Root yield and quality of ginseng cultured in paddy soil was low relatively compared with that of upland soil because of moisture injury in root during rainy season. Drainage class in soils generally divided into 6 classes, and it is possible to cultivate ginseng practically in imperfectly drainage class (IDC). This study carried out to select the varieties that is suitable for paddy soil, which is easy to be generated rusty-colored root and physiological-discolored leaf. Experiment plot arranged with the condition of soil humidity contents such as poorly drainage class (PDC) and imperfectly drainage class (IDC), and upland soil. Growth characteristics and root yield were investigated in four-year-old ginseng of varieties, Cheonpoong (CP), Yeonpoong (YP), Hwangsookjong (HS), and Jakyeongjong (JK). CP among four varieties showed the highest yield in IDC and CP was the lowest ratio in leaf discoloration and rusty-colored root. HS was followed by CP in the order of root yield, but it had the weakness that the ratio of rusty-colored root was high respectively.

인삼 논재배 안전생산기술을 개발하기 위해 배수불량지와 배수약간불량지 논토양에서 청3+흑1중직 차광망, 청색차광지 및 은박차광판 해가림을 처리하여 3년생 천풍의 생육특성 및 진세노사이드 함량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 해가림 유형별 투광량과 기온은 차광지 > 은박차광판 > 차광망 순이었다. 배수불량지의 토양수분장력은 평균 64mbar (절대토양수분함량 25%)로 과습한 조건이었으며, 배수약간불량지에서는 평균 123 mbar (절대수분함량 17%)이었다. 배수불량지의 토양수분장력은 계절과 해가림 유형별 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 배수약간불량지에서는 60~200 mbar의 범위에서 계절적 변화를 보였으며, 해가림유형에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였다. 배수불량지의 수량성은 황증과 적변 발생율의 증가로 배수약간불량지보다 현저히 감소되었다. 해가림 유형별 수량성은 배수불량지에서 차광지가, 배수약간불량지에서 차광망이 가장 높았다. 적변 발생율은 배수등급과 해가림 유형에 따라 일정한 경향이 없었다. 배수불량지는 Panaxatriol 계열 (Rg1, Re 및 Rf)의 진세노사이드 함량이 감소되고 Panaxadiol 계열 (Rb1, Rc 및 Rd)의 함량이 증가되었다. 총 진세노사이드 함량은 배수불량지보다 배수약간불량지에서 높았으며, 해가림 유형별 총 진세노사이드 함량은 배수등급에 관계없이 차광지에서 가장 높았다.

This study was to set the guidelines of soil chemical components in order to assure the safety and quality ofthe panax ginseng from physiological disorder. The disorder symptoms appeared on the leaf with yellow spot, atrophy, yel-low-brown spot, also showed red skin and rough skin of the root. Occurrence type of physiological disorder in cultivatedfield divided into two types:type I ‘such as, yellow spot’ consist of single disorder symptom; type II ‘such as, yellow spotand yellow-brown spot’ consist of two or more different disorder symptoms. The individual contribution of soil properties tothe occurrence type was as follows ; The yellow spot was affected by Na>NO3-N>salinity (EC) in soil. The same results wasobserved in red skin. Atrophy was affected by NO3-N>salinity (EC)>Ca>Mg. Rough skin was affected by P2O5>pH>Organic material > K. It showed positive associated to P2O5, pH and K, but negative associated to organic matter. Simulta-neous occurrence of two different disorder, including cases which yellow spot and yellow-brown spot, those were affected byNO3-N > salinity (EC) > Na > Mg. In the case of atrophy plus yellow-brown spot, those also were affected by in the order :NO3-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg > Na. Red-rough skin was affected in the order : salinity (EC) > NO3-N > K > Na. Soilchemical components appear to be related to occurrence of physiological disorder, particularly in salinity (EC) and NO3-N.The salinity (EC) and NO3-N were negative related to plant growth. In addition, exchangeable cation capacity play criticalroles in attributing to complex occurrence of physiological disorder.

