Background: Short foot exercise, which is an intrinsic foot muscle exercise proposed by the foot core system, is used to improve the strength of intrinsic foot muscles and sensory input and function of the foot. However, there is a lack of studies that assessed the improvement in foot function after short foot exercise in patients undergoing rehabilitation after a modified Broström operation of the ankle joint. Objectives: To investigate the effects of short foot exercise on intrinsic foot muscle cross-sectional area and balance ability in patients who had undergone a modified Broström operation of the ankle joint. Design: A single blind, randomized controlled trial. Methods: Sixteen patients who were undergoing ankle rehabilitation exercises following the modified Broström operation were randomized into two groups. General physical therapy, short foot exercises, and ankle rehabilitation programs were performed in the experimental group (n=8), whereas general physical therapy and ankle rehabilitation programs were performed in the control group (n=8). For outcome measures, the intrinsic muscles of the foot were imaged using the Sonimage HS1 musculoskeletal ultrasound system. The Y-balance test and RS-foot scan system were used to confirm dynamic balance ability and static balance ability. Results: The cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis and dynamic balance ability significantly improved in the experimental group that underwent short foot exercise compared to the control group (P<.05). In contrast, static balance ability was not significantly different between the two groups (P>.05). Conclusion: Short foot exercise successfully increased the cross-sectional area of the abductor muscle and improved dynamic balance after a modified Broström operation

중국에는 파악 가능한 불학원이 60-70여 개 존재한다. 이 불학원들은 중등불학원 과 고등불학원으로 나눌 수 있는데, 본 논문에서는 이들 불학원에 대해 설립 및 운 영 현황과 학제 구성의 두 측면으로 나누어 고찰해보았다. 설립 및 운영의 측면으로 보면 독립형, 본교-분교형, 연합대학형이 있다. 독립형은 불학원 설립의 기본형에 속 하고, 본교-분교형에는 중국불학원과 그 분원들이 이에 속한다. 연합대학형에는 광둥 불학원, 저장불학원, 장쑤불학원 등이 이에 속한다. 학제 편성의 측면으로 보면 중전 (2년), 대전(3년), 예과(2년), 본과(4년), 연구생(3년)의 체계로 구성되어 있다. 여기에 남아 있는 초급불학원과 양정원(养正院)을 더해 7등급 체계로 이해할 수도 있다.

본고는 비대면 환경에서의 영상번역수업에 학습자중심 교육을 적용한 사례 연구이 다. 학습자가 무엇에 관심과 흥미가 있는지 개인프로필을 조사하였고, ZOOM 소회의 실 기능의 조별활동을 통해 학습자간의 상호작용을 최대한 높이고, 개별 피드백과 조별 피드백, 이클래스 LMS를 통해 학습자와 교수자와의 소통을 활성화한 수업이 되도록 진행하였다. 한 학기 동안 학습자중심으로 설계하고 운영한 영상번역수업에 대한 학습자의 강의평가와 만족도를 살펴보았다. 학습자들이 직접 번역하고 교수자 의 피드백을 받고, 조별 활동의 토론을 통해 서로의 의견을 교환한 뒤 조별 완성본 을 제출하면서 수업에 대한 성취감과 만족감이 높은 것으로 확인되었다.

PURPOSES : In this study, we attempted to derive the optimal operation plan for urban public transportation routes by verifying changes in demand for use according to factors affecting public transportation. METHODS : First, the factors affecting changes in demand for public transportation were drawn. Second, the appropriate areas to be analyzed and their main routes were selected. Third, the basic data required for estimating public transportation traffic demand were collected through transportation card data. Fourth, basic networks and routes in TOVA were established for public transportation assignment. Finally, through traffic assignment, changes in usage demand owing to factors affecting bus routes were verified, and the optical operation plan was derived. RESULTS : Among the three routes selected for analysis, the rearranged B2 route increased by 662 from 6,142 to 6,804 per day, with the largest increase in daily demand. In addition, the number of stops increased with the access time, but there was no change in the average congestion. CONCLUSIONS : Through this study, it is believed that in can be used as the basic data on how to improve bus routes in local governments from the perspective of operators by analyzing the effectiveness of rearranging routes and drawing optimal operation measures.

