The adsorption of Cs-137 and Sr-90 onto kaolinite in prescence of major groundwater cations (Ca2+, K+, Na+) with different concentrations was simulated by using triple-layer surface complexation model (TL-SCM). The site density (8.73 sites/nm2) of kaolinite used for TL-SCM was calculated from it's CEC and specific surface area. TL-SCM modeling results indicate that concentrations dependence on 137Cs and 90Sr adsorption onto kaolinite as a function of pH is best modeled as an outer-sphere surface reaction. This suggests that Cs+ and Sr2+ are adsorbed at the β-layer in kaolinite-water interface where the electrolytes, Nacl, KCl and CaCl2, bind. However, TL-SCM results on Sr adsorption show a discrepancy between batch data and fitting data in alkaline condition. This may be due to precipitation of SrCO3 and complexation such as SrOH+. Intrinsic reaction constants of ions obtained from model fit are as follows: Kintcs=10-2.10, KintSr=10-2.30, KintK=10-2.80, KintCa=10-3.10 and KintNa=10-3.32. The results are in the agreement with competition order among groundwater ions (K+〉Ca2+〉Na+) and sorption reference of nuclides (Cs-137〉Sr-90) at kaolinite-water interface showed in batch test.

This paper describes elemental technologies for the creation of three-dimensional(3-D) sound-field to implement the next-generation Ship Handling Simulator with human -computer interaction, known as Virtual Reality. In the virtual reality system, Head-Related Transfer Functions(HRTF's) are used to generate 3-D sound environmental context. Where, the HRTF's are impulse response characterizing the acoustical transformation in a space. This work is divided into two parts, the part Ⅰis mainly for the model constructions of the HRTF's, the part Ⅱis for the control of 3-D sound-field by using the HRTF's . In this paper, as first part, we search for the theory to formulate models of the HRTF's which reduce the dimensionalityof the formulation without loss of any directional information . Using model HRTF's we report results from psychophysical tests used to asses the validity of the proposed modleing method.

In this study, a model was developed to analyze the capacity and the total price of the agricultural products marketing between nations through the estimation of the production and consumption amount of the agricultural products in each nation and the analysis of the price and transport cost to each nation. The method which can contribute to the agricultural policy decision support was devised. The main concept of the method is to compute the potential import-export amount and total cost among the nations. In the application, wheat was selected to evaluate the model. The application results showed that the model could analyzed the unit consumption and storage amount per capital of each nation and the price and transport cost per unit weight from each export nation, provided the policy decision maker with the basic data analyzed by GIS.

Spatial patterns of soil temperature on sloping lands are related to the amount of solar irradiance at the surface. Since soil temperature is a critical determinant of many biological processes occurring in the soil, an accurate prediction of soil temperature distribution could be beneficial to agricultural and environmental management. However, at least two problems are identified in soil temperature prediction over natural sloped surfaces. One is the complexity of converting solar irradiances to corresponding soil temperatures, and the other, if the first problem could be solved, is the difficulty in handling large volumes of geo-spatial data. Recent developments in geographic information systems (GIS) provide the opportunity and tools to spatially organize and effectively manage data for modeling. In this paper, a simple model for conversion of solar irradiance to soil temperature is developed within a GIS environment. The irradiance-temperature conversion model is based on a geophysical variable consisting of daily short- and long-wave radiation components calculated for any slope. The short-wave component is scaled to accommodate a simplified surface energy balance expression. Linear regression equations are derived for 10 and 50 cm soil temperatures by using this variable as a single determinant and based on a long term observation data set from a horizontal location. Extendability of these equations to sloped surfaces is tested by comparing the calculated data with the monthly mean soil temperature data observed in Iowa and at 12 locations near the Tennessee - Kentucky border with various slope and aspect factors. Calculated soil temperature variations agreed well with the observed data. Finally, this method is applied to a simulation study of daily mean soil temperatures over sloped corn fields on a 30 m by 30 m resolution. The outputs reveal potential effects of topography including shading by neighboring terrain as well as the slope and aspect of the land itself on the soil temperature.

An one dimensional atmosphere-vegetation interaction model is developed to discuss of the effect of vegetation on heat flux in mesoscale planetary boundary layer. The canopy model was a coupled system of three balance equations of energy, moisture at ground surface and energy state of canopy with three independent variables of T_f(foliage temperature), T_g(ground temperature) and q_g(ground specific humidity). The model was verified by comparative study with OSU1D(Oregon State University One Dimensional Model) proved in HYPEX-MOBHLY experiment. As the result, both vegetation and soil characteristics can be emphasized as an important factor in the analysis of heat flux in the boundary layer. From the numerical experiments, following heat flux characteristics are cleary founded simulation. The larger shielding factor(vegetation) increase of T_f while decrease T_g because vegetation cut solar radiation to ground. Vegetation, the increase of roughness and resistance, increase (f sensible heat flux in foliage while decrease the latent heat flux in the foliage.

