본 연구에서는 자연발증 인슐린 의존성 당뇨병 모델동물인 Non-obese diabetic(NOD) 마우스에게 naringin 보충이 당대사 개선에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 암컷 NOD 마우스는 정상식이를 섭취한 대조군과 정상식이에 0.02%(w/w)의 naringin 보충식이를 급여한 실험군으로 나누어 11주간 자유식과 자유급수를 통해 사육하였다. naringin 보충은 식이섭취량에는 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았으나 당뇨로 인한 체중감량, 혈당상승 및 사망을 억제시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 내당능을 개선시키고 혈중 인슐린과 C-peptide 농도를 증가시키는 반면 혈중 글루카곤 농도를 감소시켰다. 흥미롭게도 혈중 인슐린과 글루카곤 농도 변화와 일치되게 췌장 인슐린의 단백질 발현이 naringin 보충에 의해 증가하는 반면 췌장 글루카곤의 단백질 발현은 감소하였다. 또한 naringin은 간조직에서 당신생효소인 glucose-6-phosphatase와 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 활성도를 감소시킴과 동시에 당이용에 관여하는 glucokinase 활성도와 glycogen 함량을 증가시켰다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 naringin은 자연발증 제1형 당뇨동물의 췌장 α-세포와 β-세포를 보호함으로써 혈중 인슐린과 글루카곤 농도를 유지하고 이로써 간조직의 당신생을 억제하고 당이용을 증가시켜 당뇨로 인한 혈당 상승을 억제시키는 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 naringin은 향후 당뇨병 예방 및 개선용 건강기능성식품 및 신약의 소재로 이용될 수 있는 적절한 phytochemical 화합물이라 판단된다.

The oocyte undergoes various events during maturation and requires many substances for the maturation process. Various intracellular organelles are also involved in maturation of the oocyte. During the process glucose is essential for nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, and adenosine triphosphate is needed for reorganization of the organelles and cytoskeleton. If mitochondrial function is lost, several developmental defects in meiotic chromosome segregation and maturation cause fertilization failure. The endoplasmic reticulum, a store for Ca2+, releases Ca2+ into the cytoplasm in response to various cellular signaling molecules. This event stimulates secretion of hormones, growth factors and antioxidants in oocyte during maturation. Also, oocyte nuclear maturation is stimulated by growth factors such as epidermal growth factor. This review summarizes roles of organelles with focus on the Golgi apparatus during maturation in oocyte.

Terfenadine (TFN) was a second generation histamine receptor antagonist. Although several studies have reported the regulatory effect of H1-histamine receptor antagonists in human cancer cell lines, its effect in oral cancer remains unclear. In this study, we focused on addressing the anti-cancer activity of TFN in human oral cancer cell lines. The anti-cancer activities of TFN were performed by tryphan blue exclusion assay, 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, live/dead assay and Western blot analysis. TFN induced a significant reduction of the growth in three different human oral cancer cell lines (MC3, HSC4 and Ca9.22). TFN markedly induced apoptosis through DNA damage and increase in cytotoxicity. It also accumulated cleaved PARP and caspase 3. This process was due to cleavage of caspase 8 and Bid protein. The results from this study strongly demonstrated that the cleavages of caspase 8 and Bid are required for the apoptotic activity of TFN in human oral cancer cells. Taken together, these findings suggest TFN as a potent anticancer drug candidate for the treatment of oral cancer.

Cotton aphid infests more than 700 plants and a major pest of various horticultural crops worldwide. The glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a member of heat shock protein 70. Its expression is associated with the nutritional changes as well as environmental stresses. The full sequences of grp78 cDNA of Aphis gossypii was determined. It had conserved motifs of hsp genes and terminated in KDEL which is common to GRP78. Quantitative realtime PCR showed that its level was changed during development and also upregulated by starvation. However, its level was not much changed by heat stress. The level of grp78 can be use to understand nutritional physiology on insects.

