Environmental Enrichment (EE) alone is not capable of enhancing the fine digit and the forelimb functions. Therefore, we applied modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) under the influence of EE to assess its effect on promoting improved forelimb sensorimotor functions. Focal ischemic brain injury was produced in Sprague-Dawley rats (60 rats, 250±50 g) through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Before MCAO induction, all rats were trained in modified limb placing tests and reaching tasks for 1 week. Then they were randomly divided into three groups: Group I: application of standard environment (SE) after MCAO induction (n=20), Group II: application of EE after MCAO induction (n=20), Group III: MCAO+EE, mCIMT and task-oriented training that was initiated at 10th day after MCAO induction (n=20). We also applied mCIMT (between 9 AM and 5 PM/daily) which included restraining the forelimb ipsilateral to the lesion using the 'Jones & Schallert' method. We assessed the change of modified limb placing, single pellet reaching test and the immunoreactivity of BDNF by immunohistochemistry (pre, 1st, 5th, 10th and 20th day). Group I showed no improved outcome, whereas group II and III significantly improved on the use of the forelimb and the immunoreactivity. The qualitative analysis of the skilled reaching test, of group III showed the greatest improvement in the fine digit and the forelimb function. These results suggest that EE combined with mCIMT is more functional in promoting enhanced fine digit and forelimb functional movements.

This study was conducted to explain degree of injury caused by P. panopealis larva which is the key component to develop economic injury level or control threshold in green perilla and was carried out in polyvinyl houses at Yuseong Daejeon, Geumsan and Yesan Chungnam from 2004 to 2006. Of 5 major pests in green perilla polyvinyl house, P. panopealis larva injured green perilla leaf by 48.5% on average under no insecticides application. The peak occurrence of P. panopealis adult was early August and late September in 2004 and 2005 studies. The feeding amount of P. panopealis larva among 1st to 3rd instar was not different, but from the 4th instar the feeding amount greatly increased and this result was consistent with daily feeding experiment in which the amount greatly increased from seventh day. The degree of injury which was investigated with different larval infestation levels showed that the degree of injury increased a little but was not different significantly as the density increased. The density of P. panopealis larva in damaged green perilla plant was less than three individuals/plant. This result indicates that P. panopealis adult lays egg on green perilla leaf dispersedly and larva hatched from egg injures only the leaf which egg is layed. These preliminary data seems to be very useful to design economic injury level and control threshold studies for P. panopealis in green perilla polyvinyl house.

목적 : 척수손상 환자의 ASIA 운동능력 성취점수와 SCIMⅡ를 사용한 일상생활수행도와의 상관관계를 연구하여 일상생활수행 훈련 시 운동능력성취점수의 향상을 위한 효율적인 치료 방법의 선택 기준을 마련하고자 함이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 부산 시내에 거주하는 손상 후 6개월 이상인 42명의 척수손상 환자로 하였고 연구 기간은 2004년 12월부터 2005년 1월까지 이루어졌다. 평가도구는 ASIA의 운동능력 성취점수와 SCIMⅡ를 사용하여 운동능력 성취점수와 일상생활 수행도와의 상관관계를 알아보았다. 결과 : 척수손상환자 42명 중 손상 유형에 따라 3개의 군으로 나누어 비교하였다. 완전사지마비군에서 상지-전체 운동능력 성취점수와 일상생활활동과는 통계학적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보이고(p〈.01) 높은 상관관계가 나타났다(r=.90, r=.90). 불완전사지마비군에서는 상지-하지-전체 운동능력 성취점수와 일상생활활동과는 통계학적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였고(p〈.05) 높은 상관관계를 보였다(r=.64, r=.81, r=.87). 하지마비군에서는 상지-하지-전체 운동능력 성취점수와 일상생활활동과는 통계학적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였고(p〈.05) 보통의 상관관계를 보였다(r=-.49, r=.60, r=.61). 결론 : 이상의 결과로 볼 때 척수손상 환자에 대한 ASIA 운동능력 성취점수와 SCIMⅡ와는 상관관계가 있으므로 척수장애 재활의 지표를 확립하는 연구에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The damage aspects of soybean by common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different larval density and different growth stage of soybean were studied in soybean field. The percent yield reduction(Y) of soybean infested by different densities of S. litura (X, no. of larvae/plant) under outdoor conditions for a three week period were estimated by the following equations: (1) Y = 1.655X - 6.025 (R² = 0.952) for the R1 (flowering stage), (2) Y = 0.725X - 0.475 (R² = 0.986) for the R3 (beginning pod stage), and (3) Y=0.635X - 1.325 (R² = 0.986) for the R5 (beginning seed stage). Based on the relationships between the densities of S. litura larvae and the yield index of soybean, the number of larvae (2nd-3rd instar) which caused 5% loss of yield (Tolerable injury level) was estimated to as approximately 6.7 for the R1, 7.5 for the R3, and 10.0 per plant for the R5, respectively. Average soybean leaf areas consumed by 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th larvae of Spodoptera litura during 24 hr at 28℃ was 0.3, 0.7, 2.6, 4.0, 20.1, and 55.8 ㎠, respectively.

