The present study was carried out to deduce optimum harvesting time based on fruit traits that were examined with fruits hanging the higher part (HP, higher than or equal to 2m height from the ground) and lower part (LP, lower than or equal to 1.5m height from the ground) on ‘Niitaka’ tree. The fruits of HP compared to of LP tended to be heavy and showed significantly higher soluble solid contents (SSC), hardness and gravity at each of the harvest time. On the basis f the discrepancies of the fruit traits between HP and LP, harvest time for the fruits of LP are acquired to be delayed for raising fruit weight and SSC. Due to the substantial probability of flesh pithiness based on the dramatic decrease of fruit gravity, it is necessary that the fruits of LP distributed just after harvesting or stored for short-term period.

멸구과(Delphacidae) 8종의 internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA 염기서열로 종간 차이 추정값을 비교하고 분자계통수를 추론하였다. ITS2 DNA 염기서열 길이는 종(species)마다 550 bp (흰등멸구)에서 699 bp (겨풀멸구)까지 차이를 보였다. 같은 Nilaparvata 속의 겨풀멸구와 벼멸구붙이 사이 의 염기서열 차이 추정값(d ± S.E.)은 0.001 ± 0.001로 가장 낮았으며, 사슴멸구와 일본멸구 사이는 0.579 ± 0.021로 가장 높았다. 벼멸구와 다른 멸구류들 과의 종간 염기서열 차이 추정값은 0.056 ± 0.008 (겨풀멸구)에서부터 0.548 ± 0.021 (일본멸구)로 구분되었다. 반면, Neighbor-joining 방법으로 추론된 분자계통수에서는 겨풀멸구와 벼멸구붙이를 제외하고 나머지 멸구류들은 독립된 다른 그룹으로 분지되었다. 벼멸구의 ITS2 염기서열을 참고하여 벼멸구 특이 고리매개등온증폭(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP) 프라이머 4 세트(BPH-38, BPH-38-1, BPH-207 및 BPH-92)를 제작하였다. 이들 각각을 벼멸구, 흰등멸구 및 애멸구의 게놈 DNA와 65°C에서 60분간 반응시켰을 때, 벼멸구 시료에서만 증폭 산물들이 관찰되었다. BPH-92 LAMP 프라이머 세트로 65°C에서 벼멸구 DNA의 양(0.1 ng, 1 ng, 10 ng, 100 ng)과 반응시간(20분, 30분, 40분, 60분)을 달리하여 형광반응을 관찰하였을 때, 20분과 30분 반응에서는 100 ng 까지에서도 발광여부 구별이 어려웠다. 그러나 40분 반응에서는 10 ng 이상에서, 60분 반응에서는 0.1 ng 이상에서 발광여 부가 명확히 구별되었다.

The members of the genus Flavivirus are noteworthy, as they cause infectious diseases in humans, such as Zika, denguefever, yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis. Due to the increased awareness of the public health risk posedby flavivirus-infected mosquitoes, mosquito collections were performed in six urban parks of South Korea, as the parksare designated for human recreation but also provide suitable habitats for mosquitoes. We examined the diversity andabundance of mosquito species and conducted molecular diagnostics for the detection of flavivirus infections. Monthlycollections were carried out in each park from March to August in 2017. A total of 4,851 mosquitoes (5 genera and13 species) were collected using BG-sentinel traps and then investigated for flavivirus infections. Pathogenic flavivirusinfections causing human diseases were not observed in the field-collected mosquitoes. However, insect-specific flavivirus(ISF) infections were detected in several mosquito pools. ISF has been previously known to enhance or suppress the replicationof medically important flaviviruses in co-infected mosquito cells. In this study, partial sequences of ISF were analyzed.However, further studies are needed in order to determine its genetic characterization and biological function in vivo.

The Pleurotus tuoliensis is a mushroom named Chinese ‘Bai-Ling-Gu’ from species of Pleurotus nebrodensis. we are mated for selection of cytoplasmic hybrid by mitochondria microsatellite marker and the method of Mon-Mon mating between monokaryotic strains derived from Pleurotus ferula ASI 0629 (Beesan No.1) and Pleurotus tuoliensis ASI 0663 (Baekryung 20). The cytoplasmic hybrids were identified 8 strains contained nuclear DNA bands of 'Baekryung 20' and mitochondrial DNA of monokaryon strains derived from Pleurotus ferula ASI 0629 (beesan No.1). The KiMB-Plft-15-81 was shown the best cultural characteristics, selected to be a new cultivar and designed as 'Baekwhang'. The 'Baekwhang' cab be grown without an extra after-ripening period, can utilize bottle cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii. And also the ‘Seolwon’ is similar to the existing Pleurotus tuoliensis in shape and physiological characteristics, formed high stipe. We therefore expect that this new strains will substitutional goods of Pleurotus eryngii.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lumbar stabilization and sling exercise on visual analogue scale (VAS), Korean Oswestry Disability Index (KODI), and stability index (ST) in patients with chronic lower back pain (CLBP). This study included participants with a VAS scale of 6 or higher and a KOD of 20-40%. They were randomly divided into a mat group (n=15) to perform lumbar stabilization exercises and a sling group (n=15) to perform sling exercises, and then they underwent a four-week experiment. The experimental results of this study were as follows: the VAS and KODI showed a statistically significant difference (P<.05) and a larger effect size within each group after the intervention, it exhibited no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>.05). There were significant differences in ST before and after intervention in each group (P<.05), however there was no significant difference between the groups. The present study suggest that the effects of lumbar stabilization exercise and sling exercise are similar.

