This study was conducted to estimate the effect of different cutting lengths on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) silage. The WCR was harvested at the yellow ripe stage (43.7%, DM), and then cut at 5 (R05), 10 (R10), and 20 cm (R20) of the theoretical length of cut with no cut WCR (R60). Each forage was ensiled into 20 L mini bucket silo (5 kg) for 150 days in quadruplicates. The cutting lengths were not affected the chemical compositions of WCR silage (p > 0.05). The pH (p < 0.001) and concentration of ammonia-N (p = 0.022) in WCR silage were increased linearly with the increase of cutting length. The concentration of lactate had quadratic effect (p = 0.007), which was highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). The concentration of acetate was increased linearly (p = 0.014), but the concentration of butyrate was decreased linearly (p = 0.033). The lactic acid bacteria count was decreased linearly (p = 0.017), and yeast count had quadratic effect (p = 0.009), which was the highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). Aerobic stability had strong quadratic effect (p < 0.001), which was the highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). In conclusion, R60 silage had highest pH by a linear increase of ammonia-N concentration and led to low aerobic stability. While R20 silage had the lowest pH by high lactate concentration and led to high aerobic stability.

Background: The CKCUES test evaluates the functional performance of the shoulder joint. The CKCUES test scores CKC exercises of the upper limbs to examine shoulder stability. Although the CKCUES test provides quantitative data on functional ability and performance, no study has determined the relationship between CKCUES scores and SA and TB muscle strength. Objects: The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between the CKCUES test scores and the strength of the SA and TB muscles in the CKCUES and unilateral CKCUES tests. Methods: Sixty-six healthy male volunteers participated in the study. A Smart KEMA strength sensor measured SA and TB muscle strength. Two parallel lines on the floor indicated the initial hand placement to start CKCUES tests. For 15 seconds, the subject raises one hand and reaches over to touch the supporting hand, then returns to the starting position. Results: The correlation between the CKCUES test scores and the strength of the SA was strong (r = 0.650, p < 0.001), and the TB was moderate (r = 0.438, p < 0.001). The correlation between the unilateral CKCUES test and the strength of the SA of the supporting side was strong (r = 0.605, p < 0.001), and swing side was strong (r = 0.681, p < 0.001). The correlation between the unilateral CKCUES test and the strength of the TB of the supporting side was moderate (r = 0.409, p < 0.001), and swing side was moderate (r = 0.482, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study showed that the CKCUES test had a strong association with isometric strength of SA and moderate association with that of TB. These findings suggest that the CKCUES test can evaluate the function of the SA. Moreover, the unilateral CKCUES test can evaluate unilateral shoulder function.

Background: While the formal test has been used to provide a quantitative measurement of core stability, studies have reported inconsistent results regarding its test-retest and intraobserver reliabilities. Furthermore, the validity of the formal test has never been established. Objects: This study aimed to establish the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the formal test. Methods: Twenty-two young adults with and without core instability (23.1 ± 2.0 years) were recruited. Concurrent validity was determined by comparing the muscle thickness changes of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominal muscle to changes in core stability pressure during the formal test using ultrasound (US) imaging and pressure biofeedback, respectively. For the test-retest reliability, muscle thickness and pressure changes were repeatedly measured approximately 24 hours apart. Electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor trunk muscle activity during the formal test. Results: The Pearson’s correlation analysis showed an excellent correlation between transverse abdominal thickness and pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) pressure as well as internal oblique thickness and PBU pressure, ranging from r = 0.856–0.980, p < 0.05. The test-retest reliability was good, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC1,2) = 0.876 for the core stability pressure measure and ICC1,2 = 0.939 to 0.989 for the abdominal muscle thickness measure. Conclusion: Our results provide clinical evidence that the formal test is valid and reliable, when concurrently incorporated into EMG and US measurements.

