Ski protein is implicated in proliferation/differentiation in a variety of cells. We had previously reported that Ski protein is present in granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in preovulatory follicles, suggesting that Ski has a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells. The alternative fate of granulosa cells other than apoptosis is to differentiate to luteal cells, however, it is unknown whether Ski is expressed and has a role in granulosa cells undergoing luteinization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in the rat ovary during luteinization to predict the possible role of Ski. In order to examine the expression pattern of Ski protein along with the progress of luteinization, follicular growth was induced by administration of equine chorionic gonadtropin to immature female rat, and luteinization was induced by human chorionic gonadtropin treatment to mimic luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. While no Ski-positive granulosa cells were present in preovulatory follicle, Ski protein expression was induced in response to LH surge, and was maintained after the formation of corpus luteum (CL). Though Ski protein is absent in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicle, its mRNA (c-Ski) was expressed and the level was unchanged even after LH surge. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Ski protein expression is induced in granulosa cells upon luteinization, and suggested that its expression is regulated post-transcriptionally.

Ski protein is implicated in proliferation/differentiation in a variety of cells. We had previously reported that Ski protein is present in granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in preovulatory follicles, suggesting that Ski has a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells. The alternative fate of granulosa cells other than apoptosis is to differentiate to luteal cells, however, it is unknown whether Ski is expressed and has a role in granulosa cells undergoing luteinization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in the rat ovary during luteinization to predict the possible role of Ski. In order to examine the expression pattern of Ski protein along with the progress of luteinization, follicular growth was induced by administration of equine chorionic gonadtropin to immature female rat, and luteinization was induced by human chorionic gonadtropin treatment to mimic luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. While no Ski-positive granulosa cells were present in preovulatory follicle, Ski protein expression was induced in response to LH surge, and was maintained after the formation of corpus luteum (CL). Though Ski protein is absent in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicle, its mRNA (c-ski) was expressed and the level was unchanged even after LH surge. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Ski protein expression is induced in granulosa cells upon luteinization, and suggested that its expression is regulated post-transcriptionally.

목적 : 본 연구는 발달 장애아 아버지의 양육 참여도와 어머니의 양육 효능감의 정도를 알아보고, 양 육 효능감에 영 향을 미치는 요인을 어머니 변인(연령, 교육수준, 종교, 취업유무), 자녀 변인(연령, 성, 장애유형, 장애정도, 자녀 수), 아버지 변인(연령, 교육수준, 종교, 직업, 수입, 양육 참여정도)을 중심으로 탐색해 보고자 수행 되었다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상은 서울과 경기도에 위치한 장애인 복지관, 사설 기관, 병원 등 특수치료 관련기 관 11곳에서 치료를 받고 있는 장애아의 어머니 190명이었다. 발달장애아 아버지의 자녀 양육 참여도를 측정하기 위하여 ‘Paternal Involvement in Child Care Index(PICCI)’를 사용하였고 발달 장애아 어머니의 양육 효능 감을 측정하 기 위하여‘Parenting Sense of Competence(PSOC) Scale’를 사용하였다. 결과 : 발달장애아 어머니의 양육 효능감과 아버지의 양육 참여도는 각 측정 도구의 중간 점수보다 약간 높게 나타 났고 발달 장애아 어머니의 양육 효능감을 유의하게 설명하는 변인은 자녀의 장애 정도와 아버지의 양육 참여도 였다. 결론 : 발달 장애아 어머니의 양육 효능감은 아버지의 양육 참여도와 자녀의 장애 정도와 관련이 있다는 것을 확인 하게 되었다. 따라서 장애 자녀발달을 위한 치료와 교육의 중요성을 재인식하게 되었으며, 장애아 아 버지의 참여를 유도할 수 있는 교육 프로그램과 장애아 가족을 위한 다양한 제도의 필요성을 재확인하는 계기가 되었다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다.

Substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons receive synaptic inputs from primary afferent Aδ- and C-fibers, where nociceptive information is integrated and modulated by numerous neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. A number of studies were dedicated to the molecular mechanism underlying the modulation of excitability or synaptic plasticity in SG neurons and revealed that second messengers, such as cAMP and cGMP, play an important role. Recently, cAMP and cGMP were shown to downregulate each other in heart muscle cells. However, involvement of the crosstalk between cAMP and cGMP in neurons is yet to be addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether interaction between cAMP and cGMP modulates synaptic plasticity in SG neurons using slice patchclamp recording from rats. Synaptic activity was measured by excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) elicited by stimulation onto dorsal root entry zone. Application of 1 mM of 8- bromoadenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) or 8-bromoguanosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP) for 15 minutes increased EPSCs, which were maintained for 30 minutes. However, simultaneous application of 8-BrcAMP and 8-Br-cGMP failed to increase EPSCs, which suggested antagonistic cross-talk between two second messengers. Application of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) that prevents degradation of cAMP and cGMP by blocking phosphodiesterase (PDE) increased EPSCs. Co-application of cAMP/cGMP along with IBMX induced additional increase in EPSCs. These results suggest that second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, might contribute to development of chronic pain through the mutual regulation of the signal transduction.

Human β- defensin-2 (hBD-2) is an antimicrobial peptide which is produced by epithelial cells after stimulation with microorganisms or inflammatory mediators. However, little is known as to whether the LPS and nicotine induces the expression of hBD-2 in periodontal l igament (PDL) cells. T he p urpose o f this s tudy was t o investigate t he r oles o f MAPKs pathway o f nicotine a nd L PS-induced hBD-2 expression in PDL cells. The maximal expression of hBD-2 was observed in nicotine 5 mM and LPS 1 μg/ml treated PDL cells. Nicotine and LPS induced the phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 and 2 (JNK1/2), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) MAPK. ERK1/2 inhibitor SB203580, p38 inhibitor PD98059, and JNK inhibitor SP600125, blocked the effects of nicotine and LPS on hBD-2 upregulation in PDL cells. These results collectively suggest that hBD-2 is up-regulated in nicotine and LPS-treated PDL cells through activation of p38, ERK and JNK MAPKs pathway. Our data regarding the up-regulation of hBD-2 may help us to understand the antimicrobial mechanism in periodontal disease

The present study aimed to verify the effects of DFO on PDL cells, with particular emphasis on focusing on osteoblastic differentiation. Its mechanisms related to heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway were also analyzed. DFO increased the expression of HO-1 and early osteoblastic differentiation markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP). DFO upregulated heme oxygenase-1. Treatment with HO-1 siRNA blocked the DFO-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation and HO-1 expression. The NF-kB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor Wortmannin, and p38 MAPK inhibitor U0126 blocked the effects of DFO on HO-1 expression and osteoblastic differentiation in PDL cells. Collectively, these data suggest that DFO promotes osteoblastic differentiation and induces the expression of defense protein HO-1 probably via PI3K, p38 MAPK, and NF-kB signalling pathways in PDL cells.

From a conversation-analytic perspective, this paper reports on the analysis of incey used as a discourse marker in spontaneous Korean conversations. Systematic attention is given to how it is used as an interactional resource for recalibrating a prior description and engaging the hearer to take the conjoined perspective grounded on the point of "here and now." It is shown that the sequences in which incey is embedded are characterized by a vivid description of an event/state of affairs or reported speech produced in the manner of having the target event/state of affairs reenacted. Such a formulation, often signaling a shift toward an expressive mode of telling, provides a context where the hearer is invited to be involved in the detailed description of the event/state of affairs (i.e., from the shared perspective) and to appreciate its upshot by co-taking the speaker’s vintage point. Such a shift is often observed in terms of managing the boundary-marking as well, e.g., usually practiced in the form of marking contrast or mediating self-repair through which a prior turn component is progressively replaced by another. Some of the crucial implications of these practices are noted in terms of (i) the preliminary nature of incey-prefaced talk, i.e., the tendency of incey to preface materials which are still prefatory to what is to be told further later, and (ii) the ordinary nature of incey-prefaced talk which the co-participants tend to orient to as being empirically grounded and/or commonsensically accessible.

