Button mushroom(Agaricus bisporus) are cultivated on wheat straw or rice straw based compost. In this study different compost formular, sawdust as carbon source and chicken manure as nitrogen source were used for button mushroom cultivation. Two steps of sufficient composting process was required to be successful in the cultivation. 1) the substrates are needed to be mixed periodically under the aerobic condition in the phase I process. 2) the temperature is need to be maintained between 55 and 65? for more than three days in the phase II process. Results showed that button mushroom was possible to grow normally with sawdust based compost. However the mushroom yield was less than that of the conventional compost formular(rice straw or wheat straw). The new compost formular developed from this study may be useful but further research may need to improve button mushroom cultivation more efficiently.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of natural fermented phytogenics on fecal odour and performance in laying hens. The natural fermented phytogenics (NFP) was prepared by the fermentation of probiotics with a mixed herb of ginkgo leaf, mandarin peel, wormwood, ginger, licorice and tangleweed (30:7:10:3:5:15), and fermented by Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus acidophillus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 4 days at room temperature. To evaluate the efficacy of fecal odour reduction by NFP, the experiment was carried out on layer's dropping by in vitro fermentation with a mix of feces and distilled water (6:2), and NH3 and H2S gas production during the fermentation was measured. The productions of NH3 and H2S gas were significantly lower in NFP treatment group than those of control during the in vitro fermentation (p<0.05). To measure the effects of NFP on laying performance, the experiment was carried out with a total of sixty, 46-wk-old Lohmann brown layers for 4 weeks after the pre-experiment periods of two weeks. They were randomly divided into 2 groups with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The treatments were control group which fed basal diet, and NFP group which fed basal diet added with 0.1% NFP. Hen-day egg production of NFP group was significantly increased compared to control (p<0.05). Also, soft & broken egg production was apparently reduced by NFP addition (p<0.05). Egg weight was not different between two groups but trended to be higher in NFP group than the control. Eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, eggshell color, yolk color and Haugh unit were not different between NFP group and control group. Overall, the above results showed that natural fermented phytogenics, prepared by fermented functional herbs with probiotics, have ability for reducing fecal order and improving egg production in laying hens.

This experiment was conducted to enhance nutritional value of whole crop corn silage and increase mixture levels of broiler excreta by adding of corn meal. Treatments were included non mixture(control), adding 10, 20, 30% of broiler excreta and adding 10,

This study was carried out to enhance the nutritional value of whole crop corn silage and the utilization of animal waste as a ruminant feedstuffs. Whole crop corn were ensiled with cage layer excreta and concentrate. Treatments included whole crop corn s

This study was conducted to evaluate the structure and composition (i.e., pH, moisture, total-N, pathogens, and volatile fatty acids) of broiler and duck manure treated with larvae of three insect larvae, namely, Tenebrio molitor, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis, and Ptecticus tenebrifer. Hatched Tenebrio molitor (n=300), Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (n=60), and Ptecticus tenebrifer (n=300) were used in this study; specially, the larvae were divided into six treatments with three replicates. The treatments were as follows: T1: 110 g broiler manure + Tenebrio molitor larvae (n=50), T2: 110 g duck manure + Tenebrio molitor larvae (n=50), T3: 125 g broiler manure + Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10), T4: 125 g duck manure + Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10), T5: 105 g broiler manure + Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae (n=50), and T6: 105 g duck manure + Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae (n=50). For all the larval treatments, the following results were observed: The moisture content of the duck manure treat with three insect larvae was higher than that of the broiler manure (p<0.05), whereas broiler manure had a higher pH (p<0.05). In addition, the total nitrogen content of broiler manure was higher than that of duck manure (p<0.05). However, the insect larvae did not significantly affect pathogens (E.coli and Salmonella) and the volatile fatty acids (p>0.05). In conclusion, the use of the three insect larvae to create organic nitrogen compost using poultry manure is feasible.

