For the proper preservation and utilisation of Regional Modern Heritage Buildings, it is necessary to study the history of local modern architecture based on a broad understanding of the region and also to architectural history. The aim of this study is expand the awareness and multi-faceted interpretation of modern architecture in Kwangju in the 1940’s to 1950’s, by exploring the origin of regional modern architecture from new perspectives. As a part of the discussions of the perspectives, this study will be therefore explained with the regional correlations between the architect Kim Han-seop’s works and activity, influential politicians, strong enthusiasm of education, architectural characteristics of the main building of Chosun University, architecture schools and association in Kwangju. Then, it will be finalised that Kim Han-seop and the main building of Chosun University are directly and indirectly correlated and affected each other strongly.

The purpose of this study is to identify the legal definition and usage of cultural property term related to the architecture within the cultural property-related legal system and general legal system, and to present proper terminology and specific concepts that can be used for the architecture as cultural properties. In the current cultural property legislative system, terms about the architecture are diverse and obscure, and the definition of each term is different from the concept in the general legal system. In this context, this study presented the terminology of 'the architectural heritage' as ‘a cultural property by construction act’ to cover whole cultural properties related to Korean architecture. And the conceptual scope of the architectural heritage is divided into the technology and the performer related to the act, the record and the building related to the product. and Each concept needs to be specifically tailored to its object and scope. Systematic definition of terms for cultural properties related the architecture can positively influence systematization of cultural property preservation and management as well as empirical research and education on Korean architecture.

Purpose Increasingly Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are facing uncertainties and pressures with a strong emphasis to differentiate from competitors with a clear offering to multiple stakeholders (Amber et al., 2016; Anctil, 2008; Chapleo, 2010; Hemsley-Brown and Oplatka, 2006). Universities in particular are viewed as “businesses” operating in a competitive global marketplace where differentiation plays a key role in attracting students and funding (Walton, 2005; Bunzel, 2007). One subject area that seems to address some of the uncertainties and pressures is the topic of corporate branding. Corporate branding can alleviate universities from a complex set of multi-faceted features (Hemsley-Brown and Goonawardana, 2007) which include among others, accreditation, tuition fees, positions in league tables and status in the global marketplace, and reinforce an institution’s unique selling point to multiple stakeholders, such as students, academics and funders (Whisman, 2009; Chapleo, 2010). Thus, a strong corporate brand can support, for example, charging higher tuition fees, recruiting leading academics and attracting students from underrepresented groups (Chapleo, 2010; Croxford and Raffe, 2015). Despite a move towards “marketisation”, it is unclear whether corporate branding has allowed universities to develop authentic, convincing brand identities, which would help to alleviate these pressures as HE, unlike the private sector, has typically less resources to implement branding strategies and has a tendency to be internally focused, unsure what is important for their brand and stakeholders (Jevons, 2006). The limited studies in this area call for more research and understanding into the application of corporate branding in the context of higher education (Anctil, 2008; Chapleo, 2010; Hemsley-Brown and Oplatka, 2006). Dibb and Simkin (1993: 26) discuss the branding variance of intangibility in different services placing “education” at the extreme end of the continuum questioning: ‘what is the product, the institution, the course; the experience or the qualification?’ It could be these different specialisms may be the very source of differentiation that can ensure the success of a HE corporate brand. Although ‘higher education and branding go back a long way’ (Temple, 2006: 15) those branding studies that have been conducted in universities have had limited application in specialised areas (Hankinson, 2004; Chapleo, 2011) such as the sciences or teacher education, as opposed to a business school where most marketing research is generally undertaken. Balmer and Liao (2007:368) point to other ‘institutional settings’ such as the Department of Music, at the University of York, which warrant a study with students into their identification with a university’s corporate brand. This highlights the complexity and challenges of managing multiple sub-brands within a corporate brand (Spry, 2014; Chapleo, 2015) and presents a unique opportunity for the research proposed which will consider relationships between a university corporate brand and sub-brand. As corporate branding can be described as the process of framing the organisation’s identity, which is derived from its culture, values, strategy and tangible cues (Balmer, 2001) it is brand identity that is the ‘unit of analysis’ (Uggla, 2006:78) and the focus of this study. Specifically, corporate brand identity relates to ‘what the organisation is and what it seeks to be’ (Abratt and Kleyn, 2012: 1051). Similarly Steiner et al. (2013: 411) maintain that a university’s identity is ‘who we are’. Since Albert and Whetten’s (1995) study on organisational identity and the authors’ claim that it is an evolving, collective phenomenon, there has been an increasing interest in institutional identity. Indeed, the link between corporate brand identity and shared values amongst stakeholders has been extensively documented (Harris and de Chernatony, 2001; Balmer and Gray, 2003, Kay, 2006; Chapleo, 2010). These ‘ bundle of values…’ (Balmer and Gray, 2003: 981) give the organisation its uniqueness and ‘….a sense of individuality’ (Harris and de Chernatony, 2001: 442). Balmer (2001) maintains that the values of an organisation’s identity as can be both tangible and intangible. However, with increasing competition in the marketplace and the rapid progress of modern technology organisations are looking to differentiate the emotional, rather than functional characteristics of their brand (Harris and de Chernatony, 2001). Gutman and Miaoulis (2003:106) describe these emotional values as those ‘that underlie important goals of students ….’ which ‘deal with the end states of our existence or the ultimate goals that people wish to achieve in their lives’ (Durvasula et al., 2011: 33). Thus the corporate brand becomes ‘the interface between the organisation’s stakeholders and its identity’ (Abratt and Kleyn, 2012: 1053) and a transition occurs from university identity to image (Steiner et al., 2013). It is therefore an organisation’s “values” that should correspond with the emotional needs of both employees and external stakeholders (Chapleo, 2010; Harris and de Chernatony, 2001). However, Steiner et al (2013) maintain that university faculties may not see themselves as part of the university’s overall identity which Brookes (2003:139) argues is due to marketing concepts being ‘theoretically uncomfortable’ for most academics or even ‘insulting’ (Waeraas and Solbakk, 2008). Traditionall, centralised corporate branding has played a less visible role in HE which has allowed different departments to develop strong brand identities of their own, referred to as the ‘house of brand approach’ (Hemsley-Brown and Gonnawardana, 2007: 946). This approach is one of three key branding strategies outlined by Ollins (1995) and Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000), which relate to the discipline of brand architecture and is one which puts distance between the corporate brand and the businesses and products such as the Virgin Group. The second approach is that of the branded house where a single Masterbrand unites the company and its businesses and products, such as the Virgin Group. Hemsley-Brown and Gonnawardana (2007: 945) refer to this approach as ‘corporatization’ in universities and is when branding practices change and departments are encouraged to align their identity with that of the university; hence they lose their individual branding. This particularly affects departments operating in niche markets and presents a difficult challenge for universities where understanding and expressing a single identity ‘may be too complex and fragmented’ (Waeraas and Solbakk, 2009: 459) as multiple identities and values held by staff may provide uniqueness to the university. Jevons (2006) cites the University of Cambridge in the UK where the identity of their colleges is much more distinct than the entire University. The endorsed brand strategy is when a company’s businesses and products are endorsed with the corporate brand (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000) and a common identity such as Courtyard by Marriott. Sub-brands are also part of the brand architecture arena and similarly to endorsed brands can stretch across products and markets with an offering that is different and new (Uggla, 2006). While Ollins (1995) did not distinguish between sub-brands and endorsed brands, Hemsley-Brown