This study was carried out to determine the economic injury level of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis G.. The damage aspects of rice plant (at tilling stage) by leaf folders at different larval density per plant were studied in pot experiment (24 ㎝ in diameter, 18 ㎝ in height). One leaf folder consumed 6-7 leaves during larval stage. The damage by leaf folders was simulated by cutting off 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90% of leaves before and after heading stage July 15th (at panicle initiation stage) and August 15th (at milk stage), respectively. When leaves were cut before the heading of rice, the linear relationships between the leaf cutting rate (X) and each factors of yield (Y) were as following, for grain maturity it was Y = -9.379X + 83.630 (R² = 0.493), Y = 0.139X + 0.490 (R² = 0.925) for yield, and Y = -4.880X + 81.116 (R² = 0.665) for head rice. When leaves were cut after the beading of rice, it was Y = -23.014X + 83.589 (R² = 0.915) for grain maturity, Y = 0.141X + 3.466 (R² = 0.842) for yield, and Y = -13.795X + 81.964 (R² = 0.898) for head rice. We found that when leaf cutting after the heading stage caused more damage than before the heading in terms of yield and yield components. Based on theses results the economic threshold level was estimated to be 30% and 7% leaf loss before and after heading stage.

According to the preceding survey on insect pests of the green perilla, Perilla frutescens var. japonica HARA, The major pests were Aphis egomae Shinji, Pyrausta panopealis (Walker), Tetranychus urticae Koch, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida at Guemsan, Chungnam, 2004. Aphis egomae causes nearly 100% injury of the green perilla in uncontrolled green houses. A field study was conducted to estimate economic injury levels (ElLs) and control thresholds (CTs) for A. egomae injuring green perilla in green houses. Different densities of A. egomae ranged from 1 to 80 aphids per 100 plants in early inoculation. The mean injurying rate of plant was 2.4% to 40.5% at the end of June at differently inoculated levels. The economic loss time calculated by the ratio of cost managing aphid to market price (C/V) (C: cost managing aphid, V: Market price) in early season (from May to 13. June) was 5.8% and in peak season (from 13. June to 30. June) was 9.3%. Economic injury level in early and peak season was 5.3 aphids per plant and economic injury levels in peak season were 0.6 aphids per plant and 7.6% injured rate of plant. The control thresholds calculated by 80% level of economic injury level in peak season were 0.5aphids per plant and 6.1% injury rate of plant, respectively.

Skeletal muscle injury occurs frequently in sports medicine and is the most general form of injury followed by physical impact. There are growth factors which conduct proliferation, differentiation, and synthesis of myogenic prodromal cells and regulate vascular generation for the continued survival of myocytes. The purpose of the present study was to confirm the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and electrical stimulation (ES) on muscle recovery processes according to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into 2 experimental groups and a controlled group. All animals had suffered from crush damage in the extensor digitorum longus for 30 seconds and were killed 1, 3, and 7 days after injury. 30 Hz and 1 mA impulsion for 15 minutes was applied to the EA experimental groups Zusanli (ST36) and Taichong (LR3) using electroacupuncture and the same stimulation was applied to the ES group using an electrical node. Hematoxyline-Eosin staining and VEGF immunohistochemistry were used to ascertain the resulting muscle recovery. There were few morphological differences between the EA and ES groups, and both groups were observed to have tendencies to decrease atrophy as time passed. In the controlled group, gradually diminishing atrophy could be observed, but their forms were mostly disheveled. There were few differences in VEGF expression between the EA and ES groups, and tendencies to have an increased quantity of VEGF with the lapse of time were observed in both groups. In the controlled group, a little VEGF expression could be observed merely 7 days after injury. In conclusion, EA and ES contributed to muscle recovery processes and could be used for the treatment of muscle injury.