본 연구의 목적은 안보체험관 운영실태 비교를 통해 나라사랑 교육방안을 모색하는데 있다. 약화되고 있는 국민의 안보의식 수준을 제고하고, 국민들로 하여금 나라사랑정신을 실천하는데 기여할 수 있도록 나라사랑 교육과 체험을 동시에 실시하는 방안을 정립하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 장기적 관점에서 나라사랑 안보체험 및 교육시설 건립방안에 초점을 두고 연구를 진행하면서 중․단기적 관점에서 안보체험교육 활용방안 및 대상별 프로그램설계를 부가적으로 연구하여 정책적 대안을 제시하고자 한다. 첫째, 현재 국내·외에서 실시되고 있는 다양한 안보체험 및 교육시설의 현황과 운영실태를 분석하여 교훈을 도출하고 실행가능한 대안과 방향을 제시하는 데 있다. 둘째, 제시된 대안과 방향을 구체화하여 안보 체험과 교육을 동시에 실시할 수 있는 실행가능한 방안을 제시하는 데 있다. 셋째, 관련 정부부처에서 실행 가능한 방안을 실천하고 적용할 수 있는 대상자별 안보체험 및 교육프로그램을 개발하여 제시함으로써 국민들의 국가안보에 대한 인식의 전환을 유도하고 나라사랑정신을 행동으로 실천할 수 있도록 기여하는 데 있다.

In order to understand basic data for improving the fishing system and fishing vessel structure in coastal improved stow net fishery, a questionnaire survey and on-site hearing were conducted from May 10 to June 11, 2019 to analyze opinions on the improvement of operation status and fishing vessel structure. The questionnaire survey consisted of ten questions on the operation status of coastal improved stow net fishery and six questions on the improvement of fishing vessel structure, and the results of each question were analyzed by the region, the captain’s age, the captain’s career and the age of fishing vessel. As a result of analyzing opinions on the operation status of the coastal improved stow net fishery, it was found that the average time required for casting net was 32.8 to 33.0 minutes and that the average time required for hauling net was 41.0 to 42.2 minutes which took 10 to 12 minutes more than for casting net. The most important work requiring improvement during fishing operation (the first priority) were ‘hauling net operation,’ ‘readjustment and storage of fishing gear,’ and ‘fish handling’ and the hardest factor in fishing management were in the order of ‘reduction of catch,’ ‘labor shortage’ and ‘rising labor costs.’ The most institutional improvement that is most needed in coastal improved stow net fishery was an ‘using fine mesh nets.’ Most of the respondent to the questions on the experience in hiring foreign crews was ‘either hiring or willing to hire foreign crews,’ and the average number of foreign crews employed was found to be 2.3 to 2.4 persons. The most important reason for hiring (or considering employment) foreign crews was ‘high labor costs.’ The degree of communication with foreign crews during fishing operation were ‘moderate’ or ‘difficult to direct work.’ The most important problem in hiring foreign crews (the first priority) was an ‘illegal departure.’ As the survey results on the opinion of structural improvement of coastal improved stow net fishing vessel, the degree of satisfaction with fishing vessel structure related to fishing operation was found to be somewhat unsatisfactory, with an average of 3.3 points on a five-point scale. The inconvenient structure of fishing vessel in possession (the first priority), the space needed most for the construction of new fishing vessel (the first priority) and the space considered important for the construction of new fishing vessel (the first prioprity) was a ‘fish warehouse.’ The most preferred equipment for the construction of new fishing vessel were ‘engine operation monitoring’ and ‘navigation safety devices.’ The average size (tonnage class), the average horse power and the average total length of fishing vessel for proper profit and safety fishing operation was between 13.8 and 14.0 tonnes, 808.3 to 819.5 H.P. and 23.4 to 23.5 meters, respectively. The results of the operation status of coastal improved stow net fishery and the requirement for improving the fishing vessel structure are expected to be provided as basic data for reference when we build or improve the fishing vessel.

