The multiplicity of channels and the ubiquitous access to product information represent major service innovations that new technologies have incorporated into the purchase process. This research analyzes how consumer and seller recommendations affect the consumer’s purchase decision and confidence in a multichannel service context based on an online-offline sequence.

Driven by the consumer demand for companies to be socially responsible, companies are increasingly relating their brands to causes and charities in order to accomplish nonprofit objectives and corporate sustainability. In a social marketing campaign, the consumers’ choice of the cause can influence their reactions through the processes of choice. Allowing the consumers to choose the cause may also reinforce their personal role in the donation process, which may result in a better outcome. Further, advertisers are paying increasing attention to the launch of social marketing campaigns via social media, since social media has recently become an essential part of daily life and therefore an imperative venue through which companies connect with consumers. Focusing on the rapidly evolving social media landscape, this study primarily clarifies (1) how choice influences consumers’ perceived interactivity with a social marketing campaign in the social media context, and (2) consumer involvement, as consumers’ individual differences can enhance or limit the effects of a social marketing campaign with choice. Using field experiments, this study investigates the relationships between the consumers’ choice, perceived interactivity, attitude, and purchase intention, and considers the moderating effects of involvement on those relationships. This study’s contributions are that it illuminates (1) the effects of choice on the perceived interactivity of social marketing campaigns in social media contexts, (2) the role of involvement in social marketing campaigns as a moderator, and (3) attitude and purchase intention as outcomes that can facilitate the construction of a theoretical model for social marketing campaigns with choice in the social media context and offer possible implications for advertising practitioners.

한국교회의 성장이 멈추고 사회 속에서 교회에 대한 부정적 견해가 많아지는 오늘날과 같은 때에 한국교회에 새로운 전도법이 강력하게 요청된다. 본 논문은 한국교회의 새로운 전도방법으로서, 선교적 교회론에서 언급되는 성육신적 전도의 한국교회안에서의 적용가능성을 모색하고자 한다. 본 연구는 변화된 상황 속에서 복음의 소통을 위한 변화된 전도법을 제시하고자 시작되었다. 선교적 교회론은 유명한 선교학자 네슬레 뉴비긴의 통찰력에서부터 시작되었다. 그의 통찰력이 더 많은 선교학자들의 관심을 받게 됨으로써, 최근 들어와서 가장 유명한 선교학적 주제가 되었다. 이 논문에서는 선교적 교회론의 시작과 그 주요내용이 무엇인지를 살펴보고, 이에 근거하여, 선교적 교회론이 제공하는 새로운 전도법에 대하여 논한다. 과거의 전통적 교회들이 사람을 불러모으는 전도를 “끌어 들이는 모델”로 이해하는 반면, 선교적 교회론은 전도의 새로운 패러다임을 “성육신적 모델”로 제시한다. 선교적 교회론의 성육신적 전도는 더이상 사람들을 교회로 불러모으는 행위가 아니다. 오히려 전도는 교회로 하여금 그리스도인들을 세상 속으로 보내는 행위이다. 이 교회론에서 전도는 그리스도인으로 하여금 세상에 남아서 소금과 빛이 되는 것 이지, 세상으로부터 떠나는 것이 아니다. 필자는 새로운 전도법이 서구화되어가는 한국사회안에서 진정으로 복음을 소통할 수 있는 방법이라고 확신한다. 이 논문은 새로운 전도법을 개발하기 위하여 새로운 전도의 신학이 필요함을 인식한다. 과거 전도에 대한 논의가 지나치게 방법과 기술에 집중한 나머지, 신학적 근거가 부족한 것이 사실이다. 따라서 본 연구는 성육신적 전도법이 근거가 되는 전도의 신학을 제공하고, 선교적 교회론에 기초한 전도법을 제안하였다. 이어서 본 연구는 지역교회에서 실제적으로 성육신적 전도를 실천하기 위한 구체적 사례를 제시하였다. 부산 근교의 신도시 중 하나인 장유지역에 소재한 장유대성교회는 성육신적 전도를 보여주는 대표적인 사례이다. 이 교회의 모델이 전적으로 성육신적 모델만을 제공하는 것은 아니지만, 기존의 일반교회들이 지나치게 끌어모으는 모델로 전도방법에 집중하는 반면 성육신적 전도모델을 적극 실행함으로써, 성육신적 모델과 끌어모으는 모델의 보다 균형적 접근을 보여준다. 그 결과 반기독교적 정서가 날로 높아지는 오늘날의 한국사회 안에서의 보다 효과적인 새로운 전도법의 단초를 제공하고 있다.