The main purposes of this study were to find the correlation between walking ability assessment tools using the Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Spinal Cord Injury Measurement II (SCIM II), Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI), walking velocity, and walking endurance. The study population consisted of 56 patients with spinal cord injury referred to the department of Rehabilitative Medicine in the National Rehabilitation Hospital. All subjects were ambulatory with or without an assistive device. All participants were assessed by MBI, FIM, SCIM II, WISCI, walking velocity, and walking endurance. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and X2. There was significant correlation between the MBI, FIM, SCIM II, WISCI, walking velocity, and walking endurance (p<.01). In particular, WISCI has a significant correlation with SCIM II(p<.001). Therefore the WISCI scale is an appropriate assessment tool to predict the gait ability of patients with spinal cord injury. Further study about MBI, FIM, SCIM II, WISCI, walking velocity, and walking endurance is needed using a longitudinal study design.

콩 생식생장 단계별로 톱다리개미허리노린재를 접종하거나, 침으로 꼬투리를 치르는 인위적 가해를 통해 콩 종자 피해를 조사하였다. 착협기에 톱다리개미허리노리재 성충을 섭식시켰을 때, 빈 꼬투리와 종자로 전혀 발육하지 못한 판형종자의 생성비율이 종실비대성기에서의 가해보다 높은 것이 관찰되었다. 종실비대성기에 섭식시켰을 때는 종자모양은 거의 정상적이나 종피에 피해흔적이 뚜렷한 종자 수가 유의적으로 증가하였다. 종자모양이 많이 변형되거나 불완전하게 성숙한 기형종자의 비율은 처리 사이에 차이가 없었고 다른 종자형태들에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 비율을 차지하였다 착협시 피해에서 생성된 판 종자의 83%, 종실비대성기에 생성된 피해흔적이 있는 종자의 91%에서 종자 표면 위에 실험곤충의 빨대피막이 관찰되었다. 개화기 섭식은 피해종자 생성에 거의 영향을 주지않았다. 종실비대성기와 성숙기에 침을 이용하여 콩 꼬투리를 찔러 물리적인 가해를 하였을 때, 수확기에 건전한 종자들을 발견할 수 없었고, 피해gms적이 있는 종자의 비율이 기형종자 보다 많았다. 종실비대성기에 침으로 찌른 회수가 많은 경우 판형종자와 기형종자의 비율이 증가하였고, 피해흔적 종자 비율은 상대적으로 감소하였는데 무게감소 비율은 적게 찌른 경우 보다 상대적으로 켰다. 그러나 성숙기 인위적 가해에서는 수확종자의 무게감소가 나타나지 않았다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the general characteristics, complications and level of social adaptation of spinal cord injured patients. The subjects were one hundred forty five members who were inpatients or outpatients from October 1, 2004 to April 30, 2005 in general hospitals and municipal welfare centers for the handicapped located in the metropolitan city of Gwangju. The following results were obtained using Modified Barthel Index (MBI). 1) Gender distribution was 77.9% male and 22.1% female. The mean age at the time of injury was 35.4 and the mean age during the study was 44.2. 2) The degree of paralysis among the subjects was as follows: 49.0% had complete paralysis and 51.0% suffered incomplete paralysis. The most frequently injured lesion among the subjects was cervical (49.0%), followed by thoracic (35.9%), and lumbar (15.2%). 3) The mean MBI score was 63.5. There was statistically significant difference in the MBI score in the relation between complete and incomplete paralysis, the relation between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar injury, and the relation between a recovery period of less than three years and more than three years according to the characteristics of injury (p<.05). 4) There was statistically significant difference in the MBI score of subjects who had complications concerning spasticity, deformity, urinary tract infection, and sexual dysfunction (p<.05). 5) The most serious emotional pain after spinal cord injury resulted from economic issues, which affected 35.2% of the subjects. The group having a shorter recovery period after spinal cord injury complained of psychological matters, the group having a longer recovery period complained about the surrounding environment (lack of convenient facilities), suggesting statistically significant difference (p<.05). 6) The most common activities of the group with injuries more than ten years old included meeting schoolmates and working, while most common activities of the group with injuries less than three years old included attending religious functions and miscellaneous others (watching TV, spending time with family), suggesting statistically significant difference (p<.05).

