본 연구는 저영양 비육돈 사양이 고영양 사양에 비해 도체 및 돈육의 질을 개선시킬 수 있을지를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 체중 약 50kg의 LYD 교잡종 암퇘지와 거세돼지 각각 68두씩을 8돈방에 배치하고 3.54Mcal DE/kg과 1.00% 라이신을 함유한 고영양사료 혹은 3.02Mcal DE/kg과 0.68% lysine을 함유한 저영양사료를 약 120kg까지 급여하고 도살하였다. 총 20개의 도체로부터 삼겹살, 등심, 뒷다리 및 목심을 잘라내고 삼겹살과 등심, 뒷다리 및 목심의 대표적인 근육의 질에 관한 이화학적 분석과 관능검사를 수행하였다. 일당증체량, 사료효율 및 등지방두께는 고에너지구보다 저에너지구가 낮았다(p<0.05). 목심의 가열감량, 경도 및 씹힘성 수치는 저영양구가 고영양구보다 낮았다. 신선육(근육)에 대한 관능평가에서 등심의 색깔, 상강도 및 기호도 평점은 저영양구가 고영양구보다 높았고, 삼겹살의 근육:지방 균형 평점은 저영양구가 고영양구 보다 높은 경향을 나타냈다(p<0.10). 또한 뒷다리 가열육에 대한 관능평가에서는 풍미 및 다즙성 평점이 저영양구가 고영양구보다 높았다. 결론적으로, 이상의 결과는 저영양으로 비육돈을 사양하면 고영양 사양에 비해 성장성적은 저하되지만 도체 및 돈육의 질을 향상시킬 수도 있음을 시사한다.

본 연구는 Canada에서 수입한 동결정액으로 인공수정된 모돈의 번식성적을 조사하여 동결정액을 이용한 인공수정(동결정액 인공수정)의 효율을 개선할 수 있는 통찰력을 얻기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 A(GGP) 농장에서 2016년 5월과 9월 사이 총 626회의 동결정액 인공수정과 B(GGP) 농장에서 2015년부터 2017년 기간 동안 수행한 총 2,429 동결정액 인공수정의 결과 기록을 분석하였다. A종 돈장에서 동결정액을 썼을 때 총산자수 및 실산자수는 9월 보다 5월에 높았다(p<0.05). B종돈장의 분만율, 총산자수 및 실산자수는 조사연도 간에 차이가 없었다. A종돈장 결과와 B종돈장 결과를 통합하여 분석했을 때, 분만율은 A종돈장이 높았으나(p<0.01) 총산자수와 실산자수는 두 종돈장간에 차이가 없었고, 동결정액 인공수정을 했을 때가 액상정액 인공수정을 했을 때보다 낮았다(동결정액:액상정액 인공수정에 대한 총산자수와 실산자수는 각각 10.9±0.3:13.4±0.1두 및 10.0±0.3:12.0±0.1두 이었음; p<0.01). 결론적으로, 이상의 결과는 동결정액 인공수정이 액상정액 인공수정보다 번식 효율이 낮긴 하지만 연중 적절한 시기에 동결정액 인공수정을 실시하면 번식 효율이 증가될 수도 있음을 시사한다.

The aim of this study was to investigate growth performance of growing-finishing pigs in response to high planes of nutrition. Seventy-two Yorkshire barrows weighing approximately 26 kg were randomly allotted to one of three planes of nutrition: ‘BASAL,’ ‘high’ (HI), and ‘extra-high’ (X-HI). BASAL, HI, and X-HI grower diets contained 1.15%, 1.25%, and 1.35% lysine and 3.48, 3.54, and 3.60 Mcal DE/kg, respectively; finisher diets had 1.10%, 1.10%, and 1.20% lysine and 3.43, 3.50, and 3.57 Mcal DE/kg, respectively. The animals were placed on the grower and finisher diets for 40 and 63 days, respectively, and slaughtered. Average daily gain, which did not differ among the three dietary groups during the grower phase, was greater (p<0.05) in the X-HI group than in the other two groups during the finisher phase (811, 862, and 842 g during the grower phase and 855, 884, and 953 g during the finisher phase for the BASAL, HI, and X-HI groups, respectively). Dressing percentage of the carcass was greater in the X-HI than in the other two groups, backfat thickness tending to be less in the X-HI group vs. BASAL (p=0.09). Results suggest that the growth rate of growing-finishing barrows could be increased by placing them on a high plane of nutrition.