Background: The foot is a complex body structure that plays an important role in static and dynamic situations. Previous studies have reported that altered foot posture might affect knee joint strength and postural stability, however their relationship still remains unclear. Objects: The purpose of this study was to identify whether pronated foot posture has an influence on knee isokinetic strength and static and dynamic postural stability. Methods: Forty healthy young males aged 18 to 26 years were included. Foot posture was evaluated using the Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6), and the subjects were divided into two groups according to their FPI-6 scores: a neutral foot group (n = 20, FPI-6 score 0 to +5) and a pronated foot group (n = 20, FPI-6 score +6 or more). Biodex Systems 3 isokinetic dynamometer was used to evaluate knee isokinetic strength and hamstring to quadriceps ratio at three angular velocities: 60°/sec, 90°/sec, and 180°/sec. The static and dynamic postural stability in a single-leg stance under the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions were measured with a Biodex Balance System. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in knee isokinetic strength and static postural stability (p > 0.05), but there was a significant difference in the medial– lateral stability index (MLSI) for dynamic postural stability under the eyes-closed condition (p = 0.022). The FPI-6 scores correlated significantly only with the dynamic overall stability index (OSI) and the MLSI (OSI: R = 0.344, p = 0.030; MLSI: R = 0.409, p = 0.009) under the eyesclosed condition. Conclusion: Participants with pronated foot had poorer medial–lateral dynamic stability under an eyes-closed condition than those without, and FPI-6 scores were moderately positively correlated with dynamic OSI and dynamic MLSI under the eyes-closed condition. These results suggest that pronated foot posture could induce a change in postural stability, but not in knee isokinetic strength.

본 연구에서는 유화안정제 중 하나인 cetyl alcohol 함량에 따른 천연 염모제 헤나의 유화 안정성을 분석하고 가장 안정한 유화를 나타내는 cetyl alcohol 함량을 확인하였다. 유화 안정성을 분석하기 위해 cetyl alcohol의 함량에 따른 입자 크기, 입자 형태, 점도 및 염색 후 색상의 차이를 비교하였다. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) zeta 분석 결과, cetyl alcohol 3 %가 zeta potential 값이 115.9 mV로 가장 높은 값을 보였으며, 입자크기분포는 cetyl alcohol의 함량이 3 %인 크림 제형 염모제가 증류수에 분산된 헤나와 비교해 입도분포의 폭이 좁았다. 점도계 분석 결과 cetyl alcohol의 함량이 증가할수록 점도가 증가하였고, 크림 제형의 헤나 pH 측정 결과 두피에 적합한 pH 범위로 측정되었다. 또한 헤나 크림 제형 염모제에서는 cetyl alcohol의 함량이 증가할수록 유화 안정성이 증가하였다.

Butterfly valves have been used to control the flow rate of various fluids in many industries because it have unique manageability compare to other valves. However, when a defect occurs due to the failure of the backlash of the power transmission part and the pin breakage of the butterfly valve due to the absence of the design capability of the valve, it is difficult to analyze the cause and maintain it. In this paper, a study was conducted to secure the reliability of the valve by performing structural analysis and analysis using a 3D model of the product to manufacture a high-quality valve.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extracts from sweet potatoes (SP) and watermelon (WM) on the oxidative stability of perilla seed oils (POs) over the existing ones. A comparison was done between the oxidative stability of perilla oil (PO) after the addition of 0.1% of SP, and WM extracts and PO without extract. The oxidative stability was measured based on the viscosity, acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), antioxidant (DPPH) activity, p-anisidine value (p-AV), and fatty acid composition. The viscosities ranges were: PO without extract, from 53.99±0.99 to 74.38±1.61 cps, PO with SP extract, from 53.99±0.10 to 58.73±0.8 cps, and PO with WM extract, from 53.98±0.10 to 56.00±0.70 cps. While the PO containing the SC-CO2 extracts had significantly lower AV, POV, and p-AV, their antioxidant activity was approximately 10 times higher than that of the PO without extract. There were no significant differences in fatty acid composition between SC-CO2 extracts added groups and PO without extract (p<0.05). The findings of this study confirmed that the SC-CO2 extracts from sweet potatoes and watermelon enhanced the oxidative stability of perilla seed oils, and are potential natural antioxidants for use in the food industry.

