Despite expansion of the mulnaengmyeon market, there have been no studies on consumers’ attitudes towards mulnaengmyeon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usage and consumption patterns for mulnaengmyeon among adults in the Seoul metropolitan area of Korea. A survey including demo- and socio-graphics, general mulnaengmyeon usage, and consumption questions was tested on 210 consumers. The results of the survey showed that the majority of consumers consumed mulnaengmyeon more frequently during summer. Although the instant mulnaengmyeon market has rapidly increased, it was found that mulnaengmyeon is a food that is generally consumed in restaurants. In addition, mulnaengmyeon usage and consumption patterns significantly differed according to consumer age, whereas there was no difference observed according to parent’s or grandparent’s hometown of origin. Older consumers were observed to consume and purchase mulnaengmyeon as well as instant mulnaengmyeon more often than young consumers. Also, older consumers were shown to consider “health” related factors as more important when selecting mulnaengmyeon, whereas young consumers considered “price” related factors to be more important.

본 연구는 국립공원자원모니터링 기초자료의 활용성 강화와 국립공원 관리의 효율성을 향상시키기 위해 고축적 식생전자지도 필요에 의하여 생태자연도 정밀화 사업의 일환으로 수행되었다. 식생조사 결과가 반영된 정밀식생도 중 월악산국립공원 금수산 (1,016.0 m) 및 도락산 (964.4 m) 일대의 산지삼림식생은 산지낙엽활엽수림, 산지침엽수림, 산지습성림, 식재림으로 세분되었으며, 평지삼림식생은 하반림, 기타식생은 암벽식생, 벌채지, 2차초지 등으로 세분되었다. 상관대분류에 의하여 구분된 각각의 산지삼림식생을 구성하고 있는 군락수는 산지낙엽활엽수림은 37개 군락, 산지습성림 16개 군락, 산지침엽수림 8개 군락, 식재림 15개 군락, 하반림 1개 군락, 기타식생 5개 군락이 조사되었다. 조사된 주요 군락의 분포 비율을 보면 산지낙엽활엽수림은 굴참나무군락이 15,348,501.28 m2의 19.002%로 가장 높은 분포비율로 조사되었고, 그 다음으로 신갈나무군락이 11,332,135.26 m2의 14.029%를 차지하고 있으며, 금수산 및 도락산 일대 산지낙엽활엽수림의 33.031%는 굴참나무와 신갈나무가 우점 또는 차우점종으로 분포하고 있었다. 산지침엽수림은 소나무군락이 전체의 64.477%로서 대부분의 산지침염수림은 소나무 1종이 상층부에서 우점종으로 나타나는 군락의 양상을 나타내고 있다. 산지습성림은 층층나무군락이 전체의 29.142%를 차지하고 있으며, 층층나무와 상층부의 식피율이 비슷하여 혼합군락을 이루고 있는 군락은 4개 군락으로 전체의 60.979%를 차지하고 있다. 또한 일본잎갈나무가 식재림 전체의 80.842%로 가장 많이 식재되었으며, 밤나무군락 5.751%, 잣나무군락 4.337%, 리기다소나무군락 1.683% 등으로 4개 수종이 전체의 97.614%로 대부분이 이들 4종에 의하여 분포하고 있다. 결론적으로 월악산국립공원 금수산 및 도락산 일대의 산림식생은 굴참나무, 신갈나무, 소나무, 졸참나무, 층층나무 등 소수의 수종들이 최상층부의 우점종으로 구성되어 있으며, 이들 종들과 관련된 다른 군락들은 식생천이 및 기후적 요인들에 의하여 군락 대체가 매우 빠르게 일어날 것으로 보인다. 따라서 이 지역 일대 잠재 자연 식생의 주요종은 산지낙엽활엽수림인 굴참나무와 신갈나무, 산지습성림은 층층나무와 들메나무 등에 의하여 우점될 것으로 보이며 점차적으로 낙엽활엽수의 분포비율이 증가할 것으로 보인다. 따라서 월악산국립공원에 대한 식생연구는 식물군락과 관련된 조사가 연구되어 왔으나 다소 미흡한 실정으로 기존에 발표되었던 월악산현존식생도 관련 연구(Korea National Park Service, 2006)에 비해 고해상도의 영상자료를 참고하여 크게 보완·향상된 상세한 결과를 도출하였다.