and Gonnawardana (2007) refer to university faculties/schools/departments as sub-brands where the university simply provides brand endorsement to the sub-brands. However, several authors maintain the difference between sub-brands and endorsed brands is subtle (Devlin, 2003); in the latter case the Masterbrand plays a far less dominant role than that of the former which allows the Masterbrand to compete in markets than would otherwise be the case (Hsu et al, 2014). If the Masterbrand is more distant as in the endorsed approach, it acts as ‘a powerful cushion against contamination and risk' (Hsu et al, 2014). Devlin (2003) cites the key reason for putting distance between the corporate brand and businesses and products as being to maintain relationships and indicate distinctive competencies to different target markets. For example, and in the context of HE, w hile a University has key stakeholders, such as the Government, the general public and media it would seem worthy of consideration that the corporate brand might shape different images for these stakeholders while allowing different specialisms, particularly those with strong but different external influences, to nurture relationships with specific target markets (Muzellec and Lambkin, 2008). Although clear brand architecture models have been developed over time in the literature there appears to be a conflict of views and a lack of context-specific approaches. For example Chapleo (2015) found in his research that university departments often displayed qualities of sub-brands for specific target markets. However, there is no literature that has applied these different brand architecture approaches to the context of a university and more specifically a particular area of specialism. Indeed Chapleo (2015:159), who maintains that brand architecture is an approach 'with which universities struggle’, calls for more research into its applicability. Responding to the identified gaps in the body of knowledge this research, which provides a unique insight into an under-researched area, seeks to examine a university’s identity, related values and considers the development of an operational framework. The framework will investigate the complex nature of corporate brands in the context of HE in order to identify a coherent and effective brand architecture (Aaker and Joachimsthaler, 2000) which signals a differentiated offering? Although Spry (2014) responded to these gaps by qualitatively exploring perceptions of staff and students in a UK university and found significant relationships between the corporate brand and sub brand there is a need for a quantitative study that examines the suggested relationships further. The context is a university in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) focusing on a College of Nursing. The findings will offer internal university management advice on how best to investigate and potentially manage multiple sub-brands and ensure consistencies and coherencies with the corporate brand. Therefore the following objectives for this study have been developed: • To explore perceptions of corporate brand identity-image by students in both the context of a university and that of a university department • To examine the role that corporate brand identity plays in shaping perceptions of emotional and functional values • To conceptualise a framework that university practitioners can assimilate in order to develop appropriate brand architectures. Research Design Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses In keeping with objectives developed in the previous section, the following conceptual model has been developed. So as to gain a more detailed understanding of the relationships highlighted in figure 1, including the strength of the causal relationships and differences, the follow three hypotheses have been developed: H1: University corporate Identity will positively influence Emotional Values H2: College identity will positively influence Emotional Values H3: Emotional Value will positively influence Functional Values In addition, two further hypotheses have been developed to test if emotional values act as a mediator between Identity and Functional Values. This will measure the importance of Emotional Values as a key element of branding strategies to be considered by University management: H4: Emotional Values mediate a positive relationship between University Corporate Identity and Functional Values H5: Emotional Values mediate a positive relationship between College Identity and Functional Values Method All validated items of the variables in the conceptual framework were heavily influenced by the work of Lages and Fernandes (2005). A total of 165 questionnaires were collected from final year undergraduate students and Masters students, studying