In a previous study, Peptoniphilus mikwangii was isolated from the human oral cavity as a new species. The purpose of this study was to develop P. mikwangii-specific PCR primers. The PCR primers were designed, based on the nucleotide sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rDNA). The specificity of the primers was tested using genomic DNAs of 3 strains of P. mikwangii and 27 strains (27 species) of non-P. mikwangii bacteria. The sensitivity of primers sensitivity was determined using PCR, with serial dilutions of the purified genomic DNAs (4 ng to 4 fg) of P. mikwangii KCOM 1628T. The data showed that P. mikwangii-specific qPCR primers (B134-F11/B134-R1 & B134-F5/B134-R5) could detect only P. mikwangii strains, and 400 fg or 40 fg of P. mikwangii genome DNA. These results suggest that PCR primers are useful in detecting P. mikwangii from the oral cavity.

고준위폐기물을 처분하기 위한 심층 처분시설은 지하 500~1,000 m 깊이의 암반층에 설치된다. 심층 처분시스템의 구성 요 소로는 처분용기, 완충재, 뒷채움 및 근계 암반이 있다. 이 중 완충재는 심층 처분시스템에 있어 필수적인 요소인데, 완충재 는 지하수 유입으로부터 처분용기를 보호하고, 방사성 핵종 유출을 저지한다. 처분용기에서 발생하는 고온의 열량은 완충 재로 전파되기에 완충재의 열물성은 처분시스템의 안정성 평가에 상당히 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 완충재의 열전도도 규명 에 대한 연구는 많이 진행되고 있는 반면, 비열에 대한 연구는 미진한 상태이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 경주산 압축 벤 토나이트 완충재(KJ-II)에 대한 비열 추정 모델을 개발하고자 하였다. 압축 벤토나이트 완충재의 비열은 이중 탐침법을 이용 하여 다양한 포화도와 건조밀도에 따라 측정하였으며, 총 33개의 실험 데이터를 토대로 회귀분석을 이용하여 경주 압축 벤 토나이트의 비열을 추정할 수 있는 모델을 제시하였다.

Cherry leaf roll virus(CLRV)는 group IV positive sense ssRNA viruses, Nepovirus로 분류되는 식물병원성 바이러스이다. CLRV는 체리 등 목본 및 완두 등 콩과 작물을 자연 기주로 하며, 실험적으로 약 36개 과 이상의 넓은 기주 범위를 가지고 있어 국가적, 경제적 및 농가 개인적 피해를 야기 할 가능 성이 보고되고 있다. 현재 CLRV를 검출하는 방법으로 역전사(reverse transcription; RT)-nesdted 중 합효소연쇄반응(polymerase chain reaction; PCR) 이 활용되고 있으며, 다양한 기주로부터 CLRV를 검출하기 위해서는 검출 감도, 특이성, 반응 시간, 단순성 등이 중요 요소였다. 그러나 RT-nested PCR은 두 단계로 구성되어 있어 단순하지 않고, CLRV를 검출하는데 약 10시간 이상의 반응 시간이 소 요되었다. 이번 연구에서는 등온증폭법을 이용하여 단순하고 신속하게 CLRV를 검출하는 방법을 개발하 였다. 등온증폭 반응은 RT-nested PCR과 동등한 검출 감도로 CLRV를 검출 하였다. 그러나 반응 시간 을 약 2시간 수준으로 단축하였으며, 6개 영역을 사용하는 등온증폭 프라이머의 사용으로 더욱 특이적 으로 증폭 할 수 있었다.

Pine wilt disease is currently the most deadly forest disease in the world and is known to be caused by infection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Until now, no method has been developed to confirm the pine tres infected with pine wood nematodes. In order to develop a method to diagnose pine wood nematode infection, we produced a monoclonal antibody against Expansin B3, which was found to be secreted by pine wood nematodes. ELISA assay using various monoclonal antibody confirmed that the pine trees infected with the rewarming can be detected. Further studies using our antibodies may help to develop a diagnostic method that can quickly confirm infection of pine wood nematodes in the field.

To investigate unknown molecualr and cellular mechanisms underlying polyphenisms in the migratory locusts, we performed whole transcriptome analysis from 12 different groups. Significantly differentially expressed coding and long non-coding (LNC) RNAs were present according to habitats, phases, and genders. Those differentially expressed coding and LNC RNAs were confirmed by quantitative-realtime-reverse transcriptase PCR. Those identified coding and LNC RNAs could be a target for developing environmental friendly management tools in the near future.

Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the serious plant pathogenic viruses for rice transmitted by small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodalphax striatellus. RNA interference (RNAi) was recently suggested as a promising strategy for controlling insect pests, including those that serve as important vectors for plant pathogens. To disturb transmission of the RSV in SBPH using RNAi pathway, we chose nine genes highly expressed in RSV-viruliferous SBPH by transcriptome sequencing. These SBPH-derived dsRNAs were applied to the insects indirectly through xylem of rice leaves by irrigation. qPCR result demonstrated that five out of nine SBPH-derived dsRNAs successfully reduced the replication of RSV in viruliferous SBPH in dose-dependent manner, suggesting that these five dsRNAs could suppress replication of RSV and provide a new tool for RSV control strategy.

Insect infestation leads to huge loss of agricultural products and transmission of vector-borne diseases causing millions of deaths per annum. Juvenile hormone (JH) controls the development and reproduction of insects, therefore the grouth of insects can be inhibited by interfering the action of JH. Based on this, we developed a novel insect species-specific screening system to identify juvenile hormone antagonists (JHANs) from natural origin. These compounds can disrupt JH-mediated insect development by interfering the binding of a heterodimer, steroid receptor coactivator (SRC), with its partner protein, the methoprene-tolerant (Met) JH receptor. This screening system could be used as a new tool to develop eco-friendly and species-specific insecticides.

PURPOSES :With the increasing number of older drivers in an aging society, there is a growing need for research and planning on traffic safety for the older drivers using an improved road geometry design. This study also proposed a modified urban road interchange design, which aims to keep the older drivers away from accident-prone and high-traffic areas of the city.METHODS:In this study, we examined accident data records of older drivers to identify accident-prone zones and intersections; we studied the road geometry at these zones and analyzed if it was an underlying cause for higher number of accidents. Based on the research and subsequent analysis, we suggested plans for improvement of road geometry design at these intersections.RESULTS:By studying historic data and analyzing factors that affect the likelihood of accidents of vehicles driven by older drivers and after studying suitable traffic accident prediction models, we identified the major variables that need to be modified at accident-prone intersections, such as the width of a left turn lane at an intersection and the radius of the right turn lane at a street corner. The results have a significance probability of less than 0.001 and a 95% confidence level. To improve safety at the identified intersection, this study suggests the installation of a left-turn-lane-shaped Positive Offset and a right-turn-lane-shaped Slip Lane concept and an adjustment of intervals between intersections.

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are ancient house-keeping enzymes that catalyze the ligation of tRNAs to their cognate amino acids in the first step of protein synthesis. During the evolution of higher eukaryotes, cytoplasmic ARSs have undergone significant changes including the addition of new domains that are not part of the enzymatic core. These additional regions have been found to be associated with a broad range of biological functions beyond protein synthesis. The non-translational functions of ARSs appear to be regulated by their presence within a cytoplasmic multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC), which is assembled through the appended domains. We recently reported that the MSC member glutamylprolyl- tRNA synthetase (EPRS) promotes antiviral gene expression through its infection-specific phosphorylation and release from the MSC. Here, we conducted transcriptome analysis of influenza A virusinfected cells. We particularly focused on the analysis of chemokine-related gene expression, in combination with chemokine array analysis against virus infection. Moreover, the correlation between chemokine expression pattern and EPRS function in response to different stimuli was assessed. The results showed that viral infection increases interferon-response and pro-inflammatory chemokine expression. In contrast, the level of chemokine expression was suppressed in interferon-γ treated cells. Thus, these results further demonstrate the previously reported stimulus-specific EPRS functions in immune responses.

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a brain specific isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme, is characterized by its consistent occurrence in the cytoplasm of mature neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression of NSE in the developing tongue of Korean native goats. The tongues of the fetuses were removed from 2- to 4-year-old female Korean native goats by caesarean section performed under general anesthesia. The expression of NSE in the developing tongue of goat fetuses (60, 90, 120, and 150 days) was studied using immunohistochemistry. In 60-day-old fetuses, NSE-immunoreactivity (IR) exhibited weak appearance in lamina propria of the basal portion and the apical epithelia of the tongue. In 90-day-old fetuses, NSE-nerve fibers were extended in the core part of connective tissue, and primordia of the taste buds was moderately positive. In 120-day-old fetuses, NSE-IR was strongly expressed in taste buds and gustatory nerve fibers. In neonates, the taste buds of vallate papillae were strongly positive for NSE, and development of nerve fibers was synapsed with connective tissue of well innervated taste buds. These results indicate that NSE expressions were associated with the sign of nerve innervation in prenatal development of goat tongues and NSE may be a useful neuronal marker to understand the development of gustatory nerve innervations.

This research is about visualizing data for efficient use in agriculture, by measuring the understanding of graphs according to their features. A questionnaire consisting of one graph, either a bar graph or line graph, and a question about data, was made. According to the results, the time spent answering the question did not differ between the line graph and the bar graph. However, the rate of correct answers differed: that of the bar graph was 50% and the line graph was 0%. This implies that participants answered using the bar graph more accurately regarding whether the data involved understanding the absolute value. From this result, it is clear that using proper features of graphs according to the characteristics of data improves the understanding of information. In addition, a strategy to utilize information and communication technology in agriculture effectively was discussed.