읍성은 조선시대 500여 년간 각 지역의 정치․경제․사회․문화의 중심지 역할을 수행하였으나, 일제강점기와 근대화 과정을 거치면서 대다수가 해체․철거되었다. 이미 많은 읍성이 사라졌지만, 고려 공양왕 2년(1390)에 토성으로 처음 축조되어 조선시대 연산군 6년(1500)에 석성으로 개축되었던 언양읍성은 일제강점기에 남천(현재의 태화강)의 제방 축조를 위하여 동남쪽 일부 성벽이 훼철된 것을 제외하고는 현재까지 비교적 양호한 보존상태를 유지해 오고 있다. 특히 언양읍성의 남문지는 2002년 도로정비사업의 일환으로 발굴조사가 수행되었고, 근현대기의 건물 아래에 비교적 온전한 상태로 잔존하고 있던 남문지의 전체적인 구조가 확인되었기 때문에 원형 복원의 가능성이 그 어느 부분보다도 높다고 할 수 있다. 또한 복원이 이루어진다면, 상징성이나 파급효과, 역사․교육적 활용도 및 도시경관 개선, 관광자원으로서의 가치재고 측면에서 큰 기여를 할 것으로 판단되고 있다. 하지만, 지금까지 남문에 대한 건축적인 측면에서의 고증작업이나 복원적 연구는 미흡한 실정이었다. 본 연구는 언양읍성의 정문이었던 남문(영화루)에 대한 복원적 연구를 진행하여 지금까지 연구가 미진하였던 언양읍성의 문루건축의 건축적 특성을 규명함으로써 복원에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 연구 결과 조선시대 조영되었던 언양읍성 남문 일곽은 전면에 반원형의 옹성을 두른 개거식의 성문이었으며, 그 문루인 영화루는 중층(2층) 5량가구에 초익공을 둔 건물이었을 것으로 추정된다.

울산광역시 울주군 서생면 서생리 진하해수욕장 서편 야산 구릉에 위치한 서생포왜성(西生浦倭城)은 임진왜란 시기에 가토 기요마사(加藤淸正)에 의해 축성되었다. 서생포왜성은 남․동해안 각지에 현존하는 30여개의 왜성 가운데 보존상태가 가장 뛰어나 왜성 연구의 최적지가 되고 있으며 임란 중 사명대사가 가토 기요마사와 4차례에 걸친 평화교섭을 진행하여 많은 외교적 성과를 거둔 역사적 장소이기도 하다. 또한 임진왜란 직후부터 1895년까지 약 300년 동안 조선 수군(水軍)의 동첨절제사영(同僉節制使營)으로 사용되었기에 근세기 한일간 축성법의 비교연구뿐만 아니라 성곽이용방식에 대한 상호 고찰도 가능하다. 이에 본 연구는 지금까지 주로 일본인 학자들에 의해 연구가 진행되었던 서생포왜성에 대한 조사연구를 진행함으로써 일차적으로는 왜성의 성곽구조와 체성 축조기법상의 특성을 밝히고 이차적으로 한국성곽과의 비교연구를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구방법으로는 일차적으로 문헌조사를 실시하고 이를 토대로 현장실측조사를 진행하였다. 그 결과 입지 및 평면형태, 성곽 내부의 공간구조, 虎口와 해자 등의 방어시설물, 체성 및 隅角部축조수법, 성벽의 기울기 등 서생포왜성의 제반 특성을 이해할 수 있게 되었다.

