In this study, factors analysis is performed for reducing friction in elevation motion of a large television stand over 50-inch. The first is a pipe type cross-section control for accurate position control of the piston rod. Here it was compared with the pipe type and labyrinth type orifice cross-section. The second study is for specification decision and volume compensation experiment as an apparatus for compensating of the volume of the cylinder is compressed as the volume of piston rod. Consequently, in the orifice cross section study between pipe type and labyrinth type through CAE and experimental consideration, cross section of labyrinth type orifice is preferred for reducing of friction. The result of total consideration in stability problem and performance of volume compensation for specification decision and volume compensation experiment is determined the final speculation of hollow rod φ8×φ4 and riveting system.

Endocrine system of hormones is the critical factor for the development of testes. The levels of hormones are orchestrated by a positive or negative feedback system controlled by the hyphothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of unbalanced endocrine system induced by the hemi-castration on testicular development in stallions. Four Thoroughbred stallions (age ranging from 3 to 5 yr) were used in this study. To disturb endocrine system, hemicastration has been performed on the stallions. Several parameters including testicular weight, volume, germ cell population on the cross-sections of round tubule, and the area of seminiferous tubules of stallion testes collected at the 1st hemi-castration and the 2nd hemi-castration (about 1 year after 1st hemi-castration) were compared. Testosterone levels were compared for 3 weeks before, after 1st castration, and before 2nd castration using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) procedure was conducted to compare germ cell populations between after 1st and 2nd castration using VASA antibody. The VASA positive cell population per a cross section of round seminiferous tubule was obtained by monitoring 100 tubules. Interestingly, the weight of testes obtained at 2nd hemi-castration (384±14 g) were significantly higher compared to that of testes collected at the 1st hemi-castration (288±34 g). The volume of testes (306±34 ml) collected at the 2nd hemi-castration was higher than that of testes (169±18 ml) collected at the 1st castration. In contrast, VASA positive germ cell population on the cross section of round tubule (124.9±12.4 vs 142.9±21.6) and the area of round tubule (124±9.7 vs 122.9±1.7 mm2) were not different after 1st castration and 2nd castration. the testosterone levels in the blood collected before, after 1st castration, and before 2nd castration were not significantly different. In conclusion, the hemi-castration induces testicular development to maintain the normal reproductive systems in stallions.

본 연구에서는 이산화탄소를 선택적으로 분리하기 위한 기체분리용 고분자 분리막을 제조하기 위해 폴리에틸렌글리콜(PEG)계 공중합체를 제조하였다. 우수한 기계적, 열적, 화학적 특성을 가지는 폴리술폰계, 폴리이미드계 고분자에 폴리에틸렌글리콜을 도입하여 보다 우수한 이산화탄소 선택성을 가지는 분리막을 제조하고자 하였다. 또한 보다 높은 투과성능을 가지는 분리막을 제조하기 위하여 높은 자유체적을 가지는 카도비스페닐플루오렌 및 Durene을 도입하였다. NMR, FT-IR로 화학적 구조를 확인하였고 TGA 및 DSC로 열적 특성, WAXD로 결정화도를 평가하였다. 또한 CO2, O2, N2, CH4의 기체 투과도 역시 측정하였다. 측정에 사용 된 기체는 모두 순수 기체를 사용하였다.

In olefin/paraffin separation process, new technology such as membrane separation process has been ever demanding for both economic and environmental reasons. facilitated olefin transport membrane, containing positively charged silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by electron acceptor 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as olefin carriers dispersed in poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), shows extremely high separation performance for propylene/propane mixtures. However, higher permeance is always demanding for practical applications. In this study, POSSs were added to PVP/Ag NPs/TCNQ membranes. Among various kinds of POSS, trisilanolisooctyl POSS showed higher permeance with a moderate selectivity. Therefore it is concluded that mesoporous POSS is an effective additive in improving the gas permeance.