본 연구는 국제 기아 돕기 캠페인을 대상으로 긍 부정 프레이밍의 영향과 관여도와의 상호작용을 조사하였다. 이론적으로 국제 기아 돕기 캠페인은 위험 회피와 연관된 행동이므로 긍정 프레이밍이 더욱 유효할 것이라는 주장과 돕기 행동은 부정적 감성의 소구가 중요하기 때문에 부정적 프레이밍이 더욱 유효할 것이라는 상충된 예측을 연구를 통해 밝혀내고자 하였다. 연구는 실험으로 설계되었으며, 실험 참가자들은 기부를 하지 않았을 때 지속될 기아 어린이들의 고통을 강조하거나, 기부를 하였을 때 기아 어린이들이 얻을 수 있는 기쁨과 안도를 강조한 캠페인에 각각 노출되었다. 실험 결과는 먼저 긍·부정 프레이밍이 태도나 행위 의도에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났지만 관여도와 상호작용은 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 그 상호작용이 태도와 행위 의도사이에 상반된 방향을 보이는 예상치 못한 결과가 나타났다. 태도에서는 관여도가 높은 집단에서는 부정적 프레이밍이, 관여도가 낮은 집단에서는 긍정적 프레이밍이 더 효과적으로 나타났다. 반면, 행위 의도에서는 그 방향이 반대로 나타나, 관여도가 높은 집단에서는 긍정적 프레이밍이, 관여도가 낮은 집단에서는 부정적 프레이밍이 더 효과적이라는 결과가 도출되었다. 이러한 결과가 내포한 의미와 국제 기아돕기 캠페인 제작에 적용할 수 있는 실용적 의미에 대해 논의하였다.

게임 산업은 정보 산업 중에 다른 사업과의 연계를 통해 큰 부가가치를 창출하고 침체된 IT 산업을 활성화시킬 수있는 분야로 빠르게 성장하고 있으며, 온라인게임소비자가 폭발적으로 증가하고 소비층이 폭넓어짐에 따라 엔터테인먼트의 핵심적인 분야로 떠오르고 있다. 본 연구에서는 온라인게임소비자가 증가함에 따라 온라인 게임사용을 건전한 놀이로써 사용하고자 한다면, 우선 게임의 중독과 몰입의 상태를 정확히 측정하여 파악하고, 중독수준을 낮추고 몰입의 적정 수준을 찾을 수 있는 정확한 측정도구가 필요하다고 생각한다. 따라서 기존에 연구된 온라인게임 중독과 몰입의 측정문항을 분석하고 혼합하여 온라인게임관여수준이라는 새로운 진단척도를 개발하여 온라인게임이 더욱더 건전한 놀이문화로 정립할 수 있도록 제시하고자 한다.

This study was conducted to provide basic data and insight into behaviors that result in increased continuous sales and competitiveness. This was done by examining the effect of personal involvement on customer satisfaction and trust, the effect of customer satisfaction on switching cost and loyalty, the effect of trust on switching cost and loyalty and by analyzing the indirect effect of trust and loyalty to personal involvement on switching cost and loyalty of the patrons of casual dining restaurants. In order to achieve the goals of the study, a hypothesis and structural equation were proposed based on preceding research and the proposed model was analyzed using LISREL 8.30 to prove the hypothesis and better understand the interactions between the cause and effect. The results were as follows: Six proposed hypothesis were chosen and the indirect effect was verified. In other words, customers' personal involvement was shown to have an effect on trust and devotion and satisfaction influenced switching cost and loyalty. Trust had an effect on switching cost and loyalty and by analyzing the indirect effect the customers' personal involvement was shown to affect the switching cost and loyalty through satisfaction and trust. The result of this analysis provides clues to better understand the eating-out behavior of customers and proves that personal involvement, satisfaction, trust, switching cost and loyalty are directly and indirectly related.

Recently, technology growth and globalization of the market bring the age of knowledge based economy. These competitive environment require that the firms should cooperate among industry, academia, and institute. Cooperation between firms and universities for research and development is one of the most important business strategy in improving their business competences. This paper studied the factors of the firm involvement in the cooperation between firms and universities for technology development. To analyze the involvement factors, the data of 'R&D activity survey' of Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST) were used. Based on results of the analysis, 6 factors such as firm size, the years of firms, ratio of the researchers, the ratio of collaborative investments, the ratio of new product development, and the number of property right were significant. As the technology cooperation get flourished, the results of this research is expected to play a meaningful role as an basic data for developing the cooperation between industry and academia policy for technology development.