The purpose of this study was to identify soil physical characteristics as guideline for high yield potential inginseng cultivated field which produced 6 years root. Harvest yields of ginseng to be divided by parent rock was in order ofphyllite and red shale 3.1㎏/3.3㎡ > granite and gneiss·schist 3.0㎏ > basalt 2.6㎏ > porphyry 2.2㎏ in upland and forestsoil. Also, with classified by topography, it was in order of foot slope and alluvial fan 3.2㎏/3.3㎡ > valley 3.0㎏ > low hill2.9㎏ > hill, lave flow and dilluvial terrace 2.8㎏ in survey tilth. Class determination of soil texture, it was in order of sandyloam 3.1㎏/3.3㎡ > loam and silt loam 3.0㎏ > clay loam 2.9㎏ > silt clay loam 2.8㎏ in survey tilth. Slope condition offarming land, in case of sloping (2~7%), it was 3.1㎏/3.3㎡ but deep sloping (15~30%) caused decreasing harvest yield. Indrainage classes (excessively, well and moderately well), there was no significantly different in harvest yields. Relationshipbetween harvest yield and soil series, Production sites as yielding 3.0㎏/3.3㎡ were seven sites, also it was contained 14 soilseries. Production sites as yielding 2.5~3.0㎏/3.3㎡ were eleven sites, it was contained 16 soil series. Production sites asyielding 2.0~2.5㎏/3.3㎡ were 10 sites, it was contained 4 soil series.

This study was carried out to select economical byproduct composts as the substitute for the traditionalorganic fertilizer, Yacto, in the cultivation of ginseng seedlings, and to investigate the application method of a selected com-post. Among tested byproduct composts, popped rice hull compost was the best substitute for Yacto, while the application ofdomestic animal manure composts resulted in red skinned roots of ginseng seedlings. Optimal mixing ratio of the poppedrice hull compost with virgin soil (fine sand) were 3~4:1 in bulk, showing the same root yield compared to that of conven-tional seedbed soil. When the popped rice hull compost was lower than 1±0.1% in nitrogen content, the expeller cake of oilseed was added to seedbed soil to rise nitrogen content until 1±0.1%.

To study the optimal cultivation for paddy soil, growth characteristics and ginsenoside content was investigated by both of poor drainage class (PDC) and imperfect drainage class (IDC) in three-year-old ginseng of varieties, Cheonpoong (CP), Yeonpoong (YP), Hwangsookjong (HS), and Jakyeongjong (JK). Root yield of IDC was higher than that of PDC by 3.6 times because stem length, leaf area, and chlorophyll contents were increased, while discolored leaf ratio was decreased. Root yield of HS in PDC was highest among four varieties because chlorophyll contents, leaf area, and survived plant ratio were relatively high. Root yield of CP in IDC was highest among four varieties because of high leaf area and survived plant ratio, and low discolored leaf ratio. Ratio of rusty-colored root showed significant difference by varieties, which was the highest in HS and the lowest in CP among four varieties irrespective of drainage classes. Total ginsenoside contents showed significant difference by drainage classes, which were high in IDC of good growth and low in PDC of poor growth. Total ginsenoside contents were high in JK and CP, while low in HS and YP both of drainage classes.

