A Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) system is one of the promising solutions for household drinking water treatment in the developing countries. In this study, the GDM system was tested for optimizing manual cleaning protocols using three different feed water solutions. Two types of manual cleaning were performed to delay the permeability decrease, cleaning between batches and long-term cleaning. The optimized cleaning between batches protocol was 3 twisting and 10 vertical shaking. And the optimized long-term cleaning protocol was 70 vertical shaking for both the middle region of the module and near the header part. These cleaning protocols allowed the system to produce sufficient water to meet the daily minimum water requirements for a 5-person family, even for using the wastewater influent. The system produced Escherichia coli free water.

본 사례는 최근 준공된 “구미하수처리장 하수처리수를 이용한 재이용시설”에 대한 것으로 이 시설은 구미하수처리장의 2차 처리수를 원수로, 응집침전시설, 전처리시설, 주처리시설과 재이용수 공급시설로 구성되어 있으며, 설비의 성능 확인을 위한 시운전을 완료하였다. 주처리시설로는 역삼투막(RO Membrane)을 적용하였으며, 하수처리수 내 잔류물질로 인한 역삼투막 성능저하방지와 수요처의 요구수질 충족을 위해 활성탄 주입을 포함한 응집침전공정과 정밀여과막(Micro Filter)을 전처리시설로 구성하였다. 사업 초기단계에 현재 시공된 것과 동일한 공정으로 구성된 Pilot Plant를 건설, 운영하여, 반영된 각 단계별 공정의 적정성과 주요 설계 인자를 확인하였으며, 일부 확인된 개선 사항은 실시설계시 반영하였다.

다양한 수처리 공정에서 적용되고 있는 분리막 기술의 효율을 높이기 위해서는 무엇보다 분리막 모듈에 대한 이해를 높이고 성능 향상을 위한 기술 개발이 필요하다. 여러 가지 형태의 분리막 가운데, 단위부피당 표면적이 크고 모듈화 및 대형화에 용이하여 수처리 및 기타 분리 공정에 활용되고 있는 중공사형 분리막 모듈에 대해 중점을 맞춰 연구를 수행하였다. 기존 수처리 공정 및 해수담수화 공정 특성에 따라 다른 중공사 분리막 모듈의 구조 및 내부 흐름에 대해 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 모듈 구조 개선 및 공정 운전 조건 최적화등을 통해 중공사 분리막 모듈 성능 향상시키기 위한 방법을 다각적으로 모색하고자 한다.

A nationwide survey of 8 N-nitrosamines in finished water samples from drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Korea was conducted. The samples were pre-treated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed using a gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). According to the study results, four N-nitrosamines (NDMA, NDEA, NMOR, NDBA) were detected for three consecutive years, NMEA and NPYR were only found in samples collected in 2013. Two of these N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), have received attention and were the most commonly detected. The concentration of NDMA and NDEA in this study ranged from 0.002 μg/L to 0.013 μg/L and in 0.001 μg/L to 0.008 μg/L, respectively. In comparison to studies performed in EPA(UCMR2), the concentrations of NDMA (from 0.002 μg/L to 0.630 μg/L) and NDEA (from 0.005 μg/L to 0.100 μg/L) observed in the this study were low.

This study interrogated multi-layer heterojunction anodes were interrogated for potential applications to water treatment. The multi-layer anodes with outer layers of SnO2/Bi2O3 and/or TiO2/Bi2O3 onto IrO2/Ta2O5 electrodes were prepared by thermal decomposition and characterized in terms of reactive chlorine species (RCS) generation in 50 mM NaCl solutions. The IrO2/Ta2O5 layer on Ti substrate (Anode 1) primarily served as an electron shuttle. The current efficiency (CE) and energy efficiency (EE) for RCS generation were significantly enhanced by the further coating of SnO2/Bi2O3 (Anode 2) and TiO2/Bi2O3 (Anode 3) layers onto the Anode 1, despite moderate losses in electrical conductivity and active surface area. The CE of the Anode 3 was found to show the highest RCS generation rate, whereas the multi-junction architecture (Anode 4, sequential coating of IrO2/Ta2O5, SnO2/Bi2O3, and TiO2/Bi2O3) showed marginal improvement. The microscopic observations indicated that the outer TiO2/Bi2O3 could form a crack-free layer by an incorporation of anatase TiO2 particles, potentially increasing the service life of the anode. The results of this study are expected to broaden the usage of dimensionally stable anodes in water treatment with an enhanced RCS generation and lifetime.

본 총설은 다양한 저널 게재 논문으로부터 분리막 및 광촉매의 혼성 정수/하수 처리 공정을 요약하였다. 이 총설에는 (1) 분리막 광촉매 반응기(membrane photoreactor, MPR), (2) 분리막 결합 광촉매 공정에서 막오염 관리, (3) 유기 오염 물의 분해를 위한 광촉매 분리막 반응기, (4) 정수처리용 막분리 공정과 광촉매 분해의 결합, (5) 휴믹산 분해를 위한 광촉매 및 세라믹 막여과의 혼성공정, (6) 활성슬러지 여과를 위한 한외여과의 막오염에 이산화티타늄 나노입자의 영향, (7) 정수처 리용 광촉매 및 정밀여과의 혼성시스템, (8) 선박 평형수 처리용 한외여과 및 광촉매의 혼성공정 및 (9) 분리막 및 광촉매 코팅 프로필렌 구의 혼성수처리 공정이 포함되어 있다.

