분자육종의 발전에 따라 좀 더 유용한 형질전환 식물체를 더 많이 얻어내기 위한 많은 형질전환 기술들이 개발되어오고 있으나 새로운 수요를 충족시키기 위한 다양한 종류의 새로운 품종들이 실시간으로 새롭게 개발되고 있으며 개발된 품종에 적합한 새로운 형질전환 기술에 대한 개발 필요성 또한 지속적으로 요구되고 있다. 카네이션(Dianthus caryophyllus L.)은 전 세계적인 주요 화훼작물 중 하나로 경제적 파급효과가 매우 큰 작물이다. 따라서 기술개발의 파급효과가 큰 카네이션을 대상으로 조직배양 및 형질전환의 효율성을 향상시키기 위하여 시장에서 주요하게 거래되고 있는 주요 품종 18종을 수집하고 이 중 조직배양을 통한 신초 분화 능력이 우수한 4개 품종 Yellow dotcom, Jakarta, Belmonte, Polar tessino 등을 선발하였다. 선발된 4개 품종에 공통으로 적용시킬 수 있는 가장 효율적인 생장조절제는 MS+Sucrose 3%+NAA 1.0 mg/L+TDZ 1.0 mg/L.이었으며 MS+Sucrose 3%+NAA 3.0 mg/L+BA 1.0 mg/L 처리는 Belmonte.에 적용 가능한 생장조절제 조합이었다. 캘러스 형성과 신초 분화에 가장 효율적인 기본 배지는 MS이었으며 탄소원으로는 Sucrose를 3%로, Phytagel 0.3%를 배지 경화제로 처리하는 것이 조직배양을 통한 재분화 식물체 획득에 가장 효과적이었다. 가장 효율적 조직배양 체계를 구축하기 위한 조직배양 부위는 줄기 부위 이었으며 이 부위를 배양재료로 사용할 경우 신초 생성율을 80.2%까지 올릴 수 있었고 배양소요 기간도 6일 정도 단축할 수 있었다.

Thirty five isolates of Trichoderma species collected from seven different locations of Bangladesh were studied for morphological characters and molecular variation. Mycelial diameters of the isolates varied from 8.28 cm to 9.00 cm. Based on colony colour, isolates were grouped into five such as dark green, green, light green, yellowish green and whitish green. Maximum isolates were green and light green. On the basis of growth habit and colony consistency, the isolates were categorized into three groups, in which most species had fast growth and were compact in appearance. PCR-based Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique employing 3 decamer primers produced 36 scorable bands of which all (100%) were polymorphic. The co-efficient of gene differentiation (Gst) was 1.0000 reflecting the existence of high level of genetic diversity among the isolates. The Unweighted Pair Group Method of Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) dendrogram constructed from Nei's (1972) genetic distance produced 2 main clusters (13 isolates in cluster 1 and 22 isolates in cluster 2). The result indicating their genetic diversity has opened new possibility of using the most efficient and more isolates of Trichoderma in the preparation of biopesticide and decomposition of municipality waste.

산업화 및 도시화의 급속한 진전에 따라 도시통행량이 증가하고 있으며, 이러한 도시교통의 양상은 짧은 시간내에 많은 양의 눈이 내리면서 교통혼잡과 극심한 정체로 이어져 심각한 교통대란을 야기시키기도 한다. 이처럼 강설시의 원할한 통행을 도모하기 위한 방안의 하나로서, 도로의 구조 및 도로상의 다양한 위험요소들이 강설시의 차량통행에 어떠한 영향을 끼치는지에 대한 분석이 필요한 시점이며, 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 강설시 도로위험구간을 도출하기 위한 분석틀의 설정 및 중요도분석을 통해 보다 객관화된 지표를 선정하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는, 1)평가지표의 개발을 위해 표적집단면접(FGI) 및 전문가 브레인 스토밍을 거쳐 최종 평가지표(지리·지형특성, 도로시설, 도로기하구조, 교통특성)를 도출하였으며, 2)도출된 평가지표들을 토대로 AHP분석을 실시하여 각 평가항목별 가중치를 산정하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 평가항목 측면에서 보면, 4가지 평가지표 중 교통특성이 강설도로 위험구간 선정시 가장 중요한 항목으로 도출되었는데, 이는 일반적인 시설이나 지리적인 특성보다는 강설시 가장 위험한 것이 교통량이나 대형차와 같은 교통적인 특성이라는 것으로 판단할 수 있다.