동등생물의약품이란 백신, 항체, 호르몬, 효소 와 같이 생물체에서 유래된 것을 원료로 하는 의 약품인 생물의약품의 복제약을 의미한다. 생물의 약품의 임상에서의 사용이 많아지면서 의약품 시 장에서의 비중이 커지고 있고 그에 따라 동등생물 의약품에게도 관심이 커지고 있다. 이런 시점에서 미국에서는 2010년 생물의약품 가격경쟁 및 혁 신법(BPCIA)을 통해 동등생물의약품에 대한 규 제를 확립하였고 한국에서도 2009년 동등생물의 약품 평가 가이드라인이 배포되었다. 한국에서는 평가 규정을 제외한 규정은 소분자 합성의약품과 구별 없이 약사법에 의해 규제를 받 고 있고 미국의 제도와 비교하였을 때 대체가능 동등생물의약품이 정의되지 않은 점, 대조약의 판 매독점권 기간이 짧은 점 등이 동등생물의약품의 특성을 고려하지 못하였다고 생각된다. 허가-특허 연계제도에서는 한국에서는 대조약이 처음 허가 받을 때 관련 특허를 등재하는 특 허목록이 존재하고 이 목록에 등재된 특허를 대상 으로 특허 소송이 이루어지는데 반해 미국에서는 사전에 대조약 제공인이 등재하는 특허목록이 존 재하지 않고 동등생물의약품 신청인과 대조약 제 공인 사이의 관련 특허 목록 교환을 통해 합의하 게 된다. 양국의 허가-특허 연계제도는 이밖에도 동등생물의약품 허가 신청 통지 대상, 소송 대상 이 되는 특허, 대조약 제공인이 신청 가능한 판매 제한 조치의 유무 같은 부분에서 차이를 보이지만 대조약 제공인과 동등생물의약품 신청인 사이의 균형을 유지하려는 목적은 동일하다고 생각된다. 생물의약품은 소분자 합성의약품과 비교하였 을 때 특성이 더 복잡하여 동일한 특성의 복제약 의 제조가 더 어렵다. 이런 점을 고려하여 국민의 건강과 국내 제약산업의 성장에 도움이 되도록 동 등생물의약품에 대한 한국의 제도를 개선해야 한 다고 생각된다.

정보통신 기술과 건강관리에 대한 관심이 증대 됨에 따라 모바일 헬스 산업의 발전이 이루어지며 의료관련 모바일 앱들의 개발이 활발하게 이루어 지고 있다. 의료관련 모바일 앱의 규제방법을 알 리기 위해 미국의 식품의약품안정청과 우리나라 의 식품의약품안정처에서는 모바일 의료용 앱 지 침을 공개하였고, 미국의 경우, 지침에 대한 여러 논의와 개정제안이 이루어졌는데 의료관련 모바 일 앱의 규제 강화 혹은 완화에 초점이 맞추어져 있었다. 양국의 지침과, 의료관련 모바일 앱의 사 례를 통해 의료관련 모바일 앱의 시판후 감시 또 한 중요하고 개선이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 의료관련 모바일 앱을 위한 품질관리 기준이 마련 되어야 하며, 의료관련 모바일 앱을 위한 별도의 모바일 앱 스토어 개발과 모바일 앱 스토어의 리 뷰시스템을 활용한 감시가 도움이 될 것이다.

Klotho (KL) is a single transmembrane protein composed of KL1 and KL2 repeats possessing β-glucuronidase activity and maintains calcium homeostasis in physiological state. It has been implicated in pigs that calcium is important for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, and our previous study has shown that transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6 (TRPV6), a calcium ion transporter, is predominantly expressed in the uterine endometrium during pregnancy in pigs. However, expression and function of KL in the uterine endometrium has not been determined in pigs. Thus, the present study determined expression and regulation of KL in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in pigs. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of KL mRNA decreased between Days 12 to 15 of the estrous cycle, and its expression showed a biphasic manner during pregnancy. KL mRNA was expressed in conceptuses and in chorioallantoic tissues during pregnancy. Explant culture study showed that expression levels of KL were not affected by treatment of steroid hormones or interleukin-1beta during the implantation period. Furthermore, levels of KL mRNA in the uterine endometrium from gilts carrying somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)- derived embryos were significantly lower than those from gilts carrying natural mating-derived embryos on Day 12 of pregnancy. These results exhibited that KL was expressed at the maternal-conceptus interface in a pregnancy statusand stage-specific manner, and its expression was affected by SCNT procedure, suggesting that KL may play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in pigs.

Several Mites are currently the most serious threat to the world bee industry. The ectoparasitic honey bee mites was originally confined to the Asian honey bee(Apis cerana etc.). Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps clareae has plagued European honey bees, Apis mellifera. Differences in mite tolerance are reported between two honey bee species A. mellifera and A. cerana. We were amplified antimicrobial peptide cDNA genes (Defencin, Abaecin, Royalisin, Apidaecin and Hymenoptaecin) by RT-PCR. We explored the transcriptional response to mite parasitism in A. mellifera 4th instars larvae which differ in susceptibility to V. destructor and T. clareae, comparing parasitized and non-parasitized 4th instars larvae (worker and Drone) from same hive. Differential gene expression of worker bees and Drone bees induced by mites (V. destructor and T. clareae) infection was investigated by northern blot. Mites (V. destructor and T. clareae) parasitism caused changes in the expression of genes related to sex distinction. Bees tolerant to mites (V. destructor and T. clareae) were mainly characterized by differences in the expression of genes regulating antimicrobial gene expression. It provides a first step toward better understanding molecular expression involved in this differential sex distinction host-parasite relationship. We were detected bee virus in A. mellifera, comparing parasitized and non-parasitized 4th instars larvae (worker and Drone). Therefore, this result was demonstrated that mites were another possible route of horizontal transmission, as several viruses were detected in mites and their hosts.