저장전 고온처리(38˚, 48시간)는 참외의 당도, 산도, 비타민 C의 함량과 α-tocopherol 활성을 높였으며, 3℃의 MA저장중 생체중 감소 이산화탄소, 에틸렌그리고 아세트알데히드 발생량을 낮게 유지시켰다. 또한 저장후 외관상 품질, 경도, 당도, 산도, 비타민 C, α-tocopherol 활성 등 내적품질이 고온처리한 참외에서 높은 수준을 유지하였는데 특히 저온장해정도를 알 수 있는 이온용 출량이 고온처리구에서 낮아 수확후 고온처리로 저온장해가 완화되었음을 알 수 있었다. 고온처리를 하지 않은 대조구는 저장 25일부터 Alternaria rot이 발견되었으나 고온처리구는 저장 종료일인 39일까지 부패가 발견되지 않았으며 외관상 품질에 대한 저장일수로 세운 회귀식에 의하면 저장수명이 고온처리구에서 8일 이상 연장되었다. 참외의 경우 저장전 38℃의 낮은 고온에서 장시간 열처리를 함으로써 살균효과 저온장해 완화효과와 더불어 수명연장까지 얻을 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to analyse injuries of consumer product and to propose an alternative standardization for the product safety based on results of the analysis related with consumer injury. Firstly, We categorized hazard factors according to industrial characteristics referred to current injury information in Korea. And secondly, we decided consumer injury index(CII) according to the results of current consumer injury. The consumer injury index is the concept of risky level, which was decided by probability and severity of injury. Lastly, we developed an alternative standardization for the product safety considering consumer injury index.

We assessed whether the use of a symmetrical upper limb motion trainer in daily repetitive training for a 6-week period reduced spasticity and improved motor function in three chronic hemiparetic patients. Upper limb motor impairment and disability were measured by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Manual Muscle Test (MMT), respectively. The electromyography (EMG) of the affected hand was recorded during isometric wrist flexion and extension. In all patients, FMA and MMT scores were significantly improved after the 6-week training. However, MAS scores of the affected wrist spasticity did not change considerably. Onset and Offset delays in muscle contraction significantly decreased in the affected wrist. The co-contraction ratio of flexor and extensor muscles significantly increased after the 6-week training. Onset and offset delays of the muscle contraction and co-contraction ratio correlated significantly with the patients' FMA. This study showed that repetitive, symmetric movement training can improve upper limb motor functions and abilities in chronic hemiparetic patients. Also, the EMG assessment of motor response is likely to provide insights into mechanisms and treatment strategies for motor recovery in chronic hemiparetic patients.

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of using aid in enhancing walking ability inpatients with spinal cord injury who have received rehabilitative care. The study population consisted of 24 spinal cord injury patients referred to the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine in the National Rehabilitation Center (NRC). All subjects were ambulatory with or without an assistive devices. All of the participants were assessed on SCIM II, WISCI II, FIM, MBI, gait speed (m/s), and walking endurance (120 min/m). The data were analyzed using a paired t-test, a one-way ANOVA, and a Duncan test. The results revealed that TSCIM II and all of the items of SCIM II of the cervical ASIA D group patients were higher than those of the Thoracic ASIA A and C group patients (p<.05). The FIM, MBI, and WISCI II of the cervical ASIA D group patients were higher than those of the Thoracic ASIA C group patients (p>.05). The walking velocities of the lumbar ASIA C group patients were higher than those of Thoracic ASIA A group patients (p<.05). The walking endurance of the lumbar ASIA C group patients was higher than that of the thoracic ASIA C group patients (p<.05). The ASIA D group patients used bilateral standard canes or crutches, but none used AFO. The ASIA A and C group patients used bilateral standard walkers with KAFO for standing and walking. The findings suggest that injury level as well as the functionality of walking aids should be considered when formulating a rehabilitative plan for patients with spinal cord injury.

Repetition Strain Injury (RSI) is usually caused or aggravated by poor work processes and unsuitable working conditions - that involve repetitive or forceful movements or the maintenance of constrained or awkward postures. The condition is characterized by discomfort and persistent pain. There are three essential steps to eliminate or control hazards In workplace. Case and Demographic Characteristics for Work-related Injuries and illnesses Involving Days Away From Work, 2002. U.S' was examined. Causes of press operators' RSI were carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS), tendonitis, low back pain, and occupational stress. Recommendations for improvement of productivity are redesign of working conditions, exercise, prevent of RSI and avoiding stress.