본 연구는 호프 주산지인 강원도 횡성에서 호프 발육기 동안의 기상요소 변화에 따른 α -acid 함량 예측모형을 작성하고, α -acid 생성에 관여하는 기상요소를 구명하고자 1978년부터 1986년까지 9개년 간의 연평균 α -acid 함량과 발육단계별 기상요소를 분석 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. α -acid 함량 예측을 위하여 선택된 기상요소는 화아분화기(5월 21일~6월 20일)의 최고기온, 개화기(6월 11일~7월 10일)의 최고기온, 일조시수 그리고 강수량, 구화형성기(7월 21일~8월 20일) 최고기온이었다. 2. 개화기의 일조시수(X1 ), 개화기의 최고기온(X3 ), 개화분화기의 최고기온(X4 ), 개화기의 강수량(X5), 그리고 구화성숙기의 최고기온(X6)의 α -acid 함량 증가에 영향을 주었다. 3. α -acid 함량 예측의 중선형 회귀모형은 Y=28.369-0.003 X1 ＋1.508 X2 -1.953X3 -0.335X4 -0.003X5-0.119X6로 MSEp=0.004, Rp2 =0.9987, Rap2 =0.9949, Cp=7.00이었다.

본 연구는 호프 주산지인 강원도 횡성에서 기상요소의 변화에 따른 수량 예측 모형식을 작성하고, 수량에 관여하는 주요 기상요소와 호프 생리적 작용관계를 구명하고자 1978년부터 1986년까지 9개년간의 년도별 호프 각 생육단계의 기상요소와 4년생 이상 호프의 년평균 수량을 농촌진흥청 VAX 11/785 전산기 AGRISP에 입력 분석하여 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 수량 예측을 위하여 선택된 기상요소는 초기생장기(4월 21일~5월 20일)의 최저기온과 평균기온, 화아분화기(5월 21일~6월 20일)의 최고기온, 개화기(6월 11일~7월 10일)의 최고기온, 구화형성기(7월 1일~7월 31일)의 일조시수, 구솨 성숙기(7월 21일~8월 20일)의 강수량이었다. 2. 초기 생장기의 최고기온( X3 )과 개화기의 최고기온( X4 )은 수량 감소에 영향을 주었고, 초기 생장기의 평균기온( X5 )과 구화형성기의 일조시수( X6)는 수량 증가에 영향을 주었다. 3. 수량예측의 중선형 회귀모형식은 Y=6042.846-17.665 X1 -0.919 X2 -96.538 X3 -138.105 X4 ＋86.910 X5 ＋ X6로 MS Ep=25.258, Rp2=0.9991, Rap 2 =0.9962, Cp=7.00이었다.00이었다.

한국 수도작의 재배시기 추정식을 유도하기 위하여1962∼1980년의 지역적응시험성적을 이용하여 몇가지 분석을 한 결과틀 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 기상, 지리조건 및 재배시기 상호간에는 고도의 상관이 있었고 기상요인 중에서는 최저평균기온이 재배시기에 가장 크게 작용하나 기타요인들도 관여함을알 수 있었다. 지리적 요인 중에서는 위도, 고도 및 경도의 순으로 기상과 경종시기에 관여하였다. 2. 반종부터 적정출수까지의 전생육일수는 Japonica 품종군의 경우가 115일, I/J품종군은 111일 이었고 육묘기간은 각각 44일과 42일 이었다. 3. 위치결정요소인 위도, 경도 및 고도를 이용하여 파종기, 이앙기, 적정출수기 및 안전출수. 한계기 추정식을 유도한 결과 편회귀계수와 중상관계수가 모두 유의성을 보여 재배시기추정식은 합리적인 것으로 판단되었다. 4. 그러나 본 연구분석에 Topology 효과는 고려되지 않아서 특수지역에의 적용은 어려울 것으로 보인다. 또한 특수생태형을 가진 품종이나 특이한 재배법에의 적용은 좀더 검토되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

This paper deals with a mathematical model which explains process of aquisition or skillfulness of human. Especially, in the case of determinating a ship's position, a degree of aquisitiion or skillfulness has a significant meaning in the view point of reliability of a data because it is closely connected with the position error. In this paper, the authors have obtained the following mathematical model, who analyzed quantitavely the data obtained by a process of measuring the horizontal sextant angles and extracted the factors or parameters affecting the process of aquisition or skillfulness of human. Namely, H=Me-iN M : the coefficiency which represent the degree of difficulty in measuring the object i : personal parameter N : the number of measurements