This study was conducted to assess water movement in paddy-upland rotation soil scheduled for ginseng cultivation through the measurement of infiltration and permeability of soil water. Soil sample was divided with four soil layers. The first soil layer (to 30cm from top soil) was loamy sand, the second and the third soil layers (30~70 ㎝) were sand, and the fourth (〈 120 ㎝) was sandy loam. The soil below 130 ㎝ of fourth soil layer was submerged under water. The shear strength, which represents the resisting power of soil against external force, was 3.1 kPa in the first soil layer. This corresponded to 1/8 of those of another soil layer and this value could result in soil erosion by small amount of rainfall. The rates of infiltration and permeability depending on soil layers were 39.86 cm hr-1 in top soil, 2.34 cm hr-1 in 30~70 ㎝ soil layer, 5.23 cm hr-1 and 0.18 cm hr-1 in 70~120 ㎝ soil layer, with drain tile, and without drain tile, respectively. We consider that ground water pooled in paddy soil and artificial formation of soil layer could interrupt water canal within soil and affect negatively on water movement. Therefore, we suggest that to drain at 5 m intervals be preferable when it makes soil dressing or soil accumulation to cultivate ginseng in paddy-upland rotation soil to reduce failure risk of ginseng cultivation.

논토양에서 적응하는 품종 선발과 재배기술을 개발하기 위해 배수등급이 다른 논토양(배수 불량지와 배수 약간불량지)에서 천풍, 연풍, 황숙종, 자경종 등 4 품종을 사용하여 2년생 인삼의 생육특성 및 수량성과 뿌리의 진세노사이드 함량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 배수등급에 따라 지상부 생존율과 황증 발생율은 뚜렷한 차이를 보여 배수불량지에서는 지상부 생존율이 저하되고 황증 발생율이 증가하였는데, 배수불량지에서 황숙종은 지상부 생존율이 가장 높고 황증 발생율이 가장 낮았으며, 연풍은 지상부 생존율이 가장 낮고 황증 발생율이 가장 높았다. 2. 배수불량지에서는 배수약간불량지에 비해 지상부가 일찍 고사된 관계로 주당 근중이 작고 수량성도 뚜렷이 감소되었는데, 배수불량지에서의 수량성은 자경종 > 천풍 > 연풍 > 황숙종 순으로 자경종과 천풍의 수량성이 높았으며, 배수약간불량지에는 천풍 > 연풍 > 자경종 > 황숙종 순으로 천풍과 연풍의 수량성이 높았다. 3. 적변율은 배수등급보다는 품종 간에 더 큰 차이를 보였는데, 천풍과 자경종의 적변율은 비교적 작은 반면 연풍과 황숙종은 매우 큰 특징을 보였다. 4. 근 비대가 불량했던 배수불량지는 배수약간불량지보다 진세노사이드 함량이 증가되었는데, 배수불량지에서 품종별 총 진세노사이드 함량은 연풍 > 천풍 > 자경종 > 황숙종 순이었고 배수약간불량지에서는 연풍 > 자경종 > 천풍 > 황숙종 순으로 배수조건에 관계없이 연풍이 가장 높고 황숙종이 가장 낮았으며, 천풍과 자경종은 서로 비슷하였다.

To selection of optimal shading material, two-year-old ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) of new cultivar, 'Cheonpoong' (CP), and native species 'Hwangsookjong' (HS) were cultured under three kinds of shading materials such as three-layered blue and a one-layered black PE (polyethylene) net (TBSB), blue PE sheet (BS), and aluminium coated PE sheet (AS) in imperfectly drained paddy soil. Growth characteristics, yield and ginsenoside contents were investigated under three shading materials. Yield and ginsenoside contents of ginseng were distinctly affected by intensity and quality of sunlight penetrated through shading materials. Light transmission ratio, air and soil temperature according to shading materials were higher in order of BS, AS, and TBSB. However, ratio of aerial phase and porosity of the soil were higher in order of AS, BS, and TBSB, respectively. There was no significantly difference in the ratio of rusty colored root by shading materials. CP showed higher stem length, leaf area, and root weight than that of HS, while the former showed distinctly lower discolored leaf ratio than that the other. Eight kinds of ginsenosides content of CP were higher than that of HS in Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1 and Rc except Rg2, Rb2, and Rb3. Total ginsenoside contents of CP was distinctly higher than that of HS. Total ginsenoside contents as affected by shading materials was higher in order of BS, TBSB, and AS in CP, while TBSB, BS, and AS in HS.