Odor problems in urban areas have become a common cause of public complaints. In order to gain a better understanding of odor problems, we investigated the emission characteristics of odorants originating from manholes (n=22) and stormwater catch basins (n=48) (SCBs) around Wangsimni station in Seoul. To this end, concentrations of H2S and NH3 were measured after arbitrarily dividing the whole study area into five different districts. Our measurements were made to allow comparisons between three different criteria: (1) manholes vs. SCBs, (2) temporal variation between morning vs. afternoon, and (3) water content in the sewer system. The average concentration of H2S in manholes and SCB were 2.39 ppm and 0.81 ppm, respectively. In contrast, their NH3 counterparts were 1.86 ppm and 1.02 ppm, respectively. According to the contouring method made to identify spatial distribution characteristics, of odorants a relatively lowland site D was expected to work as a significant emission source in light of the transportation patterns of a sewer system. Moreover, higher concentrations of odorants were prevalent in the afternoon (as the prime time for commercial activities) relative to before noon. If concentration data are converted into odor intensity, H2S was the predominant component exerting controls on the odor pollution in these underground environments.

To prevent safety hazards in dangerous working area, we have proposed an intelligent image analysis system. Six common patterns of safety violations of workers’ are defined and its motion detection algorithms are developed for alarm to CCTV　monitoring system. Developed algorithms are implemented at 195 dangerous areas such as chemical and gas treated room. The results of violated motion detection ratio by developed system shows 94.95% of true positive cases, and 0.21% of false positive cases from all 587,645 event cases in one month implementation period. In the period, it is observed that the number of safety rule violations and the following accidents are decreased.

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for conserving the biodiversity by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in ecological and landscape conservation area, Mt. Kwanak. The flora of this site were summarized as 228 taxa including 72 families, 154 genera, 197 species, 3 subspecies, 21 varieties and 7 forms. The rare plant was Viola albida. The Korean endemic plants were 5 taxa including Populus tomentiglandulosa, Forsythia koreana, Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis and Hosta minor. The specific plants by floristic region were 11 taxa including Wisteria florinunda, Viola orientalis, Weigela florida, Buxus koreana and so forth. Especially, Buxus koreana is the reason for selection of ecological and landscape conservation area. The naturalized plants were 14 taxa including Chenopodium album, Malva neglecta, Physalis angulata, Erigeron annuus and so forth. The invasive alien plants were Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Aster pilosus.

In this paper, we study the calculation for the fracture area of the composite material specimens using digital image processing techniques. This study was able to calculate the area of the fracture region through the main operation step 7 on the basis of improved image. To extract the area in the original image, we have to use opening operation, close operation, the Hit-or-Miss operation and Bottom hat filter, Top hat filter, etc. In particular, to extract the area of the composite specimen discussed in this study, we have to use the combination of the operations and filters because it is non-isotropic material, or should develop a new algorithm based on it.

이 연구는 중국 내몽고 쿠부치사막지역의 사막화확산 방지를 위한 사막복구조림을 실시함으로써 장기적으로 사막화지역에 적합한 사방기술을 향상시키는데 기여하고자 수행하였다. 연구지역은 모래가 약 97%로 식재시 지속적인 수분공급이 필요하고, 토양pH가 7.2~7.9인 약알칼리성토양으로 토양양료가 대단히 부족한 상태로 나타났다. 우리나라 산림청이 조림한 지역에서 양수(楊樹, Populus simonii Carr.)의 평균활착률은 87.8%로 나타난 반면, 사류(沙柳, Salix gordejevaii Chang et. Skv.) 평균활착률은 76.8%로, 양수보다 저조하였다. 양수의 평균 신초생장량은 50.4 cm로 나타났고, 사류의 평균 신초생장량은 67.8 cm로 나타나 신초생장량은 사류가 양수보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 경기도가 조림한 지역에서 양수의 평균활착률은 89.5%로 나타난 반면, 사류의 평균활착률은 68.3%로 양수보다 현저히 낮아, 보식이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 양수의 평균 신초생장량은 56.7 cm로 나타났고, 사류의 평균 신초생장량은 56.9 cm로 나타나 두 수종 간 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다.

Maritime boundary issues have become a constraint in the relations between Indonesia and its neighboring countries, including Malaysia. One of the pending issues regarding the overlapping maritime boundary which is not yet to be resolved is the Ambalat area. The primary purpose of this research is to suggest possible senarioa to resolve the maritime delimitation dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia around Ambalt peacefully under international law. This article is prepared to explore all available ways for the peaceful settlement on Ambalat issue.The author will examine the diplomatic channel, ASEAN Way dispute settlement mechanism, adjudication process (litigation and arbitration), and dispute settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. He will also epropose other innovative approach, such like Joint Development Zone. The result of such examination can be used as considerations for the way forward.