Slips and falls are associated with many public injuries in Korea. It is also estimated that slipping are major contributors to slip, trip and fall injury burden. The primary purpose of the present study is to determine if, and to what extent, the standard could be improved in present environment. In order to fulfill our objective, the regulations in Korea and foreign countries were investigated and reviewed. Many kind of standard, mandatory documents and guideline were also reviewed. And then, regulations, standard, guideline etc. reviewed were compared with each others. Also, some criteria was developed in this study. Standard and criteria developed in this study will help to prevent slip, trip, and fall injuries.

중국의 해양환경오염은 날로 심각해져 가고 있다 최근에 들어 근해해양의 환경오염이 복합오염의 새로운 추세를 보이고 있으며 주로 산업화가 고도로 발달된 중대형 도시와 주요 경제자유구역 인근해역에 분포되어 있다 이러한 상태는 경제발전에 따라 더욱 심화되어 인근해역의 생태계를 파괴하고 식품안전을 위협하며 나아가 경제발전을 저해하는 결과를 가져왔다 특히 년 월에 열린 양회 즉 전국정치협상회의 이하 정협으로 칭한다 제 기 전국위원회 제 차 회의 및 제 기 전국인민대표대회 이하 전인대로 칭한다 제 차 회의에서 환경보호정책과 환경법의 개정에 관한 사항을 집중조명하였으며 중국정부는 환경오염문제가 당면한 최대 시급한 과제임을 인식하고 대기오염을 중점으로 수자원 해양 토양 생태 등 환경오염방지를 위해 기존 규제의 집행강도를 높일 의지를 보였다 따라서 중국정부는 환경법상의 무위반행위에 대한 행정상 제재를 강화함으로써 그 실효성을 확보할 것으로 예상된다 이러한 맥락에서 중국 해양환경보호법상 행정제재의 의미와 특징에 대해 살펴보고 구체적인 행정제재의 문제점과 한계를 해양환경보호의 효과적 집행력 확보라는 측면에서 분석함으로써 향후의 개선방향을 제시하고자 한다 아울러 중국의 해양환경보호법상 행정적 제재의 특징 및 문제점에 대한 분석을 통하여 한국의 해양환경정책 및 법제도 설정에 조력하고자 한다

This research compares the nature and effectiveness of different approaches to alcohol marketing regulation in Europe using the cases of UK and France. Both countries have well-established yet contrasting regulatory frameworks. This paper provides an analysis of the French (Loi Evin) & UK (ASA/CAP & PORTMAN GROUP) codes of alcohol marketing control. We critique the structure in the regulatory processes of each country in specific relation to the control alcohol marketing. Our research provides much needed insights into the relative merits and demerits of different regulatory systems in terms of codes of practice self-regulation, and alcohol marketing legislation. The findings are important in terms of policy and practical implications for alcohol marketers, regulators, health organizations and consumers.