In this study, a nanocrystalline FeNiCrMoMnSiC alloy was fabricated, and its austenite stability, microstructure, and mechanical properties were investigated. A sintered FeNiCrMoMnSiC alloy sample with nanosized crystal was obtained by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering. The sintering behavior was investigated by measuring the displacement according to the temperature of the sintered body. Through microstructural analysis, it was confirmed that a compact sintered body with few pores was produced, and cementite was formed. The stability of the austenite phase in the sintered samples was evaluated by X-ray diffraction analysis and electron backscatter diffraction. Results revealed a measured value of 51.6% and that the alloy had seven times more austenite stability than AISI 4340 wrought steel. The hardness of the sintered alloy was 60.4 HRC, which was up to 2.4 times higher than that of wrought steel.

PURPOSES : This study verifies the stability and uniqueness of the traffic assignment algorithm. METHODS : The traffic assignment step of the four-phase traffic demand model is an important step in determining the traffic volume of the link in the process of distributing the O/D traffic volume on each link. In this step, primarily, a link-based algorithm based on user equilibrium has been used. The typical link-based algorithm, FWA, is known to provide uniqueness and stability, in theory, regarding traffic assignment results. However, recent studies have raised the controversy that, in reality, the FWA is less stable and unique depending on the termination criterion applied to the FWA in the traffic assignment step. Stability tests and proportionality tests were conducted for the application of algorithms to widely used commercial software (for example, EMME, CUBE, and TransCAD). RESULTS : According to this study, the uniqueness and stability of the FWA were not followed in the process of actual traffic assignment, unlike the theory. CONCLUSIONS : The traffic assignment model has essentially the same result when the optimum level is reached, irrespective of the program and traffic allocation techniques used. Therefore, efforts will be required to recognize limitations in practice and to produce stable results at an appropriate level when predicting traffic demand, traffic volume, benefits, and feasibility studies using a traffic allocation model.

본 연구는 가정 폭력 청소년의 모래상자치료 사례이다. 본 연구의 대상은 여중생으로 모래상자치료를 활용한 단일 사례이다. 본 연구의 사례는 총 30회기로 2020년 8월 13일 ~ 2021년 5월 10일까지 총 30회기를 주 1회 50분간 실시하였다. 초기 연구참여자는 정서적 불안정감과 우울감이 높았으며 아빠에 대한 분노감과 불신감이 팽배되어 인연을 끊고 싶을 정도로 분노가 내재되어 있었다. 또한 학교생활에서 선생님과의 갈등이 심해 자존감이 낮고 학업 성취도에서도 뒤처지는 양상을 보였다. 그러나 꾸준한 모래상자치료로 어둠 안에 서 갇혀만 지냈던 폐쇄성의 틀을 깨고 차츰차츰 밝고, 명랑한 성격으로 바뀌었다. 또한 왜곡된 인지에서 오는 부정적이었던 생각들보다는 적극적이고 긍정적인 사고의 전환으로 갈등 완화가 이루어졌다. 후반에는 자신의 진로에 대한 결정과 학업에 대한 열정이 높아 컴퓨터에 관련된 다양한 자격증을 취득하여 성취감을 얻게 되었다. 결론적으로 과거 가졌던 우울감과 불안감이 감소 되었으며 정서적 안정감이 향상되어 대인관계에도 원만함을 볼 수 있었다.

Background: Back pain is associated with a high risk of recurrence. Various physical therapy techniques for back pain have been studied, including reprogramming the central nervous system by integrating sensation and motion with sensory exercise training. Objectives: To aimed verify the effectiveness of sensorimotor training in improving postural stability and pain levels. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: The study population was randomized into a sensory exercise training group and trunk stabilization training group and treated three times a week for 4 weeks. Each group took part in sensorimotor training for 15 minutes or lumbar stabilization exercise for 15 minutes. Results: After the intervention both groups showed Improvements in the variables. There was a significant difference in the dynamic postural stability, limit of stability, and modified visual analog scale scores in the sensorimotor training group compared to the lumbar stabilization exercise group (P<.05). Conclusion: Sensorimotor training appears to be an effective physical therapy exercise program that can be applied in patients with low back pain to improve muscle control ability.