This study was conducted among 120 different breed cows at selected areas of Sirajgonj district from March to July 2010 to compare the reproductive performance of crossbred and Desi cows at farmer’s level. The results showed that the average daily milk yield of Desi, Shahiwal × Desi, Friesian × Desi and Jersey × Desi cows was 2.3 ± 0.2, 4.9 ± 0.9, 6.0 ± 1.0 and 5.7 ± 0.9 liters, respectively. The milk yield of crossbred cows (5.5 ± 0.6 liters/day) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than Desi cows (2.3 ± 0.2 liters/day). The average age at puberty of Shahiwal × Desi, Friesian × Desi and Jersey × Desi was significantly (p<0.01) lower than that of Desi breed. The crossbred cows had significantly (p<0.01) lower pubertal age (20.4 ± 1.2) than Desi (25.9 ± 1.1). The age at first calving in Desi cows was significantly (p<0.01) higher (37.6 ± 1.1 months) than crossbred cows (31.2 ± 1.3 months). The average gestation length of Desi, Shahiwal × Desi, Friesian × Desi and Jersey × Desi was 289.9 ± 1.4, 285.0 ± 0.0, 285.0 ± 4.2 and 282.1 ± 2.4 days, respectively. It is suggested that the overall reproductive performance of Friesian × Desi, Jersey × Desi and Shahiwal × Desi cows were better than that of Desi cow.

Learning a language is an interesting topic to be discussed between linguists. Its existence as a means of communication makes language play an important role in people’s lives. Universal grammar, cultural context and English as a global language are some of the topics that have been researched. Universal grammar (UG) is a principle of language applied in communication. Then, there is a tendency that language shares similarities with culture. It means that when people learn a language, inevitably they also learn about its culture. How a person expresses something to others is an example that shows language is interrelated with culture. The existence of a language also has a relationship to the power of ideology that a language has. How much power a language has will determine how many people use the language. As English is a very powerful language, English is spoken in many countries and there has been a need for people to communicate with other nations.

The Philippine claim to Bajo de Masinloc, otherwise referred to as Scarborough Shoal, finds solid basis in international law. The territorial claim of the Philippines over Bajo de Masinloc is strong relative to the claim of China as well as with respect to the principles on the acquisition of territory in international law, in particular, on the basis of effective occupation. The sovereign rights and jurisdiction asserted by the Philippines over the maritime entitlements of the features in Bajo de Masinloc are founded on principles of international law and consistent with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which both the Philippines and China have signed and ratified. This paper aims to examine the Philippine claim over Bajo de Masinloc particularly focusing on the 2012 standoff between the Philippines and China and the arbitration case filed by the Philippines against China over the West Philippine Sea.

When communicative language teaching (CLT) was first developed in the 1970s, it was widely seen as the definitive response to the shortcomings of previous approaches and the communication needs of a globalized world. As such, it was exported enthusiastically over the world as a ready-to-use package of ideas and techniques. From the outset, however, there was no clear consensus about its nature,and teachers experienced difficulty in defining and implementing it. There is now a widespread view that teachers need to adapt CLT to suit specific contexts. CLT cannot now be defined in terms of precise characteristics but serves rather as an umbrella term for approaches that aim to develop communicative competence through personally meaningful learning experiences. In this spirit, we should aim to develop principles which help each teacher to develop a form of communication-oriented language teaching (COLT) suited to his or her own specific context.

Aiming to examine the understanding of the foreign social service and religio-culture of the Korean religious organizations, the article analyzes the foreign social services of the American religious organizations and those of the Korean religious organizations comparatively, which have been practiced in Cambodia. Further the article compares how the Korean faith-based organizations understand the religio-culture among the cross-cultural social services in Cambodia with how the American faith-based organizations understand that in Cambodia. The research on the understandings is achieved through 3 methodological tools: critical method of literatures, visiting and surveying offices and field sites, and interviews with the persons in charge of the organizations. First, the article starts with discussing the religio-cultural context in Cambodia of which Theravada Buddhism has dominated lives of the people historically. Also Cambodian authority for the NGO/CSOs including Christian organizations and the NGO Forum on Cambodia are analyzed to impose requirements on the international NGOs. Second, the research discusses the theological policies to understand the religio-culture among the cross-cultural social services of the 7 Christian NGOs in the U. S. such as AFSC, CRS, CRWRC, CWS, MCC, MKLM, WVI which have maintained different traditions. Third, the article deals with the religious policies for understanding the religio-cultural social services of the 7 Korean religious organizations such as Catholic OBOS, Dail Community, Korea Food for the Hungry International, World Vision Korea, Buddhist JTS, Buddhist Goodhands, Won-buddhist NGO. Most of the Korean organizations show that they do not keep the policies to the cross-cultural issues. Fourth and Conclusively, the article compares the characteristics of the policies of the American FBOs with those of the Korean FBOs. Briefly speaking, the former focuses on the humanitarian and development issues as the NGO do, however the latter keep no policies, which are oriented to mission works to expand their religious identity. Therefore the Korean FBOs are asked to arrange theological or religious policies to be open to other religions and cultures. Inclusive of other religio-cultures the FBOs may do their mission-oriented development works. CRWRC can be a good model for Korean FBOs to contribute to exercising the holistic perspective development mission.