The principal objective of this study was to assess the effects of food involvement moderating the relationship between food choice motives, including health concerns, weight control and ethical concern, and fruit consumption. A total of 290 questionnaires were completed. Moderated regression analysis was utilized to assess the relationships among variables. The results of the study showed that the results of data analysis also indicated good model fit. The direct effects of health concerns on fruit consumption were statistically significant in Models 1 and 2. However, the direct effects of ethical concern on fruit consumption were statistically significant in Model 3. As had been expected, the interaction of ethical concerns and food involvement exerted a significant effect on fruit consumption in Model 3. However, the interaction of health concern and food involvement, as well as weight control and food involvement exerted no significant effects on fruit consumption. Moreover, ethical concerns about fruit consumption exerted a significant negative effect at the low level and a positive effect at the high level of food involvement, except in cases in which the level of food involvement was medium. The results of this study revealed that fruit marketers should attach importance to the interaction effect of food involvement in order to better understand the elements of market demand and customer loyalty.

The purpose of this study was to measuring the causal relationships among food involvement, health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, weight control and vegetable consumption. A total of 290 questionnaires were completed. Structural equation model was used to measure the causal relationships among constructs. Results of the study demonstrated that the structural analysis result for the data also indicated excellent model fit. The effects of food involvement on health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, weight control and vegetable consumption were statistically significant. As expected, health, mood, sensory appeal and eight control had significant effects on vegetable consumption. Moreover, health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal and weight control played mediating roles in the relationship between food involvement and vegetable consumption. In conclusion, based on structural analysis, a model was proposed of interrelations among food involvement, health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, weight control and vegetable consumption. It should be noted that the original vegetable consumption model was modified and should, preferably, be alidated in future research. Other variables, such as attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior control, may be incorporated to form vegetable consumption models that consist of new antecedent and consequence pairs.

The purpose of this study was to measuring the effects of health involvement, attitude, perceived behavioral control (PBC), behavioral intention on seafood consumption. A total of 235 questionnaires were completed. Structural equation model was used to measure the causal relationships among constructs. Results of the study demonstrated that the structural analysis result for the data also indicated excellent model fit. The direct effect of health involvement on attitude was statistically significant. The direct effects of health involvement, attitude and PBC on consumption were statistically significant. As expected, attitude, PBC and behavioral intention had significant direct effects on consumption. Moreover, health involvement had a significant indirect effect on behavioral intention through attitude and PBC. Health involvement also had a significant indirect effect on consumption through attitude, PBC and behavioral intention. Attitude and PBC had significant indirect effects on consumption through behavioral intention. In conclusion, based on structural analysis, a model was proposed of interrelations among health involvement, attitude, PBC, behavioral intention and seafood consumption. Other variables(sensory variable, habit, norm etc) may be incorporated to form models that consist of new antecedent and consequence pairs.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) plays an important role in clinical medicine and basic biology as an immunosuppressant and a mitochondrial permeability blocker, respectively. It was reported that CsA has a protective role by preventing apoptosis and promoting the proliferation in severed neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms for CsA-induced neuronal cell proliferation are unclear. In this study, we examined the mechanisms underlying the CsA-induced proliferation of PC12 cells. CsA increased the viability of PC12 cells in a dose(over 0.1~10 μM)-and time-dependent manner. The level of ROS generation was decreased in the CsA-treated PC12 cells. Expression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic molecule that inhibits the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol, was upregulated, whereas Bax, a proapototic molecule, was not changed in the CsA-treated PC12 cells. CsA downregulated the mRNA expression of VDAC 1 and VDAC 3, but VDAC 2 was not changed in the CsA-treated PC12 cells. The level of cytosolic cytochrome c released from the mitochondria and the caspase-3 activity were attenuated in the CsA-treated PC12 cells. These results suggest that the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signal and Bcl-2 family may play an important role in CsA-induced proliferation in PC12 cells.

This study investigated how task involvement should be practiced to fulfill the theoretical assumptions of Task-Based Instruction (TBI). As the task involvement is to be understood as an indispensable component of TBI, how a high degree of task involvement can be secured and exerted in a most effective way was examined. Having analyzed the data obtained from questionnaire, interviews, reflection papers and proficiency tests, the study indicated that customized and timely feedback and comments on the learners’ performances as well as learners’ sense of responsibility were critical if the task involvement leads to desirable learning outcomes. The study also showed that consciousness-raising (CR) task originated from an authentic task was effective enough to help learners acquire linguistic knowledge in a contextual situation. It made suggestions for how to promote task involvement to better implement TBI, through which the learners can improve language proficiency fully taking advantage of their educational and cognitive experiences.