Antitrust deals with the competitive consequences of conduct by firms in the market. Marketing places emphasis on understanding how firms compete from individual perspective; by studying the thinking and motivations of managers and purchase preferences of consumers. As an academic discipline marketing aims to describe and predict the performance of companies engaged in exchange to reach organizational goals (Gundlach, Phillips, & Desrochers, 2002). For antitrust, the complementary nature of marketing's constitutes in providing a basis for understanding the nature of competitive conduct and the welfare of consumers. The influence of antitrust on marketing strategy raises many concerns. There is a strand of literature investigating how the antitrust law perceives different marketing activities. Many common marketing practices are coming under greater scrutiny from regulators, antitrust lawyers and scholars. It is essential for companies to understand how that will affect competition. When considering marketing issues such as distribution policy, product line extension, enhancing the company’s positive image, they may not realize the increasing likelihood of violating antitrust laws (Bush & Gelb, 2005). Brodley (1982) analyzes how joint ventures may threaten competition by falsifying competitive incentives among joint venture participants. He describes various incentive-modifying remedies that mitigate anticompetitive risks, and then applies this presumptive approach to various types of joint ventures. Some papers analyze how antimonopoly decisions can influence management of transaction. Joskow (2002) shows the importance of the application of transaction cost economics (TCE) to antitrust legal rules and antitrust remedies specification because it may result in different legal rules comparing to cases ignoring TCE ideas. He emphasizes that antitrust legal rules must be sensitive to the information and analytical capabilities of institutions in the market, the characteristics of potential anticompetitive behavior, market structures etc. Not only the development of marketing practices challenges antitrust enforcement. Antitrust policy can impose significant and long-lasting restrictions on marketing policies of companies, including pricing decisions. One relevant for Russia example is pricing antitrust remedies under the merger deals clearance or investigations on the abuse of dominance. In order to prevent abuse in a form of excessive price antitrust authorities set ‘soft price cap’ on the domestic market price using different benchmarks including quotes in the world commodity markets, price of export contracts, price of export contracts net of transport cost and custom duties, best (lowest) price of export contract etc. This type of remedies is already applied for chemicals, electric steel, cocking coal, aluminum and other commodities. Reform of tariff regulation in Russia takes this path also: from the next year price cap for natural gas for industrial customers will be set at the level of contract price of the largest supplier Gazprom net of transport cost. We argue that this type of remedies being imposed in order to protect customers of dominant company can diminish incentives to compete, along with the restricting incentives for an efficiency-improvement. This paper investigates how soft price regulation affects companies` behavior. In many regulated industries over the world price cap as a method of price regulation replaces cost-plus pricing. It is a kind of incentive regulation introduced in order to enhance productive efficiency by strengthening sellers’ incentives for cost reduction (Laffont, 1993; Cabral & Riordan, 1989) as well as incentives for more efficient pricing. A price-cap regulation might be suggested to address the market by making it extremely difficult for the industry to use price as a marketing strategy and by reducing the available sources the industry has for spending on marketing and lobbying. However pricing under cap is not neutral for competition in the market. We argue that the impact of price cap regulation on market competition depends on the design of cap. More specifically if cap for one (regulated) market depends on the price of the supplier in other (non-regulated) market, there is sub-type of price cap regulation (known in Russian tariff regulation as ‘netback minus’) that enhance incentives to collude in non-regulated market. Traditionally impact of price caps on collusion is analyzed in the framework of focal point problem. Price ceilings might weaken competition serving as collusive focal points for pricing decisions (Schelling, 1960; Scherer & Ross, 1990). According to the Folk Theorem (Tirole, 1988) any individually rational prices can occur as a Nash equilibrium in infinitely repeated games with sufficiently high discount factor. In collusive equilibrium, companies face a coordination problem so that price ceilings may become a focal point on which companies may coordinate. It means that price ceilings may facilitate tacit collusion, increase its stability and lead to higher prices on the market. In addition, price ceilings may become a signal that if firms charge prices below that level than they would not be investigated for collusion by government authorities. Thus, it becomes less risky to maintain collusion at price level that government assess as binding. There is a strand of literature providing the empirical evidence for a collusive focal-point effect of price ceilings in different markets. Knittel and Stango (2003), studying data on state-level price ceilings on credit card charges during the 1980s, find that companies used state-level price ceilings as focal points to sustain tacit collusion. Ma (2007) investigates price ceilings in Taiwan’s flour market and argues that firms set prices above competitive levels during most of the regulation period. Moreover, all flour firms set their prices equal to ceilings. Some studies try to explain the existence of asymmetric retail price adjustments to crude oil price or wholesale price shocks by market power and possible collusion effects (Deltas, 2008; Borenstein, Cameron, & Gilbert, 1997). Sen, Clemente and Jonker (2011) evaluating the effects of price ceiling on retail gasoline prices in Eastern Canada 1999-2007 find the evidence that the enactment of such regulation is significantly correlated with higher prices. A potential explanation is that price ceilings serve as focal points stimulating firms to set higher prices. In contrast, laboratory experiments do not find a collusive focal-point effect of price ceilings. Coursey and Smith (1983) find convergence to the competitive equilibrium prices and no collusive effects of price ceilings in posted-offer markets. Despite in the design of Coursey and Smith (1983) the incentives to collude are small, Engelmann and Normann (2009) also find the evidence against the focal-point hypothesis, who study posted-offer markets with four symmetric sellers but larger incentives for collusion at the price ceiling. Finally, Engelmann and Muller (2011) results again fail to support the focal-point hypothesis. Collusion is as unlikely in markets with a price ceiling as in markets with unconstrained pricing. The possible explanation for different results in the laboratory and in the field is the lack of the focal-point effect in the field. The field results might be driven by other factors. These might include explicit collusion (which might either be triggered by the introduction of the price ceiling or might be easier to keep up in its presence) or other reasons that the empirical studies failed to control for (Engelmann & Muller, 2011). However the design of our research differs from ‘focal point’ approach. It is much closer to the literature on the multimarket contacts (Bernheim & Whinston, 1990; Spagnolo, 1999). Multimarket contacts was also analyzed in the context of multimarket rivalry (Phillips & Mason, 1996) but not from the point of view of cap design as we do. The goal of this paper is to show the mechanism by means of which the establishment of the domestic regulated prices ceiling can promote the stability of collusion and conditions at which it occurs. Intuition of the paper is the following. Under price cap which depends on price in deregulated market deviation from collusion in this market decreases profit in regulated market (in the punishment phase). In the model we think about regulated market as domestic and about completely deregulated market as world market. Under certain conditions the establishment of a price ceiling of domestic market by the principle "price would not excess of the world price" can promote the collusion stability in the world market. We argue that there is an unexpected ratio between the principle of the internal price establishment based on a world indicative and collusion incentives: the difference between the world and internal price to which the regulator aspires is higher, the negative impact of this practice on the competition is higher. Not all the versions of price cap which are based on the world market benchmark provide the same impact on the incentive to collude. Other important variables which reflect transport cost (or more generally all cost of trade). Price cup under model ‘world price plus trade (transport) cost’ provides no impact on the incentives to collude under some level of trade (transport) cost. Price cap under model ‘world price minus trade (transport) cost’ supports the collusion to the greatest extent. This paper represents an interesting focus for the marketing field. The price cap for domestic customer influences companies` incentives to collude in the world markets. Thus, marketing needs to recognize the incentives for cooperative behavior as a strategic marketing tool under soft price cap. Important implication is that pricing remedies imposed on Russian exporting companies will affect prices for the customers of their international competitors.