Pultruded fiber reinforced polymeric plastic (PFRP) has many advantages such as high corrosion resistance, high specific stength/stiffness, light weight, etc. Pultrusion is a manufacturing process for producing continuous lengths of reinforced polymeric structural shapes with constant cross-section. The mechanical property of PFRP is usually regarded as an orthotropic material. The pultruded structural shapes are usually composed of thin-walled plate element. Because the composite material has relatively low elastic moduli, the design of pultruded compression members may not be governed by the material strength limit state but by the stability limit state such as the local buckling. Therefore, the stability limit state must be checked to design pultruded thin-walled compression members. In this paper, we present the analytical study results of elastic buckling strength of PFRP orthotropic plates with different fiber volume ratios. The local buckling analysis of pultruded compression members was conducted for various composite materials using the closed-form solution. From the study it was found that if E11/E22 is increased then the plate buckling coefficient, hence the plate buckling strength, is decreased.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different volume (100 μl vs. 2 ml) of microdrop culture on B6D2F1 mice oogenesis. In the present study, B6D2F1/CrljOri F1 mice were utilized in order to maximize oogenesis. Also we used TCM-199, Dulbecco's medified Eagle's medium (DMEM), embryo culture medium (Fertilization medium, Cleavage medium, Blastocyst medium), G series medium and One step medium. Blastulation rate was not different between groups (58.4±2.9% vs. 61.2±4.8%). Zona hatched rate (38±15.4% vs. 27±3.4%) and attached rate (55±13.9% vs. 46±3.9%) did not differ by the volume of culture media. Total cell numbers (59.8±9.7 vs. 70.3±8.7), ICM cell numbers (15.8±0.6 vs. 16.8±1.5), TE cell numbers (44.0±9.7 vs. 53.6±7.3), % ICM (26.4±2.9% vs. 23.8±3.3%) and ICM:TE ratio (1: 2.8±0.4 vs. 1: 3.2±0.6) were not different between groups (i.e., 100 μl vs. 2 ml). These results show that the capacity of the culture medium did not effect the cell numbers of B6D2F1 mice blastocysts. In summary, these results can provide fundamental data to maximize culture condition for in vitro fertilization on B6D2F1 mice.

울시 가로수의 79%를 차지하는 은행나무, 메타세콰이어, 느티나무, 양버즘나무를 대상으로 흉고직경 을 이용하여 4개의 상대생장식을 비교하였다. 최적의 상대생장식을 개발하기 위하여 이용된 통계량은 결정계수, 잔차 평균, 절대평균 잔차제곱이다. 이를 통하여 추정된 수종별 상대생장식은 양버즘나무에 서  , 은행나무, 메타세콰이어, 느티나무에서    식이고 결정계수는 0.873이상의 수치를 나타내 어 가로수 탄소저장량 추정에 사용이 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서 개발된 재적식을 이용하여 추정된 서울시 가로수의 주요 4종에 저장된 탄소량은 약 33,760tC이다. 본 연구의 결과로 제시된 서울 시 가로수의 재적식과 탄소저장량은 가로수의 수종별 생장 및 재적정보를 제시하고 도시녹지의 탄소저 장량 평가에 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