지표수 성상을 재현한 용액을 가압식 한외여과 시스템을 통하여 100 L/m²/h 정속 조건에서 전량 여과하였다. 공극 크기 0.05 μm의 한외여과 중공사막으로 구성된 가압식 모듈을 통해 휴민산(HA) 10 mg/L 용액과 알긴산 나트륨(SA) 10mg/L 용액, 그리고 이 두 용액에 실리카(SiO2) 입자 50 mg/L이 포함된 총 4가지 용액을 여과하였다. 여과 공정은 30분 여과 후 30초 역세와 30초 정세의 주기적 물리 세정과 병행하여 수행되었다. 실험 결과, HA와 SA 용액에 SiO2 입자가 존재하는 경우 파울링 속도는 다소 감소하였으며 특히 SA 여과에서 SiO2 입자 위에 형성된 SA 케이크층이 세정에 의해 SiO2 입자와 함께 탈착되어 물리세정에 의한 분리막 성능 회복이 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

막여과 정수장에 고농도 망간이 유입될 경우 심각한 막오염을 유발할 수 있어 망간에 대한 제어가 필요하다. 최근 수처리제로 등록된 NaMnO4의 경우 짧은 반응시간에 망간 제거가 가능하여 정수장 적용이 유리할 것으로 기대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 NaMnO4 주입에 따른 망간 제거 성능과 막의 여과유속에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 유입망간농도 대비 NaMnO4 주입 조건을 평가한 결과반응시간 5분 이내 1배, 1.5배 조건에서 약 90% 이상의 망간 제거 효율을 나타내었으며 0.5배, 2배 조건에서는 제거효율이 감소되었다. 또한, NaMnO4 주입조건과 미주입 조건에 대한 여과유속을 평가한 결과 미주입 조건과 비교하여 주입조건에서의 막오염이 저감되어 미주입 조건과 비교하여 유과유속이 높게 유지되었다.

Rice starch is a natural source of polysaccharides that can be used as a stabilizer, thickener, binder and fat mimetic in various foods. However, untreated starch possesses limited functionality due to its poor water solubility with a densely packed granular structure of amylopectin and amylose chains. Also, it shows weak complexing ability as the only amylose participates in complex formation with a chemical compound. The objective of this study is to improve complexation ability and water solubility of rice starch by 4-α-glucanotransferase (4αGTase) treatment. Complex forming capacity was examined by fully dissolving the 4αGTase-treated rice starch in 90% DMSO by mechanical stirring and mixing with iodine solution with following UV/Vis spectrophotometer measurements. Water solubility of the starch was measured by dissolving in distilled water (5% w/v) with mechanical stirring at 25 °C and 60 °C, and drying the supernatant after centrifugation. The complexing ability of starch was enhanced after the 4αGTase treatment. The absorbance at a peak wavelength increased, as well as the peak wavelength was shifted leftward, indicating that the type of molecules got involved in the complexation was changed. Alteration in the molecule composition and starch composition during the enzyme treatment may be due to disproportionation and cyclization by the 4αGTase. The water solubility (%) of the starch at 25 °C and 60 °C increased by 28-fold with the 4αGTase treatment regardless of the treatment time. The untreated starch showed solubility of 0.15 %, while the solubility of the 4αGTase-treated starch was about 4 - 4.5 % (w/v). It may be due to heat treatment and recrystallization which melted a granular structure and made it easier to be solubilized in water. Moreover, the increased solubility might be attributed to increase in the number of short branched chains and decrease in molecular weight.

In this study, the effects of operating conditions on the formation of reversible and irreversible fouling were investigated in the filtration using ceramic membrane for water treatment process. The effect of coagulation pretreatment on fouling formation was also evaluated by comparing the performance of membrane filtration both with and without addition of coagulant. A resistance-in-series-model was applied for the analysis of membrane fouling. Total resistance (RT) and internal fouling resistance (Rf) increased in the membrane filtration process without coagulation as membrane flux and feed water concentrations increased. Internal fouling resistance, which was not recovered by physical cleaning, was more than 70% of the total resistance at the range of the membrane flux more than 5 m3/m2･day. In the combined process with coagulation, the cake layer resistance (Rc) increased to about 30-80% of total resistance. As the cake layer formed by coagulation floc was easily removed by physical cleaning, the recovery rate by physical cleaning was 54~90%. It was confirmed from the results that the combined process was more efficient to recover the filtration performance by physical cleaning due to higher formation ratio of reversible fouling, resulted in the mitigation of the frequency of chemical cleaning.