In the past, particular advertisements have offended people for being controversial products or executions, and, globally, religion plays a significant role in influencing attitudes toward controversial advertising. In light of advertising controversy and the impact of social values on government regulations, this study explores how religion (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism/Taoism, Hinduism, and non-believers) influences consumers’ perceptions of government regulations on controversial advertising. Controversial advertising is defined as “advertising that, by the type of product or execution, can elicit reactions of embarrassment, distaste, disgust, offence, or outrage from a segment of the population when presented” (Waller, 2006, p. 7). Typical controversial products include gender/sex related products, addictive products, social/political groups and health and care products (Fam, Waller, & Erdogan, 2004). Controversial executions usually refer to antisocial behaviour, indecency, fear, racism, and sexuality (Wilson & West, 1981). Several examples in recent decades show that marketing communications which involve controversial products or executions can cause a large-scale boycott of a brand. Studies have found that religion becomes a crucial indicator in influencing consumers’ perceptions of marketing activities and shopping behaviours (Al-Hyari et al., 2012). When the advertised content violates the religious beliefs of the audiences, brand damage can follow. While controversial advertising offends consumers, its insufficient regulation hurts too (Christy, 2006); thus leading to calls for more attention from government regulatory bodies (Boddewyn, 1991). According to previous studies, “many general spiritual principles and actual rituals in religion are related to ethical positions” (p. 533). Consumers’ religious beliefs could affect how they expect regulatory bodies to behave as social agents (Cornwell et al., 2005). Therefore, this study extends the literature by examining how consumers affiliated with different religions evaluate the current government regulation of the advertising of controversial products and executions, and whether they perceive that the regulations have effectively restricted the advertising offense based on their religious beliefs. Based on research data collected from 1,402 university students in 11 countries from across North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia (namely, (Canada, Italy, Australia, Germany, England, China, India, Turkey, Mexico, Korea, and Malaysia), the findings confirm the existing literature that different religions are identified as having different levels of tolerance toward the advertising of controversial goods and executions (Fam, Waller, & Erdogan, 2004; Morphitou & Gibbs, 2000). Also, the restrictions required by some religious groups are inadequately addressed by regulatory bodies. See Tables 1 and 2. Islamic followers are more easily offended by controversial advertising. At the same time, they perceive relatively weak government regulations on controversial advertising. This is particularly true for the advertising of addictive products, personal themes, and risky/avoidable executions. Although in some Muslim countries (e.g., Malaysia) where numerous government regulations are already instituted to protect the Islamic values and their cultural identity (Waller & Fam, 2000), the force of the regulations is still perceived as weak, thus demanding more restrictions. Buddhists/Taoists and non-believers who are moderately offended by the controversial advertisements, more frequently indicate that the government restrictions on advertising are stronger than those indicated by Muslims, Hindus, and Christians. Perceptions of Buddhists are likely influenced by their philosophical teachings, which includes teachings of “Wisdom (right view, right intention), Ethical conduct (right speech, right action, right livelihood), and Concentration (right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration)” (“Buddhism,” 2013). Although Non-believers do not officially commit to a religion, the 73.37% of non-believers in this study reside in China and South Korea, both societies that practice Confucian cultures (Gao & Kim, 2009). Confucianism is concerned with “morality, propriety, modesty, social harmony and human relationships” (Ching, 1997; Wilhelm, 1931 in Gao & Kim, 2009). As such, Buddhists/Taoists and non-believers perceive that the regulations strongly protect their cultural values and the harmony of the society from inappropriate commercials, but are less restrictive of freedom of choice, free speech and marketers’ creativity. Hindus are found to be less offended by the advertisements of the majority of controversial product and execution groups; at the same time they believe that the advertisements are less regulated compared to other religions. However, their negative attitudes toward the advertising of addictive products call for special attention of marketers and regulatory bodies. Compared to the other four religious groups, Hindus indicate that the regulations are weakly planned in restricting the advertising of addictive products and the advertising offense still occurs. This finding confirms Hindus’ desire to prohibit such advertising in media in order to protect health and well-being of their young population (Shastri, 2012) and control overall crime in the Hindu society (Schneider, 2013). Christians perceive the regulatory restrictiveness as being significantly lower than Buddhists/Taoists and non-believers, but not different from Muslims and Hindus. Christians indicate an overall lower extent of offensiveness on all eight groups of products and executions than the other four religions, and they also report the regulations to be acceptable. These findings validate Morphitou and Gibbs’s (2008) argument that Christians have more tolerance toward self-interest and acceptance of the diversity in marketing communications. Christians’ opinions on the restrictive effects of the regulations on hindering free speech, freedom of choice, and creativity of marketing communications are salient. This finding would remind the regulatory bodies to be cautious about not being overly restrictive in Christian-dominated countries when planning regulations. The study findings have practical value for advertisers and policy makers. The advertising practitioners need to be aware of elements in their advertising that conflict with consumers’ religious beliefs, especially when operating in international markets, and prevent advertising offense. Direct marketing strategy is strongly recommended when promoting controversial products in a highly sensitive mass media environment, especially for marketing in pluralistic societies which have multiple religions. Advertisers need to exercise special caution when promoting gender/sex-related products and social/political groups in Muslim-dominated markets (Michell & Al-Mossawi, 1999; Fam, Waller, & Erdogan, 2004; De Run et al., 2010). Advertising of those two product groups to non-believers who conform to the ethical codes of Confucianism can also be offensive (Gao & Kim, 2009). Marketers should be aware that the advertising of alcohol and cigarettes is highly offensive to Hindus and Muslims. Their promotion in mass media may evoke negative responses. Additionally, using controversial executions in advertising should be avoided, especially when targeting Muslims and Confucian consumers. These findings may also help advertising regulation planners (self-regulating advertising bodies and policy makers) to gain understanding about how different religions view the current regulations of controversial advertising. When targeting Buddhists/Taoists and non-believers, advertising regulators should consider keeping the current level of restrictions of controversial advertising. We recommend similar approach when targeting Hindus except for imposing more regulations in relation to advertising of addictive products. In Islamic societies, more restrictions or more awareness of what are the current restrictions may be necessary, in order to comply with Muslims’ sensitivities, while an easing of the restrictions on the advertising in Christian-dominated markets would be desired.

