남강유역 석기에서 보이는 특징적인 형식을 기종별로 살펴보자면, 석검은 무덤에서만 출토되는 병 부가 직선형인 ⅡC식, 단부돌출형 석촉 ⅢA5식과 촉신의 형태가 방패형인 ⅢBㄱ식, 한쪽 단부가 부 푼형태의 석도 Ⅳㄷ식 등이 있다. 이러한 형식들은 남강유역의 지표형식으로서 추후 다른 지역과의 상관관계 및 영향력까지도 상정할 수 있을 것이다. 이뿐만 아니라 본고의 석기연구를 통하여 남강유 역이라는 동일문화지역에서 확인되는 諸석기 양상을 살펴보고, 청동기시대의 문화상과 관련된 선행 연구의 공백을 메울 수 있는 주요한 고고학자료로서 가진 의미를 상기할 수 있을 것이라 생각한다.

Dahoejangs in the Joseon Dynasty were craftsmen who belonged in the Gyeonggongjang in Hansung government office. Out of 2,841 craftsmen who specialized in 129 types of work, 1 of them were Dahoejangs. Dahoejangs were craftsmen who made cords. However it was not passed down and currently Maedeupjangs are making cords and making Maedeup with the cords they have made. In the Uigwes the composition of Dahoejangs number and types of tools used in creating good for ceremonies are indicated. This study has found records of Dahoejangs from 50 Uigwes. The tools used were indicated as Haesagee, Hapsagee, Hapseongee, Yeonsagee, Sangsagee, Dahoegee, Yungjapan and some others. Haesagee is a tool that winds thread from a skein to a spool. Hapsagee is a tool that combines more than two yarns together. Hapseon is for combining thicker threads. Yeosagee is not a process of scouring for refining, but is assumed to be a tool to twisting yarn. There are no information left about the shape or working methods of Sangsagee but it is considered to be a tool for doubling several threads together. Based on the existing artifacts and painting of Dahoe, it is assumed that threads were woven on usually a round plate or bowl. Youngjapan is considered to be a tool for making tassels. This shows that Dahoejangs made tassels and it was completely separate from making Maedeups. There, it is evident that Dahoejangs made cords as well as tassels but the work of Maedeupjang were constricted to only making Maedeup with the cords given to them.

PURPOSES : The control delay in seconds per vehicle is the most important traffic operational index to evaluate the level of service of signalized intersections. Thus, it is very critical to calculate accurate control delay because it is used as a basic quantitative evidence for decision makings regarding to investments on traffic facilities. The control delay consists of time-in-queue delay, acceleration delay, and deceleration delay so that it is technically difficult to directly measure it from fields. Thus, diverse analysis tools, including CORSIM, SYNCHRO, T7F, VISTRO, etc. have been utilized so far. However, each analysis tool may use a unique methodology in calculating control delays. Therefore, the estimated values of control delays may be different by the selection of an analysis tool, which has provided difficulties to traffic engineers in making solid judgments. METHODS: This study was initiated to verify the feasibility of diverse analysis tools, including HCM methodology, CORSIM, SYNCHRO, T7F, VISTRO, in calculating control delays by comparing estimated control delays with that measured from a field. RESULTS : As a result, the selected tools produced quite different values of control delay. In addition, the control delay value estimated using a calibrated CORSIM model was closest to that measured from the field. CONCLUSIONS: First, through the in-depth experiment, it was explicitly verified that the estimated values of control delay may depend on the selection of an analysis tool. Second, among the diverse tools, the value of control delay estimated using the calibrated microscopic traffic simulation model was most close to that measured from the field. Conclusively, analysts should take into account the variability of control delay values according to the selection of a tool in the case of signalized intersection analysis.

A number of screening tools have been developed to evaluate the human balance capability. Many of them were designed to identify the elderly with falling risk. Three different screening tools, which have been well used many clinical fields, were used in this study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate balance capability in facilities maintenance workers in korea. There were no statistical significance between male and female when evaluated with three different screening tools. However, significant differences were found among the age groups irrespective of gender when evaluated with three different screening tools. The results of three different screening tools in korea showed poor values compared with previous results. These results revealed that facilities maintenance workers faced more critical falling risk in korea.

Falls are common after stroke and most frequently related to loss of balance while walking. Consequently, preventing falls is one of the goals of acute, rehabilitative, and chronic stroke care. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors of falls and to determine how well the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) could distinguish between fallers and non-fallers among stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation. One hundred and fifteen participants with at least 3 months post-stroke and able to walk at least 3 m with or without a mono cane participated in this study. Fifty-four (47%) participants reported falling, and 15(27.8%) had a recurrent fall. Logistic regression analysis for predicting falls showed that left hemiplegia [odds ratio (OR)=4.68] and fear of falling (OR=5.99) were strong risk factors for falls. Fallers performed worse than non-fallers on the FES, TUG, and BBS (p<.05, p<.01, respectively). In the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, the TUG demonstrated the best discriminating ability among the three assessment tools. The cut-off score was 22 seconds on the TUG for discriminating fallers from non-fallers (sensitivity=88.9%, specificity=45.9%) and 27 seconds for discriminating recurrent fallers from single fallers and non-fallers (sensitivity=71.4%, specificity=40.2%). Results suggest that there is a need for providing fall prevention and injury minimization programs for stroke patients who record over 22 seconds on the TUG.