Water and wastewater treatment has always been a challenging task due to the continuous increase in amount and the change in characteristics of the poorly biodegradable and highly colored organic matters, as well as harmful micro-organisms. Advanced techniques are therefore required to successfully remove these pollutants from water before reuse or discharge to receiving water bodies. Application of ozone, which is a powerful oxidant and disinfectant, alone or as part of advanced oxidation process depends on the complex kinetic reactions and the mass transfer of ozone involved. Micro- and nano bubbling considerably improves gas dissolution compared to conventional bubbles and hence mass transfer. It can also intensify generation of hydroxyl radical due to collapse of the bubbles, which in turn facilitates oxidation reaction under both alkaline as well as acidic conditions. This review gives the overview of application of micro- and nano bubble ozonation for purification of water and wastewater. The drawbacks of previously considered techniques and the application of the hydrodynamic ozonation to synthetic aqueous solutions and various industrial wastewaters are systematically reviewed.

멤브레인 파울링은 지표수를 처리하는 저압 멤브레인 기술 적용의 확장에 있어 큰 장애가 된다. 따라서 파울링 제어를 위한 주기적인 수리학적 세정기술의 최적화는 매우 중요하다. 주기적인 수리학적 세정과 이와 연관된 파울링 현상에 관한 올바른 이해는 멤브레인 세정 전략을 최적화하기 위해 매우 유용할 수 있다. 실험적으로 측정한 투과도와 전통적인 Hermia 파울링 모델 예측 치의 비교를 통해, 본 연구에서는 합성 탁도유발 시료를 처리하는 가압식 멤브레인 공정에서 30분 여과와 정세정/역세정이 포함된 1분 세정조건을 바탕으로 6번의 운전사이클을 통해 발생하는 파울링 현상을 분석하고 이를 통해 지배적인 파울링 기작을 정량적으로 이해하고자 하였다. 단독 세정에서, 첫 번째 운전사이클에서 발생하는 파울링은 완 전공극막힘 현상에 의해 주로 지배되었고 마지막 운전 사이클에서는 케이크 형성이 지배적인 파울링 기작으로 관찰되었다. 정세정과 역세정이 혼합된 경우, 파울링 속도는 감소하였으나 전반적으로 케이크 형성이 주 파울링 기작으로 관찰되었다.

The chemical structures of perfluorinated compounds(PFCs) have unique properties such as thermal and chemical stability that make them useful components in a wide variety of consumer and industrial products. Two of these PFCs, perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA), have received attention and were the most commonly detected. In this study it was analyzed the concentrations of 8 PFCs in samples were collected from drinking water treatment plants for 5 years(2012-2016). PFOS and PFOA were also high concentration and frequency. The mean concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were detected 0.0026-0.0069 μg/L and 0.0009-0.0024 μg/L in samples from drinking water treatment plants. These were relatively lower or similar compared to PFOS concentrations in Osaka(Japan). In general, these levels are below health-based values set by international authoritative bodies for drinking water. These results will be serve as the first monitoring data for PFCs in drinking water and be useful for characterizing the concentration distribution and management of PFCs in future studies.

In this study, a model was developed to predict for Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) generated in water supply networks and consumer premises, before and after the introduction of advanced water purification facilities. Based on two-way ANOVA, which was carried out to statistically verify the water quality difference in the water supply network according to introduce the advanced water treatment process. The water quality before and after advanced water purification was shown to have a statistically significant difference. A multiple regression model was developed to predict the concentration of DBPs in consumer premises before and after the introduction of advanced water purification facilities. The prediction model developed for the concentration of DBPs accurately simulated the actual measurements, as its coefficients of correlation with the actual measurements were all 0.88 or higher. In addition, the prediction for the period not used in the model development to verify the developed model also showed coefficients of correlation with the actual measurements of 0.96 or higher. As the prediction model developed in this study has an advantage in that the variables that compose the model are relatively simple when compared with those of models developed in previous studies, it is considered highly usable for further study and field application. The methodology proposed in this study and the study findings can be used to meet the level of consumer requirement related to DBPs and to analyze and set the service level when establishing a master plan for development of water supply, and a water supply facility asset management plan.

Optimal processes to remove chromaticity at E water treatment plant(WTP) mainly caused by algae of E lake in Jeju island were investigated based on lab-tests of chlorine and ozone oxidation. 42.9% of chromaticity of filtered water was removed by chlorine oxidation under pH 7.0∼8.0, dose of 1.0 mg/L with contact time of 30∼60 min. On the other hand, chromaticity removal was 71.4% when post-ozone dose of 0.9∼1.9 mg/L and pH 9.0, while it was increased to 86.7% under post-ozone dose of 3.1∼7.3 mg/L and pH 9.0. However, there was no significant chromaticity removal efficiency increase when ozone doses were higher than 5.0 mg/L regardless of feeding point(i.e., pre-ozonation and post-ozonation) and pHs(i.e., 7.0 and 9.0.) under the experimental conditions. Based on the results, chlorine oxidation using existing chlorination facilities at the WTP is recommended for lower chromaticity while ozone oxidation is recommended for higher chromaticity by installing new ozone feeding facilities.