약관규제법을 갖고 있는 우리나라로서는 ‘약관규제’ 외에 ‘계약조항규제’가 필요한지에 대한 논의는 거의 없는 상황이다. 그런데 국제적인 계약규범이나 원칙(이하 단순히 ‘국제적인 계약규범’이라고 한다)에서는 오히려 약관규제보다는 약관을 포함한 계약조항의 규제가 일반화되고 있는 듯한 인상을 받는다. 1993년 EC불공정조항지침에 의해 처음으로 국제적으로 주목받기 시작한 계약조항규제는 그 후에 등장한 국제적인 계약규범에도 영향을 미쳐 PECL(유럽계약법원칙, 2000), DCFR(공통참조기준초안, 2009)을 거쳐 최근에는 CESL(유럽공통매매법, 2011)에서도 계약조항규제가 계약규범의 일부로 편입되었다. 더욱이 독일의 경우 약관규제법의 모법국가이기 때문에 약관규제의 국가로 생각하기 쉬우나, 사실은 1993년의 EC불공정조항지침의 국내법화를 위해 소비자계약조항규제가 약관규제법의 일부로 신설되었고(1996), 따라서 이미 소비자계약에서 계약조항규제가 이루어지고 있는 국가라는 점에 주의하여야 한다. 한편 일본에서도 주지하는 바와 같이 소비자계약법을 제정할 때(2000) 약관규제에 한정하지 않고 널리 계약조항규제를 위한 조문을 신설하였다. 우리법상 약관은 ‘일방성’, ‘정형성’, ‘사전성’을 개념표지로 하여 정의 된다. 즉 계약의 일방 당사자인 사업자가(일방성), 여러 명의 상대방과 계약을 체결하기 위해 일정한 형식으로(정형성), 사전에 미리 작성해 놓은(사전성), 계약의 내용이 되는 것이 약관인 것이다(약관규제법 제2조 제1호). 이에 반해 전술한 국제적인 계약규범에서 규제의 대상이 되는‘계약조항’은 계약내용이 되는 모든 계약조항을 의미하는 것이 아니라, 일방 당사자가 상대방과 협의나 교섭없이 미리 작성해 놓은(개별교섭을 거치지 않은) 계약내용을 말하는 것이다. 상대방과의 협의나 교섭에 의해 작성된 것이라면 사적자치의 원칙상 애초에 계약조항규제를 논할 실익이 없기 때문이다. 이와 같이 본다면 계약조항규제의 대상이 되는 계약조항은 약관의 개념표지 중에서 ‘정형성’만을 제외한 개념이라고 볼 것이다. 계약조항은 다수의 상대방과의 계약체결을 위해 작성된 것은 아니지만, 일방 당사자가 사전에 작성한 계약내용이라는 점에서는 약관과 다를 바가 없기 때문이다. 이와 같이 이해하는 한 이제는 약관규제 외에 우리법상으로도 계약조항규제가 별도로 필요한지, 또 그 경우 그 방법은 어떠해야 하는지 등에 대해 진지하게 검토할 시점이 되었다고 생각한다. 본고는 이와 같은 점을 배경으로 하여 향후 논의를 위한 단초를 제공한다는 입장에서 약관규제 외에 계약조항규제가 필요하다는 점에 대해 문제를 제기하고자 한 것이다.

