The coupled shear wall system with coupling beams is an efficient structural system for high-rise buildings because it can provide excellent ductility and energy dissipation to the buildings. The objective of this study is to simulate the hysteretic behavior of diagonally reinforced concrete coupling beams including pinching and cyclic deteriorations in strength and stiffness using a numerical model. For this purpose, coupling beams are modeled with an elastic beam element and plastic spring element placed at the beam ends. Parameters for the analytical model was calibrated based on the test results of 6 specimens for diagonally reinforced concrete coupling beams. The analytical model with calibrated model parameters is verified by comparing the hysteretic curves obtained from analysis and experimental tests.

PURPOSES : One of the main components of road projects funded by the Economic Development Cooperation Fund (EDCF) is the improvement or rehabilitation of existing pavements. The result is that pavement structures are critical to the success of a project. There is, however, no design standard available at present that reflects a region's specific features including climate conditions and quality of pavement materials. For this reason, a comparative study of the major EDCF borrowers' flexible pavement design standards was conducted. This study led to the proposal of a new method for applying flexible pavement designs which can be used for EDCF-funded projects in Asia. METHODS : The method has been produced by adjusting some input data of the "AASHTO Interim Guide for Design of Pavement Structures" in accordance with certain Asian countries' geometrical features, tropical and subtropical weather, and strength of pavement materials. The Philippine regional factors, having five different grades, have been selected after taking into consideration the amount of rainfall, strength of pavement materials, and characteristics of the Asia and Pacific regions. Structural layer coefficients have been prepared for two different regions according to the geometric difference between Southeast and Southwest Asia. The Philippine and Sri Lankan coefficients have been used for Southeast Asia and Southwest Asia, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : Owing to applying this new method, it was verified that the thickness of the pavement was underestimated by between 11 cm and 16 cm compared with the originally designed thickness. Having discovered that the use of the Korean and Americanoriented factors and coefficients is not appropriate for other Asian countries, the new method is expected to enhance the quality of pavement in future projects.

본 연구의 목적은 분만간격에 따른 추가 착유일수를 계산하여 불완전 Gamma모형으로 추정된 비유곡 선모수값을 통하여 추가 착유일 만큼의 산유량을 계산하고, 추가 착유에 따른 경제성을 분석하기 위함 이다. 경제성 분석을 위하여 농협중앙회 젖소개량사업소에서 진행하고 있는 유우군 능력검정사업에 참 여하고 있는 홀스타인 젖소로부터 조사한 착유기록 2,072개를 분석하였는데, 분석에 이용된 착유기록은 2010년 1월부터 2012년 12월 사이에 분만한 초산우 및 경산우로부터 자료이다. 비유곡선 모수는 Wood 모형을 적용하여, SAS 9.2 NLIN Procedure를 이용해 추정하였다. Wood 모형으로 추정한 비유곡선 함수는 초산우 및 경산우에 대해 각각 yt = 18.00t0.189e-0.00231t 및 yt = 24.73t0.181e-0.00315t로 추정되었다. 초산 우의 경우 산유량이 8,000kg 이하인 우군의 적정 분만간격은 400일 이하로 유지하는 것이 바람직하며, 8,000kg 이상인 우군은 분만간격을 400일에서 500일 사이로 유지하는 것이 바람직하다. 경산우의 경 우 산유량이 9,000kg 우군은 적정 분만간격을 400일 이하로 유지하고, 9,000kg 이상인 우군의 분만간 격은 400일에서 500일 사이로 유지하는 것이 바람직하겠으며, 11,000kg 이상의 고능력 경산우 우군의 경우 분만간격이 길어질수록 순수이익은 증가하나, 차기 임신 및 분만을 위해서는 분만간격을 450일에 서 500일 사이로 유지하는 것이 바람직하다고 할 수 있겠다.