The computation of saliency from an image and a video is an interesting challenge in image processing and computer vision. Context-aware saliency, which addresses the saliency based on the geometric structure of an image, is known as one of the most powerful schemes for computing saliency. An obstacle of the context-aware scheme is the heavy computation load. We reduce the computational load in a great scale by applying the dart throwing algorithm, which is a widely used stochastic noise generation scheme in computer graphics society.

본 연구에서는 스포츠사진이 언론매체를 통해 보도되는 여성이미지의 젠 더의 맥락성과 이데올로기를 연구하려 하였다. 이를 위해 2012년 런던올 림픽 경기 기간에 종합 일간지와 스포츠신문의 보도된 사진을 분석하고 사진의 제 목을 통해 언어적으로 묘사하고 있는 사진에 대해서 해석하고 텍스트분석을 시도 하였다. 또한 올림픽기간에 스포츠 사진이 가지는 특성과 성 불평등 및 여성이미 지를 규명하려 하였으며, 이를 위하여 보도사진의 의미와 특성을 분석하는데 목적 이 있다. 연구결과 스포츠 사진이 언론매체에 에로티시즘과 성 상품화을 통한 마케팅이 이루어지고 있으며, 선정성과 결합된 인간의 지적요구의 일정인 에로티시즘이 나 타났다. 여성스포츠나 여성 운동선수의 운동행위보다는 특정 신체부위나 복장 등 을 강조하는 사소화(trivalization)나 성격이 아닌 미모 등 스포츠와 무관한 특성에 기사의 초점을 맞춤으로써 스포츠 장면에서의 의미를 축소하는 한계화 (marginalization)가 이루어지는 방식, 여성 운동선수의 신체를 성 상품화 (sexualization)하는 방식으로 나타났다. 스포츠 사진에 함축된 이데올로기는 과감 한 노출 사진을 통해 성 상품화를 강조한 기사의 제목과 내용을 통해 볼거리를 제 공한다. 또한 여성의 우는 모습을 통해 여성의 나약함과 함께 성적 차이를 강화시 켜 여성 나약함을 표현되는 경우가 많음을 알 수 있었다.

Hendrik Kraemer (18881965) was one of the outstanding Christian thinkers and activists in the 20th century. He studied linguistics and relgions in University of Leiden, Netherlands, and Islam and Arabic in University of Al Azhar, Egypt. After acquiring those academic training, he went to Indonesia to help translating Alkitab, the Indonesian Bible. In 1937 Kraemer came back to Netherlands and became a professor of comparative religion in University of Leiden. After spending 10 years in there, he was appointed as the first director of the Ecumenical Institute in Bossey near Geneva. In his latter years (19561957) he was invited from Union Theological Seminary in New York as a guest lecture. The most significant contribution of Kraemer is to define the meaning of revelation of God in relation to other religions. He insisted that God is only and perfectly revealed himself in Jesus Christ according to the Bible. Any other religion or philosophy cannot influence to the revelation of God at all. This is the basic concept of Biblical Realism. Christianity is clearly distinguished from other religions, but simultaneously Kraemer warned a superiority of Christianity over them. Kraemer claimed that the nature of church is both mission and diakonia. In and through missionary activity church reveals her reason for existence. Church should be “WorldCentered” rather than “Being ChurchCentered.” If she mainly emphasizes her own organization instead of ‘World,’ it is a betrayal of calling. In that sense, the role of lay people is crucial. According to Kraemer, the definition of lay people is different. They are not a group of people who contrast to ordained pastors, but a chosen people of God. As a lay person, Kraemer paid attention to roles of them in relation to mission in Islamic context. They should participate in the mission of God in everyday and everyplace.

본 논문은 현재 한국에서 논란이 되고 있는 게임등급심의제의 현황을 객관적으로 살펴볼 수 있도록 역사적 제도주의의 관점에서 게임선도국인 미국과 일본, 그리고 한국의 게임등급심의제를 둘러싼 제도의 맥락을 연구한 것이다. 제도는 그 나라의 정치, 경제, 사회적 맥락과 역사 안에서 성립된다. 각 나라의 게임제도는 고유의 맥락을 가진 제도를 가지기 때문에, 맥락이 다른 국가와의 제도를 일률적으로 비교하기 보다는 각국에 대한 깊이 있는 환경연구가 필요하다.