이 논문은 목장성(牧場城) 관련 유적 중 전국에서 가장 먼저 문화재(울산광역시 기념물 제18호)로 지정된 남목마성의 입지와 공간구성, 체성의 축성법 등을 고찰한 것이다. 연구결과 남목마성은 방어진반도를 동-서로 가로질러 축조된 차단성 즉 장성(長城)이며, 내외협축의 석축성(石築城)으로 축조되었음이 확인되었다. 목장 내부는 크게 2개로 구획하였는데 외성은 석축으로 쌓은 반면 내성은 목책으로 만든 것으로 추정된다. 체성의 축조수법을 보면 자연 할석(割石)을 사용하여 외벽과 내벽 모두 막쌓기한 곳도 있고, 내벽의 하단부에 판석으로 비교적 정연하게 허튼층쌓기 한 곳도 있다. 잔존 높이는 외벽의 경우 120~260cm 정도이며 평균 폭은 180~200cm 가량이다. 이 연구는 그간 목장성에 대한 연구나 조사가 매우 미흡한 상황에서 남목마성이 지닌 축조방식과 구조를 밝힘으로서 조선시대 지방의 마정사 및 목장성의 성격 이해에 작은 도움이 되고 기초자료를 제공한다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

This research was to analyze the inland signal-fire which is the main facility of military protective duty for safety ofland in chosun dynasty.The results ofthis researchweredescribedseparatelyasfollows. 1.Five types of site plan of signal-fire were observed,which is circle,oval, rectangular,indeterminateform.Themajoritieswereovaltype. 2.Plan configuration of brazier which is separated with circle,rectangular type roughly wasconstructed with circle type generally.The heightofbrazierwas about 3～4.5m.The diameter ofbrazier was 1.5～2.5m.Building base thatprotectground moistureandinfilteration ofrainfallwasfoundin 5inlandsingal-fire,theheightofit wasabout0.3m～2.5m. 3.Theheightofprotectivewallremaineduntilpresentwasabout1m,thedepthwas aboutaverage1.2m. 4.Entrance was mainly stairs or open type and average width was 1.0～1.2m. Howeverthe depth was almostobserved as 1m,originally,itwas estimated ithas moredepth. 5.The storage of inland signal-fire has rectangular dimension,severaltypes of 1.8×1.2m～5.7×4.4m,square(間) of 1×1～2×1.The building material was stone and locatedbelow ornearthebrazier

This research was to analyze the border signal-fire which is the main facility of military protective duty for safety of sea side in chosun dynasty. The results of this research were described separately as follows. 1. Five types of site plan of signal-fire were observed, which is circle, half-circle, oval, round-rectangular. The majorities were circle type in eastern area. 2. Plan configuration of signal-fire stand which is separated with circle, rectangular type roughly was constructed with circle type generally. The height of signal-fire stand was about 2～3m. The diameter of signal-fire stand was 8～10m. Building base that protect ground moisture and infilteration of rainfall was found in 9 border singal-fire, the height of it was about 0.3m～2.5m. 3. Trench was mainly circle type and average width was 3～4m. However the depth was almost observed as 1m, originally, it was estimated it has more depth. 4. The height of protective wall remained until present was about 1m, the depth was about average 2.5m. 5. The storage of border signal-fire has rectangular dimension, several types of 1.8×1.2 m～5.7×4.4m, square(間) of 1×1～2×1. The building material was stone and located below or near the signal-fire stand.

Signal fire was a communication system which deliver urgent news by smoke and light. It informed the condition of the border to the central government and the military base rapidly. This research was to analyze the border signal-fire which is the main facility of military protective duty for safety of sea side in chosun dynasty. The results of this research were described separately as follows. 1. The border signal-fire has three types of facility layout, The majority was one-site, near two-site, separate type. The majority was near two-site type. 2. Plan configuration of signal-fire stand which is separated with circle, oval, round-rectangular and rectangular type roughly was constructed with circle type generally. Four types of signal-fire stand was observed in southern and western sea side impartially. However, in eastern side, circle type of signal-fire stand was mainly found. Therefore, regional characteristics could be considered partially. 3. The height of signal-fire stand was about 8～10m. The diameter of combustion chamber on the signal-fire stand was 2～3m in circle type, and the dimension of rectangular type was about 1.9×1.9～3.2×3.0m. 4. Building base that protect ground moisture and infilteration of rainfall was found in 10 border singal-fire, the height of it was about 0.3m～2.5m.