이 글은 우리나라 대학 교양수업 중, ‘한자어’와 관련한 ‘원격수업’을 여하히 준비하여 유익하고 효과적인 학업-성취도를 이뤄낼 수 있을지에 초점을 맞추어 서술된 것이다. 다만, 글의 성격 상, 학술적 논의나 혹은 이론적 典據를 제시하여 논증하였다기보다, 실재 필자의 대학 교양수업 사례를 기반으로 작성된 것임을 차제에 밝힌다. 이미 우리나라는 2019년 감사원의 지적에 따라, 〈고등교육법〉 상 대학內 ‘원격수업’을 20%로 제한시켜 놓았다. 이유는 ‘출결 관리 미흡’, ‘고등교육의 질 저하로 인한 학력 격차 우려’, ‘시험 관리 부적절’ 등, 여러 측면에서 다양한 문제점이 야기될 수 있기 때문이었다. 더구나 작년(2020)부터 ‘코로나-팬데믹’으로 인한 비대면(원격) 수업이 점차 확대되면서, 기존의 우려는 필연적 과제만을 남겨놓았고, 교양과 전공을 불문한 채 다양한 강좌에서 다소 결이 다르기는 하나 문제점과 대안들을 내놓게 되었다. 본고는 이러한 상황에 직면하여 대학 교양수업 중 일상에서 자주 사용하는 ‘한자어’와 ‘어휘’를 어떻게 분류·선별하여 가장 효과적인 학습을 진행할 수 있을지를, 실재 수업 사례를 예시로 작성되 었다. 요즘 중·고교 현장 교사들도 학생들의 기초 학력 부재로 인하여 모든 교과마다 학업 성취도가 하락으로 이어지는 악순환이라고 한탄한다. 그러나 이는 대학교육에서도 마찬가지며, 원격수업은 교육의 질을 떨어뜨리는 원인이기도 하다. 이에 필자는 “원격수업은 인터넷 강의가 아님”을 전제하고, “원격수업 설계부터 학습전략, 그리 고 효율적인 운영 방안”을 체계적으로 구성해 보았다. 그리고 교수자가 원격(교양)수업에서 ‘한자어’와 ‘어휘’는 어떻게 선별함으로써 학습자들로부터 관심과 흥미를 이끌 수 있을지에 대하여 언급 해보았다. 그러나 무엇보다도 “교육의 질은 교수자(교사·교수)의 질을 능가할 수 없다”는 명제는 대면수업 이나 원격수업에서도 결코 외면할 수 없음을 인지하여, 교수자와 학습자 간의 ‘소통’이 원격수업의 성패를 가르는 가장 큰 요소임을 강조하는 것으로 글의 결말을 맺었다.

Pilot-scale coagulation and sedimentation processes were operated to investigate the T-P (Total phosphorus) removal efficiency. A multiple regression model was also derived to predict the water quality improvement effect with river water characteristics. The inflow rates for the pilot-scale facility were 157–576 m3/day, and the coagulant doses were in the range of 13.7–58.5 mg/L (average 38.9 mg/L) for PAC (Poly alum chloride) and 16.5–62.1 mg/L (average 36.0 mg/L) for alum. The results found that the influent BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) and T-P concentrations were 4.9 mg/L and 0.115 mg/L, and the removal efficiencies were 52.7% and 59.4%, respectively. T-P removal efficiencies on wet weather days were higher by 10% than dry weather days because influent solids influenced T-P's coagulation process. The pH of river water was 6.9–7.8, and the average pH was 7.3. Although the pH variation was not significant, the trend showed that the treatment efficiency of T-P and PO4-P removal increased. Thus, the pH range considered in this study seems to be appropriate for the coagulation process, which is essential for phosphorous removal. The T-P removal efficiencies were 19.6–93.3% (average 59.2%) for PAC and 16.4–98.5%(average 55.9%) for alum; thus, both coagulants showed similar results. Furthermore, the average coagulant doses were similar at 42.4 mg/L for PAC and 41.3 mg/L for alum. When the T-P concentration of the effluent was compared by the [Al]/[P] ratio, the phosphorus concentration of the treated water decreased with an increasing [Al]/[P] ratio, and the lowest T-P concentration range appeared at the [Al]/[P] ratio of 10–30. A seasonal multiple regression analysis equations were derived from the relationships between 10 independent and dependent variables (T-P concentration of effluent). This study could help lake water quality maintenance, reduce eutrophication, and improve direction settings for urban planning, especially plans related to developing waterfront cities.