The effect of PEMFC trapezoidal channel wall contact angle on water removal characteristics is investigated with the volume of fluid (VOF) method. Two different contact angles 60 and 90 degrees are selected. In the case of the side and top wall contact angle of 60 degrees, stable semi-spherical droplets move along the top wall slowly. In contrast, complex shaped droplets move along the lower edge in the case of 90 degrees. Moreover, it is shown that very complex interaction patterns between different droplets which introduced into the channel at different times.

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is applied to study the behavior of liquid droplet inside a PEMFC gas channel. To validate the fluid-fluid interaction model, the relationship between the pressure jump across the interface and the bubble radius is investigated for a static bubble to confirm the Laplace’s law. To evaluate the fluid-solid interaction model, static contact angle is calculated by changing the interaction parameter. Also, a constant gravitational force is applied to study the temporal evolution of liquid droplet placed on the bottom wall in a three dimensional periodic channel.

본 연구에서는 KVLCC2의 파랑 중 부가저항과 운동을 Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) 방법과 3차원 포텐셜법을 이용하여 추정하였다. 수치해석은 3가지 선박속도(설계, 운항, 정지 속도)에서 다양한 파랑조건에서의 선박의 부가저항 및 수직운동(상하 및 종 동요 응답)의 추정에 대해 수행되었다. 첫째, CFD와 3차원 포텐셜 방법을 이용하여 규칙파에서의 선박속도와 파랑조건에 따른 선박의 부가저항과 운동을 추정하고 실험값과의 비교를 통해 두 수치 해석법의 특징을 살펴보았다. 둘째, CFD를 이용한 선박의 속도별 비정상 파형 분포와 선박의 부가저항 및 운동의 시간이력에 대해 해석하였다. 수치 격자계에 대한 수렴도를 확인하였고 수치계산과 모형시험 결과를 비교하여 사용한 수치 기법들을 체계적으로 검증 하였다. 이를 통해 본 연구에 적용된 수치해석법들의 신뢰성과 선속변화에 따른 파랑 중 부가저항과 선박의 수직운동에 대한 관계를 확인하였다.

The MLCC electronic materials are used to make many industrial parts, for instance, such as smart phone, radio, LCD TV and so on. The screen ways and the rotor ways are known as methods that form electrode in MLCC. In these days, rotor ways have been frequently utilized because of its stability of quality. In this study, mixing characteristics for the inside of barrel of planetary mixer driver were investigated by numerical analysis using k-ε model of unsteady state, including effects for rotation and revolution. As the results, it showed that the flow of radius direction was mixed with regular pattern depending on time, however, the flow of longitudinal direction was mixed with same pattern regardless of time.

동조액체감쇠기(TLD)는 에너지 소산장치로써 구조물의 동적응답을 제어하기 위해 개발되었다. TLD는 풍하중에 의한 구조물의 응답을 제어에 매우 효과적임을 보여줬다. 그러나 TLD가 설치된 구조물의 지진응답의 제어에 대해서는 충분한 연구가 이뤄지지 않았다. 이 연구의 목적은 TLD가 설치된 구조물에 여러 동조비와 질량비를 대입하여 지진에 대한 TLD의 성능을 도출하는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 위해, 수치해석 연구가 실시되며, 다른 토양 조건 또한 고려되었다. 그 결과 지진하중에 대한 TLD의 성능은 구조물의 고유주기, 감쇠비에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 또한 TLD의 동조비 다르게 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

This study aims to observe the wind load characteristics around two-dimensional rotor blade of small wind turbine under high wind speed. The CFD analysis on the blade shape of NACA-4418 is performed to understand the wind load(i.e., drag and lift coefficient). In the results, the drag and lift coefficient were estimated to be 0.013, 0.44, respectively, at the wind speed 35m/s(wind speed at the height of wind tower, z=70m) and angle of attack 3°. By using the lift, drag coefficient and the appropriate assumption of the blade length, the number of blade and the tip speed ratio(TSR), the proper blade shape was obtained. On the base of this basic study, various conditions for Reynolds number and aerodynamic analysis including angle of attack according to parametric test need to study more in the future. Also assessment for the blade need to study safety on wind pressure coefficient and distribution according to wind characteristics.

본 연구에서는 고체추진기관의 2차원 축대칭 FSI 해석에서 CSS 및 ISS 기법의 수치 안정성을 고찰하였다. 이를 위하여 CSS 및 ISS 기법을 2차원 축대칭 FSI 수치해석 알고리즘에 구현한 프로그램을 작성하고, 이를 ACM 및 BCM 고체추진기관의 복합거동 해석에 사용하였다. 해석 결과들을 비교 분석하여 ISS 기법이 고체추진기관 FSI 해석의 수치 안정성 개선에 효과적인지 검토하였다. 연구결과, ISS 기법을 적용한 FSI 해석은 시스템 시간간격이 작아질수록 수치적 수렴성을 보이며, CSS 기법과 다르게 시간이 진행되어도 수치해의 진동이 발산하지 않는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통하여 ISS 기법을 사용하면 ACM 및 BCM의 FSI 해석에 CSS 기법을 이용할 시 나타나는 수치 불안정성을 개선할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

이 논문에서는 벽체의 형상(평면벽체, 곡면벽체) 및 벽체에 도입된 긴장력이 충돌저항성능에 미치는 영향을 수치해석적 기법을 사용하여 평가하고자 하였다. 벽체의 곡률 및 긴장력 도입률을 변수로 총 12 케이스의 충돌해석을 수행하였으며, 충돌체로는 상용 민항기엔진의 3차원 상세모델을 사용하였다. 충돌저항성능을 평가하기 위해 관입깊이와 벽체 중앙부 후면의 최대 변위를 비교하였다. 긴장력의 도입에 의해 관입깊이는 약 60∼80% 수준으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났으나, 후면 변위는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 벽체 형상에 따른 차이는 상대적으로 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다.