Implantation is a most important biological process during pregnancy whereby conceptus establishes its survival as well as maintenance of pregnancy. During the periimplantation period, both uterine endometriurn and conceptus synthesize and secrete a host of growth factors and cytokines which mediate the actions of estrogen and /or progesterone and also exert their steroid-independent actions. Growth factors expressed by the materno-conceptal unit en masse have important roles in cell migration, stimulation or inhibition of cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, maintenance of pregnancy and materno-conceptal communications in an autorcrine /paracrine manner. The present review focuses on the role of the intrauterine IGF system during periimplantation conceptus development. The IGF system comprises of IGF- I and IGF- II ligands, types I and II IGF receptors and six or more IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs). IGFs and IGFBPs are expressed and secreted by uterine endometrium with tissue, pregnancy stage and species specificities under the influence of estrogen, progesterone and other growth factor(s). Conceptus also synthesizes components of the IGF system beginning from a period between 2-cell and blastocyst stages. Maternal IGFs are utilized by both maternal and conceptal tissues; conceptus-derived growth factors are believed to be taken up primarily by conceptus. IGFs enhance the development of both maternal and conceptal compartments in a wide range of biological processes. They stimulate proliferation and differentiation of endometrial cells and placental precursor cells including decidual transformation from stromal cells, placental formation and the synthesis of some steroid and protein hormones by differentiated endometrial cells or placenta. It is also well-documented in a number of experimental settings that both IGFs stimulate preimplantation embryo development. In slight contrast to these, prenatal mice carrying a null mutation of IGF and /or IGF receptor gene do not exhibit any apparent growth retardation until after implantation. Reason (s) for this discrepancy between the knock-out result and the in vitro ones, however, is not known. IGFBPs, in general, are believed to inhibit IGF action within the materno-conceptal unit, thereby allowing endometrial stromal cell differentiation as well as dampening ex cessive placental invasion into maternal tissue. There is evidence, however, indicating that IGFBP can enhance IGF action depending on environrnental conditions perhaps by directioning IGF ligand to the target cell. There is also a third possibility that certain IGFBPs and their proteolytic fragments may have their own biological activities independent of the IGF. In addition to IGFBPs, IGFBP proteases including those found within the uterine tissue or lumen are thought to enhance IGF bioavailability by degrading their substrates without affecting their bound ligand. In this regard, preliminary results in early pregnant pigs suggest that a partially characterized IGFBP protease activity in uterine luminal fluid enhances intrauterine IGF bioavailability during conceptus morphological development. In summary, a number of in vitro results indicate that IGFs stimulates the development of the rnaterno-conceptal unit during the periimplantation period. IGFBPs appear to inhibit IGF action by sequestering their ligands, whereas IGFBP proteases are thought to enhance intrauterine bioavailability of IGFs. Much is remaining to be clarified, however, regarding the roles of the individual IGF system components. These include in vivo evidence for the role of IGFs in early conceptus development, identification of IGF-regulated genes and their functions, specific roles for individual IGFBPs, identification and characterization of IGFBP proteases. The intrauterine IGF club house thus will be paying a lot of attention to forthcoming results in above and other areas, with its door wide-open!

One of the main problems in evaluating complex objects, such as an ill-defined system, is how to treat ambiguous aspect of the evaluation. Due to the Complexity and ambiguity of the objects, many types of evaluation attributes should be identified based on the rational dsision. One of these attributes is an analytical hierarchy process (AHP). the weight of evaluation attribtes in AHP however comes from the probability measure based on the additivity. Therefore, it is notapplicable to the objects which have the property of non-additivity. In the previous studies by other researchers they intriduced the Hierarchical Fuzzy Integral method or mergd AHP and fuzzy measure for the analysis of the overlaps among the evaluation objects. But, they need more anlyses in terms of transformation of the probability measure into fuzzy measure which fits for the additivity and overlapping coefficient which affects to the fuzzy measure. Considering these matters, this paper deals that, ⅰ) clarifying the relation between the fuzzy and probability measure adopted in AHP, ii) calculating directly the family of fuzzy measure from the overlapping coefficient and probability measure. A simple algorithm for the calculation of fuzzy measures and set family of those from the above results is also proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm developed by applying this to the problems for estimation of safety in ship berthing and for evaluation of ports in competition is verified. This implied that the new algoritnm gives better description of the system evaluation.