at the College of Nursing, in a University in the RoI. The majority of respondents were female (84%) and aged 22 – 30 (76%). One respondent was dropped from the study after data cleaning and as a result, data from 164 respondents was used to test the hypotheses. Hair et al. (2010) maintain that a minimum sample size for a model with five or fewer constructs is 100. This study uses Amos 23.0 to test the model and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) will be employed to assess the model fit and test the hypotheses respectively. Further, this study follows the bootstrapping method developed by Preacher and Hayes (2008) to test the mediating role of Emotional Values. University and that of the College of Nursing in terms of values. Specifically, the questions posed to students will provide an understanding on how they view the University’s identity compared to that of the College of Nursing. This will also help us to understand how successful the university has been in implementing its corporate branding initiatives and whether or not the corporate brand values align with that of the School of Nursing. In other words, do College staff perform in a way that the University (identity) and the students (image) expect? More specifically, do the values of the University, and that of the College of Nursing align with those of the students or are they viewed as separate entities with different perceptions as a result? Therefore is there a gap between the communicated corporate HEI brand identity and understood image? Further, can any relationship be identified between the corporate brand identity and emotional and functional values? Specifically, we are interested to see if emotional values mediate a positive relationship between corporate brand identity and functional values. In addition, does this suggest a sub-culture (sub-brand) within the corporate brand? If this is the case is it possible that different specialisms may provide the very source of differentiation being sought by universities across the globe? It is proposed to develop and test a framework that can be applied to HE and other organisations where there may be different departments with different sub-cultures operating in different environments. HE institutions will be able to use the proposed framework as a mechanism to understand the interplay, relationships and identity-image of the corporate brand and sub- brands. This in turn will enable HEI’s to respond to findings and develop-refine HE branding strategies for future development to shape, direction, values, vision etc. and highlight the most appropriate brand architecture to develop. The framework will also offer corporate brands within and beyond the HE context on how to evaluate their corporate brand and ascertain whether a house of brands or branded house approach is suitable for long term development. Conclusion It is proposed that research will add to the limited studies in HE and corporate branding both in terms of context and furthering the concept of corporate brand identity and, in particular brand architecture where HE literature is virtually non-existent. This study will also contribute to educational branding theory through demonstrating an understanding of those values that are most important to students therefore advancing understanding the development of global ‘educational brands’. Future comparative studies could be conducted to assess the transfer potential of the proposed framework to national and international settings and make adaptations if required. This research forms part of a larger study and qualitative data has been collected from employees in the College of Nursing which would also support these findings. If time allows findings from this would also be presented at the conference.

목적: 본 연구는 망막 영상의 혈관 분할을 위한 새로운 심층 인공 학습 시스템을 구축하는데 목적이 있 다. 기존 CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) 아키텍처를 제시하고, CNN 방식을 토대로 성능을 개선한 DirectNet을 고안하는데 있다. 특히, 기존 CNN에 비해 처리 시간을 크게 단축시키는데 있다. 방법: 제안된 DirectNet 아키텍처는 피라미드 형식의 블록(Block)들로 구성되며 각 블록은 컨볼루션레이 어 (Convolution layer) 묶음을 포함한다. 하나의 블록은 학습 결과를 보존(저장)하는 단위이다. 블록들은 순차적으로 하나씩 증가하며 피라미드 형식으로 쌓이게 되고 이를 통해 초기 학습 결과가 소멸되지 않고 최종 분석에 활용될 수 있도록 하였다. DirectNet은 패치(Patch) 추출과 Pooling 과정 없이 이미지를 학습하여 학습 층을 거듭하여도 원본 이미지와 동일하게 유지되는 것이 특징이다. 또한 다양한 커널사이즈를 활용 하되 Depthwise Separable Convolution(DSC)을 활용하여 색을 구성하는 RGB(Red, Green, Blue)픽셀로 부터 혈관 모양을 인식 및 탐지한다. 결과: DirectNet은 최첨단 패치 기반 CNN 접근 방식 (0.9538 vs 0.9327, 0.7851 vs 0.7346, 0.9782 vs 0.9730, 0.8458 vs 0.7987)과 비교하여 더 높은 정확도, 감도, 특이도 및 정밀도 값을 제공하였다. Direct Net의 학습 시간은 8시간에서 1시간, 테스트에 소요된 시간은 1시간에서 이미지 당 6초로 크게 단축하였다. 결론: 제안 된 심층 학습 아키텍처는 기존의 CNN 방식으로 진행한 학습 시간에 비해 8배, 테스트에서 600배 빠른 속도로 결과를 제공한다. DirectNet은 CNN에 비해 2.11%의 약간 높은 정확도를 보였으며, 다 른 측정 항목에서도 동등하거나 그 이상의 결과를 보여 분석 시간 효율을 크게 높였다.