목 적 : 유방 MRI검사에서 회전 자장(B1)의 불균일성은 코일의 중심에 검사부위가 없고 우측과 좌측으로 나뉘어진 유방의 해부학적 구조의 영향을 많이 받는다. 또한 환자의 유방과 유방사이, 유방과 코일사이의 air-gap이 증가할수록 B1의 불균 일성도 증가하여 영상의 화질을 저하시킨다. 그러나 최근 유방암 환자의 증가에 따라 비대칭유방 환자 및 편측유방 등 small breast 환자들이 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 자체 제작한 phantom과 다양한 B1 calibration scan parameter를 이용하여 small breast에서 B1 calibration scan parameter의 변화에 대한 평가와 영상화질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 검사 대상으로는 Invivo사의 breast phantom과 자체 제작 phantom을 이용하였다. 장비 사에서 권고하는 B1 calibration parameter가 최적의 조건을 나타내는지 평가하기 위한 대상으로 breast coil을 가득 채우는 Invivo사의 breast phantom을 사용하였고, 자체 제작 phantom을 이용하여 small breast일 때 최적의 B1 calibration parameter를 확인하였다. 연구에 사용된 장비는 Philips INGENIA 3.0T(Philips medical system, Netherlands)이고, 신호수집 코일은 16channel Breast coil을 사용하였다. 연구방법은 B1 calibration scan parameter 중 slice thickness(두께)를 5, 8, 12, 15, 20 mm로 Flip angle(FA)을 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 degree로 변화시켜가며 B1 map과 e-THRIVE 영상을 획득하였다. 정량적 평가로 획 득한 영상의 우측(Rt)과 좌측(Lt)에 각각 5개의 ROI를 그려 신호 대 잡음비(signal to noise ratio; SNR)를 비교 분석하였고 one-way ANOVA(SPSS 18.0K for windows)로 통계 검정하였다. 정성적 평가방법으로는 B1 map profile을 통해 B1의 균일성을 비교하였다. 결 과 : Invivo phantom으로 획득한 B1 map과 e-THRIVE 영상의 SNR은 B1 calibration scan parameter의 두께와 FA의 변화에 따라 차이가 있었다(P<0.001). 두께별 변화에서는 8 mm, FA별 변화에서는 60°일 때 가장 높게 나타났다. 자체 제작 phantom에서도 B1 map과 e-THRIVE 영상의 SNR은 B1 calibration scan parameter의 두께와 FA의 변화에 따라 차이가 있었다(P<0.001). 두 영상 모두 두께가 12mm 일 때 가장 높게 나타났으며, FA은 80°일 때 가장 높게 나타났다. B1 profile을 통해 확인한 자체 제작 phantom의 B1 균일도는 두께가 12 mm, FA이 80°일 때 가장 균등한 그래프를 나타냈다. 결 론 : 자체 제작 phantom의 B1 map 분석을 통해 장비사에서 권고된 parameter 변화의 필요성을 제고하고, 최적의 B1 calibration scan parameter를 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 small breast 환자의 경우에는 B1 calibration scan parameter의 변 경이 필요하며, 이를 통해 SNR과 B1 균일성이 향상된 진단적 가치가 높은 유방 MRI영상을 얻을 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

본 논문에서는 원통형 혼합기를 대상으로 블레이드의 각도, 길이, 개수 및 블레이드와 탱크 바닥과의 간극을 설계변수로 선정하고, 각각의 설계변수가 혼합성능에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이산요소법을 이용하여 임펠러 회전에 의한 고체 입자 의 혼합공정을 해석하였으며, 혼합지수를 도입하여 혼합성능을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 다양한 설계변수의 조합을 고려한 실험계획법으로 설계변수의 주효과와 교호작용을 분석함으로써, 블레이드 각도가 입자의 혼합성능에 가장 지배적인 영향을 미치며 간극의 영향은 상대적으로 작다는 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 또한 가장 우수한 혼합성능을 보이는 설계변수의 조합 을 제시하였다.

It is very difficult to get the information about semen quality analysis in transgenic pigs because of limited numbers and research facilities. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed the semen quality of transgenic boars generated for xenotransplantation research. Briefly, the semen samples were collected from 5 homozygous α1,3-Galactosyltransferase knock-out (GalT-/-) transgenic boars and immediately transported to the laboratory. These semen samples were decupled with DPBS and conducted to analyze semen parameters by a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system. The boar semen were examined all 12 parameters such as total motility (TM), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), and hyperactivated (HYP), etc. In results, among the 5 GalT-/- boars, three boars (#134, 144, and 170) showed normal range of semen parameters, but #199 and 171 boars showed abnormal ranges of semen parameters according to standard ranges of semen parameters. Unfortunately, #171 boar showed azoospermia symptom with rare sperm counts in the original semen. Conclusively, assessment of semen parameters by CASA system is useful to pre-screening of reproductively healthy boar prior to natural mating and artificial insemination for multiplication and breeding.