집중호우 및 돌발홍수로 인한 하천재해의 대부분은 지방하천과 소하천에서 발생하고 있으며, 소하천의 경우 주로 미 정비하천에서 피해가 발생하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 최근의 조사 결과는 소하천정비사업비가 증가함에 따라 소하천 피해 또한 변동성은 있으나 전체적으로 감소하는 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타나 소하천정비사업이 소하천의 재해예방에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 정비사업 수행시 재해예방을 위하여 위험도가 큰 소하천을 우선지원하고 산간지역이나 보존지역 및 농경지 구간과 같이 상대적으로 정비효과가 낮은 소하천은 정비사업 대상 선정 시 제외하고 사업을 수행하는 것이 필요하다. 소하천정비가 반드시 필요한 소하천을 우선 선정하기 위한 선정기준을 소개하고자 한다. 본 소하천정비사업 선정기준은, 재해위험이 높은 하천을 우선 선정함으로써 최소한의 소하천정비사업 비용으로 최대한의 재해예방효과를 거두기 위한 선정기준으로 활용이 가능하다.

Root yield and quality of ginseng cultured in paddy soil was low relatively compared with that of upland soil because of moisture injury in root during rainy season. Drainage class in soils generally divided into 6 classes, and it is possible to cultivate ginseng practically in imperfectly drainage class (IDC). This study carried out to select the varieties that is suitable for paddy soil, which is easy to be generated rusty-colored root and physiological-discolored leaf. Experiment plot arranged with the condition of soil humidity contents such as poorly drainage class (PDC) and imperfectly drainage class (IDC), and upland soil. Growth characteristics and root yield were investigated in four-year-old ginseng of varieties, Cheonpoong (CP), Yeonpoong (YP), Hwangsookjong (HS), and Jakyeongjong (JK). CP among four varieties showed the highest yield in IDC and CP was the lowest ratio in leaf discoloration and rusty-colored root. HS was followed by CP in the order of root yield, but it had the weakness that the ratio of rusty-colored root was high respectively.

As rural landscape is considered important elements of rurality, there are many concerns about management and conservation. Rural development administration have performed rural amenity resources survey project in South Korea from 2005 for verifying states and efficient management of rural amenity. There are some problems about ambiguous definition of rural landscape range and data overlap. In this research, we reviewed rural amenity resources survey focusing rural landscape and analysized elements of 50 complex landscape resources in 2008 rural amenity selection 100. Finally, we suggested landscape viewpoint resource table in place of rural landscape because it can minimize data overlap in survey project.

Brachypodium distachyon is rapidly emerged in biological study and has been currently used as a model system for genetics and functional studies for crop improvement and biofuel production. Phosphinothricin (PPT) has been widely used as a selectable agent, which raises ammonium content and induces toxicity in non-transformed plant cells. However PPT selection is not much effective on Brachypodium callus consequently reducing transformation efficiency. In order to identify the efficient conditions of PPT selection, calli obtained from mature seeds of Brachypodium (PI 254867) were cultured on the callus inducing medium (CIM) or regeneration medium (ReM) containing serial dilutions of the PPT (0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 mg/l) in dark or light condition. Callus growth and ammonium content of each treatment were measured 2 weeks after the treatment. Although callus growth and ammonium content did not show much difference in CIM, slow callus growth and increased ammonium accumulation were found in ReM. No significant difference of ammonium accumulation in response to PPT was found between dark and light conditions. In order to identify major factors affecting increased ammonium accumulation, callus was cultured on the media in combined with phytohormones (2,4-D or kinetin) and carbon sources (sucrose or maltose) containing with PPT (5 mg/l). The highest ammonium content in callus was found in the kinetin and maltose media.

본 논문은 광선 추적법 텍스쳐 매핑에서 MIP-Map 알고리즘 사용 시 텍스쳐 이미지들의 MIP-Map 수준을 선택하는 효과적인 방식을 제안한다. 이는 렌더링 시 물체와 교차하는 광선의 길이만을 사용하여 해당 물체의 텍스쳐 MIP-Map 수준을 선택하는 방법이다. 본 방식은 MIP-Map을 지원하지 않는 방식에 비하여 텍스쳐 알리아싱 면에서 우수하고 성능 저하는 미비하다.

본 연구는 인천항 배후단지를 운영함에 있어 취급되는 품목 중 어떠한 품목이 항만 배후단지 운영에 기여하는지를 선정하고 그에 따른 시사점을 제공하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 하였으며, 대상은 아암물류1단지와 4부두 배후지로 선정하였다. 연구의 방법으로 요인분석 및 AHP 분석을 사용하였다. 선행연구를 통하여 물동량 창출가능성을 비롯한 총 11가지의 하위평가요인을 선정하였고, 요인분석을 통해 효율적인 관리를 포함한 총 4가지의 상위평가요인들이 그룹핑 되었다 AHP분석을 통해 하위평가요인들의 우선순위를 산정한 결과 물동량 창출 가능성 측면이 배후단지 운영시 가장 중요한 요인으로 선정되었다. 그리고 수출입액과 수출입 중량을 기준으로 농산물, 철강/비철금속, 전자부품을 평가 품목대안으로 선정하고 분석을 실시한 결과, 전자부품이 인천항 배후단지에서 취급중인 화물 중 운영적으로 가장 많은 기여를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 전자부품과 같은 물동량 증가 가능성이 많은 화물에 대한 전략적인 관리가 필요하며 본 연구가 향후 개장될 인천항 아암물류2단지와 인천신항 배후단지의 유치품목 선정에 있어 중요한 지표로 사용될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