우리나라는 물 자원이 풍부하지는 않으나 수처리 시설 및 기술의 발달, 정부의 먹는 물 공급정책에 따라 상수도 보급률이 매우 높다. 그러나 2013년 상수도 통계에 따라면 아직도 농․어촌을 중심으로 상수도 보급률은 66 %수준에 그치고 있고 이런 지역은 지하수 등 자연으로부터 공급되는 물을 사용하고 있다. 지하수의 경우 매우 유용하고 우수한 수자원이지만 지질의 영향이나 농축산업의 영향으로 인해 우라늄과 같은 자연방사성 물질, 질산성 질소 등의 물질에 오염되어 있다. 이에 오염된 물질에 대한 적정한 제거기술을 도입하여 상수도 미보급 지역의 안전한 먹는 물 공급을 위한 정부 차원의 시범연구와 지원사업이 진행되고 있다. 본 발표에서는 정부와 기업이 함께 진행하고 있는 안전한 먹는 물 공급을 위한 시범 사업을 소개하고자 한다.

The current study analyzed the home range size of the Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) by observation using the natural markings in the suburban area of Busan from December 2009 to May 2010. In all, 26 individual kestrels were observed in the study area, of which 14 individual kestrels were frequently observed (more than five times) and 12 were observed less frequently (less than five times). Mean home range sizes of the 14 frequently observed kestrels were estimated using two different methods (minimum convex polygon (MCP) method and fixed kernel (FK) method): 34.49 ㏊(2.74–163.96 ㏊) by 100% MCP, 41.35 ㏊(3.54– 99.02 ㏊) by the 95% FK, 14.33 ㏊(0.20-31.57 ㏊) by the 75% FK and 5.75 ㏊(0.52–14.74 ㏊) by the 50% FK. The mean home range size was larger for males than for females estimated at 51.50 ㏊(15.04–163.96 ㏊) and 11.80㏊(2.74–24.48 ㏊), respectively, by the 100 % MCP method and 8.02 ㏊(2.38–14.74 ㏊) and 2.72 ㏊ (0.52–4.28 ㏊), respectively, by the 50 % Fixed Kernel method. The home range sizes by sexes in breeding pairs differed during the wintering and breeding seasons; the sizes decreased among females but increased among males during the breeding season. Such differences of home range sizes between sexes could be attributed to parental role division during the breeding season. Females stay in the nest or next to it during laying, incubating, and feeding activities, and males go far away from their nest sites to forage areas for their fledglings for most of the breeding period.

Yongneup wetland protected area, the only high moor in Korea, is a core area to conserve biodiversity. Even though the Yongneup wetland protected area is relatively small, various plant species are distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area because it includes various habitats showing different environmental gradients. Vascular plants distributed in the Yongneup wetland protected area were identified as a total of 376 taxa that is composed of 73 families, 217 genera, 322 species, 3 subspecies, 44 varieties and 7 forms. For endangered plants designated by the Ministry of Environment, 5 species including Trientalis europaea var. arctica, Lilium dauricum, Halenia corniculata, Lychnis wilfordii and Menyanthes trifoliata were found and 34 taxa were confirmed to be distributed only in the mountainous wetland habitats. Regarding naturalized plants, a total of 11 taxa were distributed, but most of them were distributed in the areas where artificial interference has occurred. And in areas inside the wetlands that are relatively well preserved, 2 species of Bidens frondosa and Erigeron annuus were observed. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of Pseudostellaria baekdusanensis M. Kim, which was recently found in Mt. Baekdu and reported as a new species, were identified in the Yongneup wetland protected area. A wetland is a very vulnerable area to drastic environmental changes and damages to its ecosystem could cause the extinction of rare plant species which are distributed only in the wetlands. Therefore, it is mandatory that current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area is evaluated and actions to prevent rapid environmental changes are taken. Fourteen separate investigations were conducted in 2013 and another four in 2014, to evaluate current status of the Yongneup wetland protected area. These investigations have provided us the basic information for future actions of conservation and restoration.

This study was conducted using a self boarding questionnaire survey to investigate body image perception, dietary habits and nutrient intakes according to interest level in health of female university students in Masan area (n=302). The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to interest level in health (‘High’ group, n=101, ‘Low’ group, n=201). Body image according to BMI was significantly different regardless of interest level in health (p<0.001). The answer percentage indicated that the purpose of weight control is health, regular use of the scale, and regular exercise were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.05). Nutrient knowledge score (p<0.01) and food frequency score (p<0.001) were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in nutrient intake, but intake, NAR and INQ of vitamin C were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.001). Nutrition knowledge score (p<0.01), food intake frequency score (p<0.01), and INQ and NAR of vitamin C (p<0.01) were positively correlated with the interest level in health. These results will be useful as a basis for the development of effective nutrition education programs in order to increase interest level in health and apply well in real life what have learned through the correct nutrition knowledge.