본 연구의 목적은 필라테스 브릿지 동작 시 소도구의 적용과 발의 불안정성 차이에 따른 신체 근육의 근전도를 비교·분석하는데 있었다. 본 연구의 대상자는 20대 남성 18명을 대상으로 실시하였고(연령, 22.3±2.1세; 신장, 173.89±4.51cm; 체중, 72.61±4.13kg; 신체질량지수, 24.03±1.31kg/m2), 필라테스 브릿지는 소도구 적용(도구 없음, 링, 짐볼)과 발의 불안정성(기본 바닥, 폼롤러, 보수볼) 차이에 따른 9 가지 동작을 수행하였으며, 표면전극 부착 부위는 신체 우측의 상복직근, 하복직근, 외복사근, 장내전근, 대 퇴직근, 외측광근, 전경골근, 및 대퇴이두근으로 설정하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 필라테스 브릿지 동작 시 짐볼의 적용이 신체 근육의 근활성도에 효과적인 소도구로 검증되었고, 보수볼의 적용이 신체 근육의 근활성도에 가장 높은 발의 불안정성으로 검증되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, 필라테스 브릿지 동작 시 짐볼과 보수볼의 적용이 신체 근육의 근활성도에 지대한 영향력을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 신체 근력 강화를 위한 효율적인 필라테스 브릿지 운동을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 상용화된 로프절단장치 타입 중 국내에 가장 많이 도입되어있는 Scissor type을 대상으로 유한요소해석을 수행하여 다양한 로프 걸림 상황에서 안정성이 확보되는 적합한 구조 형태를 평가하였으며, 수조 실험 및 실선 실험을 통해 효용성을 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 로프 걸림에 의하여 프로펠러축이 회전하지 않을 경우 엔진에서 발생하는 지속적인 토크로 인하여 로프절단장치에 비틀림이 발생하고 유한요소 해석상 자유도가 구속되어 있지 않은 하부의 블레이드에서 가장 높은 변형이 발생하는 것을 확인하였다. 블레이드의 두께가 증가할수록 최대변형량은 줄어들고 최대응력은 낮아져 안전율이 증가하는 결과가 나타났으며, 동일한 블레이드 두께에서 토크의 변화량이 최대응력과 최대변형량에 미치는 영향은 로프절단장치의 외력이 미치는 위치와 무관하며 정비례하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 해석 결과를 토대로 실시한 수조실험 및 실선실험 결과, 모든 조건과 환경에서 로프 및 어망이 원활하게 제거되는 것을 확인하였다.

Parking gear is essential parts of automotive to park on flat or slope ground. Parking of, especially, big-sized vehicle such as bus and truck is very important problem related to safety. Stability of parking gear may differ from contact location between parking gear and pawl. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of stability depending on contact location using numerical analysis. Furthermore the results obtained by numerical analysis were applied to real vehicles to evaluate established-product of parking gear. As the results, safety criterion of parking gear showed below 0.31ton and thus it was confirmed that parking gear of this study was suitable to small-sized vehicle.

Ni–Cr–Al metal-foam-supported catalysts for steam methane reforming (SMR) are manufactured by applying a catalytic Ni/Al2O3 sol–gel coating to powder alloyed metallic foam. The structure, microstructure, mechanical stability, and hydrogen yield efficiency of the obtained catalysts are evaluated. The structural and microstructural characteristics show that the catalyst is well coated on the open-pore Ni–Cr–Al foam without cracks or spallation. The measured compressive yield strengths are 2–3 MPa at room temperature and 1.5–2.2 MPa at 750oC regardless of sample size. The specimens exhibit a weight loss of up to 9–10% at elevated temperature owing to the spallation of the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. However, the metal-foam-supported catalyst appears to have higher mechanical stability than ceramic pellet catalysts. In SMR simulations tests, a methane conversion ratio of up to 96% is obtained with a high hydrogen yield efficiency of 82%.