With emphasis on native genetic resource, Korean native chicken is one of the major native breeds in poultry in Korea. The weight-age data from 216 pullets of Korean native chicken were used to fit the growth curve using Gompertz model. Live weights have been recorded every three weeks for 36 weeks for 5 strains. All available weight data from birth to the 6 specific ages of week were used for the estimation of parameters. The variation in estimates of mature weight (A) decreased with the increase of age 21 through 36 weeks for all 5 strains studied. However, the variation of rate of maturing (k) showed a tendancy increase with the increase of age. These results indicate that the fitting of growth curve is getting more stable for asymptotic value (A) and more flexible for curve shape (k) with the increase of weight-age data range. Correlations among estimates of A and among estimates of k at various ages showed the highest range of 0.93 ~ 0.99 between 30 and 36 weeks except for the maturing rate (k) of red brown strains. The correlations between A and k tended to fluctuate and were not significant statistically at various ages. Thus, the estimates of growth curve parameters, A and k suitable for genetic studies in Korean native chicken can be derived from accumulated weight-age data after 30 weeks of age.

In this study, we investigate the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the gas metal arc welding. According to flux cored arc welding parameters during welding ATOS80, improving the working conditions of the welding industry to use high strength steel ATOS80 we propose to. Weld test is the tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, hardness, brittleness, such as macro-structure check of the mechanical properties and the weld, the microstructure inspection, defects of the weld subjected to radio-graphic inspection and tissue after welding the test pieces according to the condition variable comparative analysis was investigated by the state.

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum condition of a friction stir welding process for a joint of AA2219-T87 and AA2195-T8 dissimilar aluminum alloys. These alloys are known to have good cryogenic properties, and as such to be suitable for use in fuel tanks of space vehicles. The welding parameters include the travelling speed, rotation speed and rotation direction of the tool. The experiment was conducted under conditions in which the travelling speed of the tool was 120-300 mm/min and the rotation speed of the tool was 400-800 rpm. To investigate the effect of the rotation direction of the tool, the joining was performed by switching the positions of the two dissimilar alloys. After welding, the microstructure was observed and the micro-hardness were measured; non-destructive evaluation was carried out to perform tensile tests on defect-free specimens. The result was that the microstructure of the weld joint underwent dynamic recrystallization due to sufficient deformation and frictional heat. The travelling speed of the tool had little effect on the properties of the joint, but the properties of the joint varied with the rotation speed of the tool. The conditions for the best joining properties were 600 rpm and 180-240 mm/min when the AA2219-T8 alloy was on the retreating side(RS).

The cyclic behavior of braces is complex due to their asymmetric properties in tension and compression. For accurately simulating the cyclic curves of braces, it is important to predict the major parameters such as cyclic brace growth, cyclic buckling load, incidence local buckling and fracture with good precision. For a given brace, the most accurate values of these parameters can be estimated throughout experiments. However, it is almost impossible to conduct experiments whenever an analytical model has to be established for many braces in building structures due to enormous cost and time. For avoid such difficulties, empirical equations for predicting constituent parameters are proposed from regression analyses based on test results of various braces. This study focuses on rectangular hollow structural section(HSS) steel braces, which have been popularly used in construction practice owing to its sectional efficiency.

This study was conducted to estimate the growth parameters of Holstein cows and to compare their growth characteristics based on weight-age data of Holstein cows of 293 heads from National Institute of Animal Science in Korea. Three models(Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Logistic model) were considered for analyses. The estimated growth functions for Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Logistic models were Wt=781.0e−2900e−0.09521t,Wt=943.3(1−0.650e−0.06231t)3 and Wt=665.7(1+13.475e−0.18260t)−1 , respectively. The estimated average infection points(ti) showing maximum growth rate were 352.034, 338.181 and 430.987 day of age, respectively, using on Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Logistic model. Average gain at inflection for Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Logistic model were estimated 0.878, 0.833 and 0.986 kg/day, respectively. The estimated weight at inflection for Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Logistic model were 301.5, 279.5 and 332.9 kg, respectively. In the study, the von Bertalanffy model having a variable point of inflection fitted the best for data of Holstein cows.

A press which has a 20 percent share in machine tools is one of the production facilities. Recently hydraulic press is used to reinforce competitiveness of the manufacturing industry. The press by using metal powder makes products without additional process while conventional processing machine makes products after removing unnecessary parts. In this way, large quantity of products can be produced in a short time. Researches to manufacture products by the press have been proceeding after 1970. In this study, structure and displacement analysis for shape parameters for punch used as the component for hydraulic press was investigated and structural stability was identified based on the results.