목 적 : 심장 MRI검사에서 cardiac infarct volume은 심장의 생존력 평가에 중요한 요소이다. 하지만 cardiac infarct volume의 측정값은 검사기법과 측정 방법에 따라 오차가 발생한다. 이에 본 논문에서는 2D IR-TFE와 2D PSIR의 두 가지 검사기법에서 cardiac infarct volume의 측정에 사용되는 Semi automatic 방법과 Manual 방법을 FWHM(Full Width at Half Maximum) 방법과 비교하여 cardiac infarct volume 측정에 보다 유용한 방법을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2014년 4월부터 11월까지 Cardiac infarct이 있는 환자 30명(남성 21명, 여성 9명, 평균연령 53세)을 대상으로 하였다. 사용된 장비는 Philips Achieva 3.0T TX 장비이고, 신호 수집은 SENSE Cardiac 32ch 코일을 이용하였으며, 사용된 검사기법은 2D IR-TFE와 2D PSIR이다. 영상변수는 2D IR-TFE에서 TR 4.59ms, TE 1.44ms, TI 240~280ms, FA 15°, FOV 320cm2, Matrix 312×250과 2D PSIR에서는 TR 6.18ms, TE 3ms, TI 240~280ms, FA 25°, FOV 320cm2, Matrix 256×190을 사용하여 short axis를 Breathhold기법으로 검사하였고, 획득한 영상을 FWHM 방법, Semi automatic 방법, Manual 방법으로 cardiac infarct volume을 측정하였다. 먼저, FWHM 방법으로 측정한 cardiac infarct volume 값이 2D IR-TFE와 2D PSIR기법 간에 차이가 있는지 대응표본 T-검정을 통해 통계적 유의성 평가 후, 각 검사기법의 FWHM(infarct myocardium SI×0.5) 방법을 기준으로 Semi automatic 방법(mean of normal myocardium SI+6SD)과 검사자가 직접 cardiac infarct volume을 구하는 Manual 방법을 Bland-Altman plot을 이용하여 측정 방법에 대해 비교ㆍ분석하였다. 결 과 : 2D IR-TFE기법에서 cardiac infarct volume의 측정값(mean±SD)은 FWHM 방법 33.8±35.81, Semi automatic 방법 35.83±38.00, Manual 방법 28.41±34.96으로 측정되었고, 2D PSIR기법에서 cardiac infarct volume 측정값은 FWHM 방법 33.56±35.80, Semi automatic 방법 32.04±38.39, Manual 방법 25.41±34.00으로 측정되었다. FWHM 방법에서 2D IR-TFE기법과 2D PSIR 기법을 비교한 결과 통계적 유의성을 보이지 않아 검사기법 간에 통계적 차이가 없었다(p=0.0959). FWHM 방법에서 2D IR-TFE 기법과 2D PSIR 기법을 비교한 결과 통계적 유의성을 보이지 않아 검사기법 간에 통계적 차이가 없었다(p=0.0959). Bland-Altman plot을 이용한 비교 분석에서 2D IR-TFE 기법의 FWHM 방법과 Semi automatic 방법을 비교하였을 때 difference 95% CI값이 0.03~4.04 으로 두 방법에 대한 차이가 유의하였고, FWHM 방법과 Manual 방법의 비교에서 difference 95% CI값 또한 3.87~6.90으로 차이가 유의하였다. 또한 Semi automatic 방법과 Manual 방법의 비교에서 difference 95% CI값 또한 5.34~9.49으로 차이가 유의하였다. 2D PSIR 기법의 FWHM 방법과 Semi-automatic 방법에서 difference 95% CI값은 -1.31.~4.33으로 두 측정 방법에 대한 차이가 유의하지 않았고, FWHM 방법과 Manual 방법의 비교에서는 difference 95% CI값이 5.61~10.68으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한 Semi automatic 방법과 Manual 방법의 비교에서는 difference 95% CI값이 3.97~9.28으로 유의한 차이를 보였다.

서평

This study was conducted to develop local stem volume tables reflecting the local growth pattern and climate condition using stem taper equations for Pinus rigida. We developed the local stem volume table for P. rigida, which is the widely planted species following Pinus denisflora and Larix kamepferi in South Korea. Three Functions of Max & Burkhart, Kozak and Parresol et al. were applied and compared to derive the most suitable taper function. Their suitability was statistically analyzed by using the Fitness Index, Bias and Standard Error of Bias. The result showed that there was a significant difference in all three functions, and the Fitness Index of the Kozak’s function was the highest among the three functions for estimating the tree growth pattern of P. rigida. Therefore, the Kozak’s function was chosen for generating stem taper equation and local stem volume tables for P. rigida. The developed stem volume tables of each region were compared to the standard stem volume table that was driven by the data of tree growth obtained throughout the nation. The result showed that the local stem volume table was higher than standard volume tables in two regions of Muju and Boeun. There was a statistically significant difference (p<α=0.05), but there was no significant (p >α=0.05) between the local stem volume.

In this paper, we present the result of investigations pertaining to the elastic buckling of simply supported columns with various cross-sectional dimensions but the same length and volume. In the investigations the accuracy of the analysis methods is studied and it was found that the result obtained by the successive approximations technique is the most accurate. In addition, the elastic buckling loads of columns with variable cross-section dimensions are obtained by the theoretical and numerical methods. From the results, it was found that the buckling loads obtained by the numerical methods are close to the buckling loads obtained by the successive approximations technique for the practical standpoints. Moreover, the buckling load of column with convexity in its middle is the highest while the buckling load of the tapered column is the lowest as expected.