포란 기간 동안에 대양성 바다새들은 기아생태로 포란함으로써 커다란 몸무게 변화를 겪는다. 포란 동안에 몸무게의 심각한 변화를 겪는 슴새목 조류에서, 몸무게 조절은 포란 기간 동안에 그들의 포란 행동을 결정하는 중요한 요소로 작용할 것이다. 이 연구는 2013년 6월부터 8월까지 제주특별자치도 제주시 추자면에 위치하고 있는 무인도서인 사수도에서 번식하는 슴새를 대상으로, 포란 기간 동안 개체의 몸 크기, 몸 상태 그리고 포란 행동이 그들의 몸무게 조절에 어떠한 영향을 주는 지를 연구하였다. 연구결과를 보면, 포란하는 슴새 개체의 일별 몸무게 감소량은 그들의 몸 크기나 몸 상태와 관계가 없었으나, 둥지 내에서 포란 시도 횟수가 증가함에 따라 일별 몸무게 감소량도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한, 몸 크기가 큰 개체일수록 일별 포란 시도를 많이 하는 경향을 보이고 있었다. 결과적으로 포란하는 개체의 몸 크기와 몸 상태는 그들의 일별 몸무게 감소와 관계가 없었지만, 일별 몸무게 감소량에 영향을 주고 있는 포란 시도 횟수는 그들의 몸 크기에 따라 조절되고 있었다. 따라서 포란 기간 동안에 번식 개체들의 몸 크기는 그들의 포란 행동을 결정하는 중요한 요소 중에 하나로 작용하고 있다.

Early onset torsion dystonia is caused by mutations in DYT1 gene in humans. Two deletion mutations and one missense mutation were found from patients with this devastating disorder. The molecular and cellular etiology underlying this disorder is not still understood yet. Because vertebrates have more than 4 homologs in their genomes, it is very hard to elucidate the exact in vivo functions of Torsin1A. Instead, Drosophila has only one homolog named Torsin. To investigate the in vivo functions of Torsin, we generated and characterized transgenic flies expressing coding regions of Torsin mRNA or double stranded inhibitory DNA constructs (RNAi). The specific antibodies for Drosophila Torsin (DTor) also were generated. The transgenic expression of DTor cDNA or RNAi in all tissue induced significant changes in DTor proteins levels. Even though expression of DTor cDNA in neuronal system increased the amount of DTor proteins, expression of DTor RNAi did not significantly altered the amount of DTor. Consistent with this result, the numbers of flies with motor-activity were not discernible among neuronal expression lines. However, flies expressing DTor cDNA or RNAi on muscles showed significantly altered locomotor ability, suggesting that DTor plays important roles in regulating motor-activity at the post-synaptic terminals of motor neurons. In addition, DTor over-expressing flies showed increased resistance to H2O2. In the future study, we will found how those phenotypes were accomplished by performing various experiments. (NRF-2012R1A1A4A01011674: HRF-S-201.-6)