The present study used the hydrodynamic numerical model, with the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) as its governing equations, to analyze overflow characteristics such as the discharge coefficient of circular-crested weir and the flow velocity and pressure distribution of weir crest. The simulation results well reproduced the overflow characteristics of the overfall of circular-crested weir both qualitatively and quantitatively. As for the discharge coefficient, rational results were yielded by the discharge coefficient equation proposed by Hager(1985) in the H1/Rb< 0.58 and by the discharge coefficient equation proposed by Samani and Bagheri(2014) in the H1/Rb> 0.58, respectively. Because most existing discharge coefficient equations were developed by disregarding the effects of the approach velocity, when they are applied, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of the approach velocity on the overflow head beforehand.

PURPOSES : The applicability of the mechanics-based similarity concept (suggested by Feng et al.) for determining scaled variables, including length and load, via laboratory-scale tests and discrete element analysis, was evaluated. METHODS: Several studies on the similarity concept were reviewed. The exact scaling approach, a similarity concept described by Feng, was applied in order to determine an analytical solution of a free-falling ball. This solution can be considered one of the simplest conditions for discrete element analysis. RESULTS : The results revealed that 1) the exact scaling approach can be used to determine the scale of variables in laboratory tests and numerical analysis, 2) applying only a scale factor, via the exact scaling approach, is inadequate for the error-free replacement of small particles by large ones during discrete element analysis, 3) the level of continuity of flowable materials such as SCC and cement mortar seems to be an important criterion for evaluating the applicability of the similarity concept, and 4) additional conditions, such as the kinetics of particle, contact model, and geometry, must be taken into consideration to achieve the maximum radius of replacement particles during discrete element analysis. CONCLUSIONS : The concept of similarity is a convenient tool to evaluate the correspondence of scaled laboratory test or numerical analysis to physical condition. However, to achieve excellent correspondence, additional factors, such as the kinetics of particles, contact model, and geometry, must be taken into consideration.

입자의 확산을 모사하는 Lagrangian 기반의 HYSPLIT과 PUFF 모형을 이용하여 화산재의 확산 해석을 수행하였다. 미국의 스퍼와 리다우트 화산은 각각 1992년과 2009년에 폭발성 분화가 발생하여 화산재가 광범위하게 확산되었다. 이 때 발생한 공기 중에 부유하는 미세입자와 퇴적되는 화산재로 인해 공항이 폐쇄되고 통신 교란이 발생하는 피해가 발생하였다. 또한, 인도네시아의 켈루트 화산은 최근까지 활발한 활동을 하고 있으며 1919년과 2014년의 대분화로 인해 인명피해가 속출하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 입자 확산 모형을 이용하여 이와 같이 화산재로 인해 피해가 발생하는 영향범위와 경로를 분석하였다. 수치 계산의 신뢰성을 평가하기 위해서 다중 수치 모형으로 예측된 화산재의 확산 범위와 실측치에 의한 확산 경로를 비교하여 검증하였다. 또한, 화산재가 영향을 미치는 범위를 평가한 결과 HYSPLIT과 PUFF 모형의 확산 분포는 70% 내외로 일치하는 것을 확인하였다.

The heat transfer characteristics of a louver fin for a radiator are numerically analyzed to investigate the performance of radiator for automotive. The commercial code FLUENT is utilized to simulate a louver fin to analyze both the flow fields of air and the solid region of lover fin. The numerical analysis is performed with the variation of air mass flow rate. The results show that as mass flow rate increases, louver fin efficiency is nearly constant. The correlation of the average Nu is derived. The results of numerical study is useful in louvered fin design.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to develop a method for improving the accuracy of analysis results obtained from a twodimensional (2-D) numerical analysis model of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). METHODS: The analysis results from the 2-D numerical model of CRCP are compared with those from more rigorous three-dimensional (3- D) models of CRCP, and the relationships between the results are recognized. In addition, the numerical analysis results are compared with the results obtained from field experiments. By performing these comparisons, the calibration factors used for the 2-D CRCP model are determined. RESULTS : The results from the comparisons between 2-D and 3-D CRCP analyses show that with the 2-D CRCP model, concrete stresses can be overestimated significantly, and crack widths can either be underestimated or overestimated by a slight margin depending on the assumption of plane stress or plane strain. The behaviors of crack width in field measurements are comparable to those obtained from the numerical model of CRCP. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of analysis results from the 2-D CRCP model can be improved significantly by applying calibration factors obtained from comparisons with 3-D analyses and field experiments.

Permanent deformation plays a key role in performance based earthquake resistant design. In order to estimate permanent deformation after earthquake, it is essential to secure reliable response history analysis(RHA) as well as earthquake scenario. This study focuses on permanent deformation of an inverted T-type wall under earthquake. The study is composed of two separate parts. The first one is on the verification of RHA and the second one is on an effect of input earthquake motion. The former is discussed in this paper and the latter in the companion paper. The verification is conducted via geotechnical dynamic centrifuge test in prototype scale. Response of wall stem, ground motions behind the wall obtained from RHA matched pretty well with physical test performed under centrifugal acceleration of 50g. The rigorously verified RHA is used for parametric study to investigate an effect of input earthquake motion selection in the companion paper.