The present study is undertaken to evaluate the effect of volume fraction on the results of Charpy impact test for the rubber matrix filled with nano sized silica particles composites. The Charpy impact tests are conducted in the temperature range 0°C and –10°C. The range of volume fraction of silica particles tested are between 11% to 25%. The critical energy release rate GIC of the rubber matrix composites filled with nano sized silica particles is affected by silica volume fraction and it is shown that the value of GIC decreases as volume fraction increases. In regions close to the initial crack tip, fracture processes such as matrix deformation, silica particle debonding and delamination, and/or pull out between particles and matrix which is ascertained by SEM photographs of Charpy impact fracture surfaces.

By controlling the piston speed of the gas spring applying to the digital television stand application of the gas spring, a user can operate the elevation when the gas spring is working under long stroke(200～300 mm, the TV elevation displacement). According to stroke, by some devices with the problem rising from between the difference of external forces, the emotional quality in television elevational function is realized. The piston speed control technique is investigated to perform this experiment piston flow analysis and flow rate control for precise tubular cross section and propose a piston structure for elevation action. This study is for the development of the gas spring of the large size television stand with 50 inch over. In the gas spring development of elevation working, a device to compensate for the volume of the cylinder is generated as much the volume of the piston rod. As this study result, at the development of working gas spring, the hollow shaft is more favorable than the solid one in the apparatus to compensate for the cylinder volume generated.

Two step rapid filter system as a pre-treatment for the injected water into aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) in Korea was developed to reduce physical blockage and secure the volume of the injected water. First, single rapid sand filters with three different media sizes (0.4~0.7, 0.7~1.0 and 1.0~1.4 mm) were tested. Only two sizes (0.4~0.7 and 0.7~1.0 mm) satisfied target turbidity, below 1.0 NTU. However, they showed the fast head loss. To prevent the fast head loss and secure the volume of the injected water, a rapid anthracite filter with roughing media size (2.0~3.4 mm) were installed before a single rapid sand filter. As results, both the target turbidity and reduction of head loss were achieved. It was determined that the media size for a rapid sand filter in two step rapid filter system (i.e. a rapid anthracite filter before a rapid sand filter) was 0.7~1.0 mm. In addition, the effects of coagulant doses on the removal of natural organic matter (NOM), which might cause a biological clogging, were preliminarily evaluated, and the values of UV254, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and SUVA were interpreted.

Digital research in ancient Chinese characters reflects the adjustment and development of the traditional research model under the new condition of information transmission. Through this new research model, more innovative research areas can be opened up. Moreover, the operating criterion of empirical study will be elevated. Currently there are several problems in this research model: overburdened work in the technical area; weak support of existing research and the absence of necessary Chinese information technology. The further realms we can expect are: digital means and platforms will bring a new vision of paleographic research; the development of the digital platform on the basis of resource sharing and cooperation; the development of the function of supervision on digital platform over criterion of the paleographic research.

PURPOSES : This paper presents a description of the current issues facing road managers regarding the surface-type conversion of lowvolume roads for cost savings. METHODS: The paper reviews previous works conducted toward this end, acknowledges gaps in the current research, and lays out what information is needed for further studies. RESULTS : If the cost to maintain an unsurfaced road is less than the cost of maintaining a surfaced road, then there is potential for cost savings for the management agency. However, the problem is bigger than simply maintaining the roads that already exist. If unsurfaced roads prove to be more economical than surfaced roads, then the cost to convert from a surfaced to an unsurfaced roadway, and vice versa, when necessary, must also be examined. CONCLUSIONS : No other studies have addressed the un-surfacing of a road for cost savings, and it is therefore unknown whether substantial savings can be realistically obtained by converting from a surfaced to an unsurfaced road. To determine whether a conversion policy would be a viable option, additional data and research are needed.

기체 분리막 소재에 있어서, 자유체적 및 기계적 특성은 기체투과 성능 및 소재 응용에 있어서 필수적인 요소 들이다. 따라서, 기체 투과 성능의 핵심인 자유체적 비율을 최대한 높이면서도, 동시에 높은 연신율을 가질 수 있는 고분자 구조의 설계가 필수적이며, 이를 위해서는 각각의 특성을 분자 수준에서 이해하고 분석을 할 수 있어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 분자전산모사(molecular simulation) 기술을 이용하여, 기존에 실험적으로 밝혀진 TR-polymer와 spiro-group이 도입된 TR-PBO 간의 차이를 분자수준에서 밝혀냄으로서, 고분자 구조내의 특정 작용기가 최종 고분자 소재의 자유체적 및 기계적 특성에 어떻게 작용하는지를 규명하고자 한다.