Insulin in vertebrates plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of blood sugar level. Insulin-like peptide (ILP) has been identified in insects, such as Drosophila melanogaster and Aedes aegypti. Plasma sugars and polyols of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella were separated by a Bio-LC. Among seven peaks, trehalose was the most predominant blood sugar and maintained at approximately 3.5 mM in the larval plasma. However, the feeding activity affected the plasma trehalose level, in which starvation significantly up-regulated the trehalose level. Analysis of ILP expression upon feeding indicated that feeding stimulated the gene expression of ILP. Interestingly, an injection of a vertebrate insulin significantly suppressed the hypertrehalosemia induced by starvation. These results suggest that ILP is a endocrine signal to down-regulate the plasma trehalose level in P. xylostella.

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is one of the main pests in various vegetable crops due to insecticide resistance in Korea. Some insect pests noticed neonicotinoid insecticide resistance such as Nilaparvata lugens, Bemisia tabaci and Myzus persicae etc. and the major player which contributed for developing the resistance was over-expression of P450, particularly CPY6 family. However, A. gossypii was a unique case that they developed non-P450 dependent resistant mechanism. Previously we reported that two point mutations (RtoT in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, nAChR, beta 1 subunit and RtoT with LtoS in a transcript variant) contribute to develop the imidacolprid resistance in A. gossypii. Moreover we surveyed the mutation(s) in various local field populations. Based on the 3D modeling, we hypothesize that RtoT mutation can reduce the imidacloprid sensitivity. A stretch of 33 amino acid was deleted in the N-terminal region of original transcript of nAChR beta 1 subunit that contained RtoT with LtoS mutations in resistant strain. Among the two transcripts, only original transcript differently expressed between imidacloprid susceptible and resistant strain (resistant ratio = 3,800). Six alpha subunit (1∼5, 7) transcript levels were not significantly different between two strains. Therefore mutation and down-regulation of nAChR beta 1 subunit is also associated with imidacloprid resistance in the A. gossypii.

Emotion regulation has been suggested as a pathway through which personality traits (e.g., extraversion or neuroticism) affect psychological well-being. However, the pathway needs further investigation across cultures due to variations in parts of the relationship reported in recent culture research. With an aim of improving current understanding of the pathway, we investigated the role of emotion regulation mediating the link between personality traits and well-being across two college samples from different cultural backgrounds: Korea and the United States (US). Results of mediation analysis revealed that the extraversion—well-being relationship was fully mediated by the degree to which individuals regulate negative emotions in both Korean and US samples. However, the neuroticism— well-being relationship was partially mediated by emotion regulation in the US sample, while it was fully mediated in the Korean sample. The role of emotion regulation differently functioning across cultures suggests the importance of investigating cultural-specific mechanism of psychological processes.

소말리아 해적에 의한 해운에 대한 위협의 증가는 해운선사의 민간해상보안회사(PMSC) 사용을 크게 증가시키는 계기가 되었다. 민간해상보안회사의 사용은 소말리아 해적의 위협에 대해 상선을 보호하기 위한 매우 효과적인 해적대책이라고 판단된다. 그러나 해상에서 민간해상보안회사와 민간무장보안요원(PCASP)의 사용을 둘러싼 여러 가지 법적 및 실질적인 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 인도양과 아덴만 해역의 소말리아 해적행위로부터 상선을 보호하기 위한 민간해상보안회사와 민간무장보안요원의 승선에 관한 국제협약, 지침 및 권고상의 민간무장보안요원의 규제에 관한 규정 및 그 문제점을 분석하고 이에 대한 해결방안을 제시하는데 있다. 특히, 민간무장보안요원의 승선에 관한 관할권 문제, 정당방위에 있어서 민간무장요원에 의한 무력사용의 권한 및 민간해상보안회사의 사용에 대한 승인 권한을 중심으로 검토 및 분석한다. 본 연구의 결과 현재 소말리아 해적행위로부터 선박을 보호하기 위한 민간해상보안회사와 민간무장보안요원의 사용에 관한 법률체계가 복잡하고, 때로는 애매하거나 불일치 및 유동적인 상태인 것으로 나타나고 있다. 따라서 유엔해양법협약상의 민간무장보안요원의 승선에 관한 현행 규칙의 해석과 새로운 규칙의 제정에 관한 법률체계를 조정하기 위한 국제적인 노력이 필요하다고 판단된다. 또한 민간해상보안회사를 규제하기 위한 관련 국내법을 시급히 제정할 것을 제안하였다.