District Metered Area (DMA) construction is one of the most cost effective alternatives for management of water loss (i.e., water leakage) and energy consumption (i.e., water pressure) in water distribution systems. Therefore, it’s being implemented to numerous new and existing water distribution systems worldwide. However, due to the complexity of water distribution systems, especially large-scale and highly looped systems, it is still very difficult to define the optimal boundary of DMAs considering all the aspects of water distribution system management requirements. In this study, a DMA design methodology (or a DMA design model) was developed with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and hydraulic distribution system model to determine the optimal DMA boundary.

도시기반 라이프라인은 지진발생시 시설물의 붕괴뿐만 아니라 붕괴로 인한 도시기능 마비, 대형화재와 같은 2차 피해를 동반하여 막대한 사회·경제적 손실을 야기할 것으로 예측된다. 이에 대한 대비책으로 국내에서는 지진재해대응시스템을 운영 중이며, 지진재해대응시스템은 각 시설물별 지진취약도 모델을 통해서 시설물의 파괴확률을 산정하고, 지진재해 정도를 평가한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 국내 지반특성을 고려하여 도시기반 라이프라인 시설물 중 매설가스배관의 시간이력 해석을 수행하였고, 확률론적인 해석방법인 최우도추정법을 이용하여 지진취약도 모델을 개발하였다. 해석모델은 국내 대표도시인 서울지역에 매설된 고압관과 중압관으로 선정하였으며, 지반의 모델링은 Winkler foundation 모델을 이용하였다. 또한 개발된 취약도 모델의 GIS 적용방안을 제시하였다.

국내에 유통되고 있는 과실류와 채소류 156점을 대상으로 위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물 및 곰팡이에 대한 오염도 조사를 실시하였다. 과실류의 경우 재래시장에서 구입한 시료에서는 일반세균이 0.4~3.1 log CFU/g, 대장균군이 0.0~1.5 log CFU/g 범위로 검출이 되었고, 대형마트에서 구입한 시료에서는 일반세균이 0.6~3.0 log CFU/g, 대장균군이 0.0~1.7 log CFU/g 범위로 검출이 되었다. 채소류의 경우 재래시장에서 구입한 시료에서는 일반세균이 2.2~5.8 log CFU/g, 대장균군이 0.1~4.5 log CFU/g 범위로 검출이 되었고, 대형마트에서 구입한 시료에서는 일반세균이 2.2~5.4 log CFU/g, 대장균군이 0.1~4.4 log CFU/g 범위로 검출이 되었다. B. cereus는 재래시장의 과실류에서는 모두 불검출 되었으나 대형마트의 배에서 0.4 log CFU/g이 검출되었다. 채소류의 경우 재래시장 및 대형마트의 부추, 양파, 당근, 고구마, 시금치에서 각각 0.3~1.0와 0.3~1.5 log CFU/g 수준으로 검출되었다. S. aureus는 재래시장의 배에서 0.2 log CFU/g이 검출되었고, 그 외 병원성 미생물은 불검출 되었다. 곰팡이는 과실류와 채소류 각각 0.3~3.8 및 0.8~4.3 범위로 검출되었다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the changing process in the Ddeulzip of Jaeryoung Lee's clan family. The subject of this study is clan family of Jaeryoung Lee in Andong Area. The period of Ddeulzip's changing process is divided into largely three parts. The establishment process and changing process for Jaeryoung Lee's family is analyzed during early (15~16C), mid(17∼18C) and late(19∼20C) periods. The characteristics of early periods is that it made a main ancestral building of　Ddeulzip form. Those of mid Chosun period is in their strong will to preserve their ancestral house. During the late period, many of the different styles of Ddeulzip were constructed due to the stable environment of both political and economical status. The residential house of Jaeryoung Lee family that were centered in Youngduk and Youngyang area include diverse forms for both high and middle class social status. Jaeryoung Lee family's Ddeulzip is thus considered to bring about the firm foundation as a clan family representing the Andong cultural area through the development of Ddeulzip.

In this paper, we study the calculation for the fracture area of the tension specimens using digital image processing techniques. This study was able to calculate the area of the fracture region on the basis of improved image. To extract the area in the original image, we have to use opening operation, close operation, the Hit-or-Miss operation and Bottom hat filter, Top hat filter, etc. In particular, to extract the area of the composite specimen discussed in this study, we have to use the combination of the operations and filters because it is non-isotropic material, or should develop a new algorithm based on it.