비닐하우스 내에서 일평균 투광율을 21.2%, 24.8%, 30.3%와 같이 3수준으로, 토양수분을 11.0%, 12.5%, 15.3%, 18.9%와 같이 4수준으로 조절하여 묘삼의 생육 및 수량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 엽록소 함량은 투광율이 낮은 조건에서 토양수분함량의 감소에 따라 완만히 감소되었으나 투광량이 높은 조건에서 토양수분함량이 낮아지면 엽록소 함량은 현저히 감소되었다.고온장해율은 투광율이 낮은 조건에서 토양수분함량이 11.0%처럼 매우 낮을 때에만 현저히 증가되었지만 투광량이 높은 조건에서는 토양수분함량의 감소에 따라 고온장해율은 급격히 증가되었다. 3.3m2(칸)당 생근중, 주당 생근중 및 사용가능묘삼수는 투광율이 증가되고 토양수분함량이 감소될수록 뚜렷이 감소되었는데, 토양수분함량이 적절한 조건(18.9%)에서는 투광율이 증가되어도 묘삼수량의 감소는 적었으나 토양수분함량이 부족한 조건에서는 투광율이 증가될수록 묘삼수량은 현저히 감소되었다. 적변율은 투광율이 높고 토양수분함량이 많을 때 현저히 증가되었는데, 투광율이 높은 조건에서 토양수분함량이 감소되면 적변율도 차차 감소되었으며, 투광율이 낮은 조건에서 적변율은 토양수분함량에 따라 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다.

토양수분함량이 묘삼의 생육특성 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 비가림 시설하우스에서 토양수분을 100~400mbar 수준으로 조절하여 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 광합성량은 토양수분의 감소에 따라 차차 감소되었는데, 토양수분이 매우 적은 조건에서는 뚜렷이 감소되었다. 2. 광합성량은 25℃보다 30℃에서 뚜렷이 감소되었으며, 광포화점은 온도에 따라 차이를 보여 25℃에서는 약 600μmol/m2/s로 높았으나 30℃에서는 약 300μmol/m2/s로. 낮아졌다. 3. 증산량은 광량이 증가할수록 증가하고 토양수분이 감소할수록 감소되었는데, 토양수분이 많았던 처리에서는 온도에 관계없이 고광조건에서 증산량이 매우 많았으나 30℃의 고온과 400 mbar의 낮은 토양수분 조건에서는 상대적으로 큰 폭의 감소를 보였다. 4. 엽장, 엽폭, 엽록소함량 및 잎의 수분함량은 토양수분의 감소에 따라 차차 감소되었으며, 고온장해율은 토양수분이 감소될수록 뚜렷이 증가되었다. 5. 총근중, 주당근중 및 본포에 이식이 가능한 묘삼의 수량성은 토양수분의 감소에 따라 뚜렷이 감소되어 묘삼생산에 적합한 토양수분함량은 용수량의 63% (절대수분함량 18.9%) 수준이었다.

인삼 연작장해 원인과 경감대책을 수립하고자 2004년에는 2005년까지 작물과학원 증평시험지 연작토양에서 인삼 수확경 과년수와 예정지관리 유무에 따른 시험을 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 인삼 연작지 수확경과년수가 짧을수록 생존율이 낮아지며 3~4년 경과구 81~95%의 뿌리썩음 이병주율을 보였다. 예정지 관리구는 미관리구보다 생존율이 다소 높으며 뿌리 썩음병 피해도 예정지 미관리와 같은 경향으로 예정지 관리효과는 크지 않다. 수확경과년수가 10년이상의 연작지에서도 연작장해를 일으키는 병원균 (C. destructans)이 분리되므로 재작 또는 연작시는 이점을 고려하여 재배지를 재선정하거나 예정지 토양관리대책을 수립해야 할 것으로 판단된다.