This experiment was carried out to select suitable organic matter in To-jik nursery (self soil nursery) for complement To-jik nursery's defects that are deterioration of raw material by poor quality of seed ginseng and reduction of the quantity in seed ginseng production. Organic matter used were Yacto, rice bean, defatted rice bran, soybean cake and their mixture. As follows, bulk density in soil physical property by treating organic composts was the greatest in soybean cake and the next was followed by mix, Yacto, defatted rice bran, and rice bran treatment in order. Soil pore space ratio was totally the opposite; that was rice bran the first and followed by defatted rice bran, Yacto, mix and soybean cake treatment. The incidence rate of damping off by treating organic composts was 1.5% in both soybean cake and mix while the others was 1.0%. Emergence time was the same among treatment on April 16 and Emergence rate was the highest at 73% in Yacto. There was no significant differences among treatment in the growth of aboveground part but it was a little better in defatted rice bran treatment. In Yacto treatment, the growth of underground part, total root number per kan, rate of first grade ginseng seedling, and rate of usable ginseng seedling etc. were entirely higher but there was little differences. Using defatted rice bran was slightly lower in productivity compared to Yacto, but the possibility was high as a alternative for Yacto in a view of managing cost down.

In order to breed the useful mutants in black raspberry, cultivated in Gochang-gun, leaf-petiol explants from shoot-proliferating culture was regenerated after irradiated with 30, 50 and 70 Gy gamma-ray. The LD50 dose of leaf-petiol explants was identified as 30Gy after two months. Morphological characteristics of the variants were observed such as stem variation, existence and nonexistence of spine, spine color, anthocyanin content, width of leaf, thick of leaf compared with donor cultivar. Of the 701 mutants, 14 lines with the useful mutant characters were selected and random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) was carried out to confirm mutation state at the molecular level with 20 primers. There are many bands be revealed only in mutants and disappear in mutants reversely. RAPD analysis revealed a high level of genetic diversity among Control and mutants. Compared to Control, No. 14 mutant showed the highest genetic diversity. Also, the co-dominant SSR markers have allowed the evaluation of heterozygosity. Valuable mutants obtained will be useful for developing new cultivars and studying gene function in molecular level.

β-carotene producing transformants were produced in the background of "Nagdong", a japonica rice cultivar. Introgression of the caroteniod locus into the elite cultivar "Ilpum". Was started to initiate a backcrossing program, we surveyed 220 SSR markers and found that 38% of them were polymorphic between the “Ilpum” as the recurrent parent and "Nagdong" transfomed as a recipient parent. First, backcross progenies have been produced and genotyped by the transgene specific PCR-based marker. Blast search indicated that the transgene PAC4-2 was located between SSR markers, RM5631 and RM5916. We produced 240 BC3F2 plants derived from thirteen BC3F1 plants containing the caroteniod gene. To develop near isogenic line, additional experiments including target and background selection are being performed using SSR markers. Traits of agronomic importance such as heading date, panicle number and culm length will also be evaluated. The results will be discussed.

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays important roles in plants like assimilation of ammonium and detoxification of the ammonium released from many metabolic processes such as amino acid degradation or photorespiration. Using ATP, ammonia is combined with glutamate to yield glutamine by the action of GS. Phosphinothricin (PPT) is widely used as a herbicide because it competes with glutamate to bind the active site of GS. PPT has been used to produce transgenic Brachypodium distachyon callus and plants as a selectable agent. PPT treatment raises ammonium content and induces toxicity in non-transformed cells. To find out efficient condition for selecting transformed callus, ammonium content were measured in this study. Non-transformed callus were derived from mature seeds of Brachypodium distachyon (Bd21). The callus were cultured on the callus inducing media (CIM) or regeneration media (RM) containing serial dilutions of the PPT (2, 5, 10 and 15 mg/l) with or without light. Ammonium content was measured 2 weeks after PPT application. Ammonium toxicity associated with PPT treatment was dose-dependent on RM whereas PPT treatment was not significantly influenced on CIM. There is no influence on dark or light condition. Additionally, callus were cultured on the media containing phytohormones combined with PPT (5 mg/l) and the most affecting element causing increased ammonium content has been identified. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by a grant (No. 20070301-034-016-007) from BioGreen 21 Program, RDA, Republic of Korea.