기업들이 저원가와 높은 품질을 동시에 추구하게 됨에 따라 제품 아키텍처 기반 경쟁은 기업 전략의 중요한 일부가 되었다. 본 연구는 한⋅중 조선 산업(LNGC)분야 대표기업의 제품 아키텍처와 조직역량을 비교 분석하여 그들이 어떻게 혁신성과를 이루어 냈는지 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 한국기업은 동력계열의 연구개발에 있어 FGSS(Fuel gas supply system), PRS(Partial Re-liquefaction System)와 같이 에너지 효율을 개선하는 장치를 자체 개발하여 기존엔진에 추가하고, 선체 무게를 경량화 하는 등 다양한 미세조정 노력을 통해 우수한 성능을 가지게 하였다. 이는 우수한 연구조직 역량과 현장과의 긴밀한 협업을 통해 실현되었으며, 고부가가치선의 높은 매출로 이어질 수 있었다. 반면 중국 기업은 설계 및 연구개발의 편의성에 집중하여, 기존의 부품에 대한 미세조정 노력을 소홀히 했고 그 결과 동일한 부품을 사용하고도 한국의 선박에 비해 7-10% 낮은 연비 효율을 지닌 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구에서는 배경이론을 통해 근대건축물에 관한 일반적 사항을 고 찰하고 근대건축물 보존 및 활용에 관한 연구자료를 분석하여 조사대상 을 선정하고 분석요소를 도출하였다. 조사대상은 수도권에 분포한 근대 건축물 가운데 문화재로 등록되고 원형보존이 되어 2010년대 이후 문화 공간으로 활용되고 있는 대상으로 한정하였다. 공간의 재생을 통한 근대 건축물의 보존에 초점을 두어 당시 근대건축물의 건축적 특성과 디자인 요소들을 파악하고 특성 보존이 어떻게 이루어지고 있는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 근대건축물의 보존은 외관은 당시의 원형 그대로 보존하거나 복원하 는데 비해 내부는 건립당시의 모습 그대로 사용하기 보다는 당시 실내디 자인 요소를 부분 보존하면서 새로운 기능을 충족하기 위해 공간구성이 변한 모습을 알 수 있었다. 이는 공간의 내부적 요소가 현대적 기능을 수 용하기에는 구조의 노후화, 사용목적 및 환경의 변화 등의 문제점이 있 기 때문에 공간을 원형보존 한다는 것은 어려움이 따르나. 근대건축물의 보존은 쇠락한 건축물을 새로운 공간의 장으로 변화시켰다는 의미를 지 닌다. 현대건축물의 다양화, 고층화의 경향 속에서 새로운 문화적 공간 을 창출하였고 근대건축물 재이용의 다양한 방향을 제시하였다는 것에 의의를 갖고 있다. 종합해 보면 건축물을 다시 짓고 새로운 공간을 조성 하는 것보다 기존의 건축물을 재이용 하는 것이 더 큰 효용가치를 지닐 수 있고 문화적으로도 의미 있는 일이기 때문에 근대건축물의 보존을 위 한 다양한 재이용의 방안과 가치에 대하여 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 본다.

One of the reasons why Louis I. Kahn is regarded as a pioneer of Post-Modern Architecture is that his works are interpreted as Structuralism and Post-structuralism in architecture. A. Lüchinger’s interpretation of Structuralism and M. Benedikt’s interpretation of Post-structuralism; especially Deconstruction Theory, in Kahn’s architecture must be proper cases for understanding this context. However, when we precisely analyze their insistence, several fallacies can be found with their incomplete grasp of Kahn’s architectural thinking. The most problematic thing is that they maximize fallibility with focusing only on the analysis of superficial phenomenon, such as formal composition, disposition of space, decorative features, and so on. Therefore, the meaning of architectural essence toward Post-Modern Architecture which Kahn had pursued during his lifetime is sometimes misinterpreted. For this reason, this paper attempt to reanalyze Kahn’s philosophy of architecture deeply with the view of aesthetics which has a key role in both overcoming their fallacies and illuminating the potentiality of Kahn’s architecture.