This study examines the relationship between students’ perceptions of learning contexts and motivation to learn English in Korea. Three categories of contexts were operationalized: the transnational context as learners’ international interest including study-abroad desires, the national context as awareness of English learning to prepare for CSAT (College Scholastic Ability Test) and their classroom experience as the last category. A total of 433 high school students were assessed on measures of L2 learning goals, perception of contexts, self-reported L2 proficiency and motivational intention in the questionnaire, followed by focal participants’ interviews and essays. The statistical analyses show that transitional and classroom categories are statistically correlated with motivational intention. However, the national context is negatively correlated with actual motivation. Multiple regression analyses found that the transnational category is the best predictor for motivational intention, while the national category involves the least significant predictor. The students’ classroom experience is also a meaningful, milder than transnational, predictor. Synthesized results of both quantitative and qualitative data suggest that L2 motivation is more of a sociolinguistic construct that should be construed in relation to multiple social contexts. Findings also suggest Dörnyei’s (2005, 2009) notion of the ideal L2 self can better explain the complexity of L2 learning motivation, whereby the integrative-instrumental dichotomy loses its explanatory power.

Some Western Christians treat dreams as merely psychological phenomena, feeling that dream revelation would seem to be unnecessary under the influence of western perspectives on dreams. Another problem is that too often missionaries treat those who claim to have encountered supernatural beings through the medium of visions or dreams as having active imaginations or as dabbling in the demonic, especially in Asia, Africa, especially Middle East where the islamic influence is dominant. However, dreams and visions are biblical and play an important part in life for people in the Two-Thirds World. God speaks through dreams and visions to convert sinners even today, because many of the unreached are beyond the reach of the gospel and because much of the world is illiterate, dreams and visions may serve to fulfill missio Dei. Thus this study draws out several missiological implications through the comparison between the Biblical perspectives and popular Islam's on the dreams. First, be open to dreams as a mean of communication with God. Second, Encourage dreams in mission field such as Islamic area where the dream influence is dominant. Third, introduce Christian dream interpretation or interpreters into Christian world. Fourth, include the area of dreams in the course of training for minsters as well as missionaries. Fifth, remember that there can be some delay in dream interpretation and sometimes limitation in understanding. Sixth, put the Bible as the exclusive medium of special revelation, whereas dreams and visions are at best only supplementary and secondary. New converts must learn to examine their dreams and visions in the light of Scripture. When we go back to the Bible, and allow the dream as a mean of God's salvific communication, the missionaries who work in the Islamic territories with the holistic biblical perspectives on the matter of dreams will experience God's visible work more abundantly in their missions.

본 논문은 낭만주의 시대에 빈번하게 활용된 반음계적 어법 중에서 딸림화음이나 감7화음 등이 이명동음을 통하여 연속적으로 나타나면서 만들어진 반음계적 전조를 슈베르트의 피아노 소나타들을 통해 살펴보았다. 이명동음에 의해 만들어지는 화음들은 동일한 음향을 가지지만, 서로 다른 해결음으로 진행하여 다른 기능을 하는 화음으로 역할이 바뀜으로써 반음계적 전조(단2도, 증5도)를 만들어 낸다. 이러한 이명동음의 사용은 딸림화음의 앞에 출현하여 중개화음의 역할을 함으로써 딸림화음을 강조하며, 궁극적으로는 새로운 조를 유도해 내는 전환점이 된다. 또한 슈베르트의 피아노 소나타 주요 부분(제1주제, 경과부, 발전부, 재현부, 곡의 끝부분)의 마지막 부분에 이명동음이 활용되면서 구조음으로의 진행을 유도해 낸다.옥타브 균등 분할(단3도)에 의한 진행에서도 이명동음이 활용되는데, 딸림7화음에서 시작해 단3도 상행전조에 의한 딸림7화음의 연속적 진행을 만들지만, 다시금 처음의 딸림7화음으로 돌아오게 함으로서 딸림화음 영역을 확장하는 역할에 활용되고 있다.

The aim of this paper was to examine the knowledge of Korean students about English relative clauses in both contextualized and decontextualized situations. To this end, a study was conducted in which fifty college students of EFL participated as subjects, and data were collected by means of three methods: elicited imitation task, composition and conversation. The findings of the study indicated that subjects’ performance on comprehension and production tasks was affected by grammatical positions on which relativization occurs in relative clause. It was also shown that their performance was influenced by position of head noun in matrix clause that relative clause modifies. Based on the results of the study, two sets of ordering (i.e., the accuracy order of comprehension and the frequency order of production) in which a variety of types of relative clauses were understood and used in contextualized and decontextualized situations were offered to describe and explain the Korean learners’ performance on L2 relative clauses.

Multi-criteria ABC inventory classification is one of the most widely employed techniques for efficient inventory control, and it considers more than one criterion for categorizing inventory items into groups of different importance. Recently, Ramanathan