This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of larval stages of three species, namely, Tenebrio molitor, Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis, and Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae, in degrading poultry manure, specially, broiler and duck manure. The survival rates of larvae were also noted. For the experiment, T. molitor (n=300), P. brevitarsis seulensis (n=60), and P. tenebrifer (n=300) hatched larvae were randomly divided into six groups with three replicates. The degaradation efficacy tests were then performed for 30 days in a laboratory. The test groups were as follows: T1, 110 g broiler manure + T. molitor larvae (n=50); T2, 110 g duck manure + T. molitor larvae (n=50); T3, 125 g broiler manure + P. brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10); T4, 125 g duck manure + P. brevitarsis seulensis larvae (n=10); T5, 105 g broiler manure + P. tenebrifer larvae (n=50); and T6, 105 g duck manure + P. tenebrifer larvae (n=50). The groups showed significant efficacy in degrading broiler and duck manure (p<0.05). The highest survival rates were recorded for T. molitor larvae in both manure types [T1 (92.67%) and T2 (50%)], followed by P. brevitarsis seulensis larvae (T4, 40%) and P. tenebrifer larvae (T6, 14.67%) in duck manure. Next, the survival rates of P. brevitarsis seulensis (T3) and Ptecticus tenebrifer larvae (T5) in broiler manure were 0%. In conclusion, these results point to the feasibility of using insect larvae to degrade broiler and duck manure.

Carbonization using chicken manure was used to obtain an energy source. In order to estimate the reaction rate at theoptimal conditions for chicken manure in carbonization process it is estimated the reaction kinetics for the process. Thecarbonization process for chicken manure was optimized at carbonization temperature 300oC to 400oC in 20minutes. Fromthe examination of conversion characteristics of chicken manure, carbonization reaction can be described by the 1st orderkinetic reaction. Frequency factor(A) of reaction rate for chicken manure was evaluated to be 0.55×10−2min−1 and theactivation energy was estimated to be 3,815.0kcal/kmol. As increased carbonization temperature from 250oC to 400oC,reaction rate constant of chicken in the 1st order kinetic reaction is also increased from 0.0604min−1 to 0.1383min−1.In this study, carbonization degree of chicken manure in carbonization process was estimated by kinetic reaction deduction.The result of kinetic reaction in carbonization of chicken manure was evaluated to be 1st order kinetic reaction.

IEA(국제에너지기구)에 따르면 2035년까지 글로벌 발전 산업에 투입되는 투자금은 60% 이상이 신재생 에너지 부문에 집중될 것으로 예상하였다. 또한, 2011년부터 2035년까지 글로벌 에너지 수요는 1/3 증가할 것으로 전망되지만, 에너지 자원 구성비에서 화석 연료가 차지하는 비중은 2011년 82%에서 2035년 35%까지 축소 될것으로 판단하였다. 국내에서는 RPS(Renewable Portfolio Standard) 제도 및 RFS(Renewable Fuel Standard) 제도를 시행하여 2022년까지 의무율 10% 및 360억 갤론의 바이오연료사용을 목표로 하였다. 이에 인해 2013년 기준으로 국내 발전사들은 정부의 RPS 공급의무를 이행하지 못하여 417억 2000만원에 이르는 과징금을 납부해야 할 실정이다. 국내에서 발생하는 가축분뇨는 2011년 기준으로 127,984톤/일이 발생하였으며 그 중 닭, 오리의 분뇨는 20,561톤/일로 전체 가축분뇨의 약 16%로 나타났다. 가축분뇨는 퇴비화, 해양배출을 통해 처리되었으나, 해양 배출금지와 항생제 등의 독성물질 사용으로 처리에 어려움이 나타나고 있다. 또한 조류독감 등 질병 발병으로 인한 조류와 분뇨의 매장으로 2차오염까지 나타나고 있다. 계분반응속도 실험에서는 계분시료를 이용하여 무산소 조건에서 탄화 장치를 통해 탄화시간과 탄화온도에 따른 전화율과 반응속도를 검토하였다. 계분시료는 경기도 H시에서 채취하여 전처리 후 105℃에서 24시간 건조하여 사용하였다. 탄화도(C/H mole ratio)는 원소분석결과를 이용하여 나타내었으며, 반응속도는 Arrhenius 식을 이용하여 도출하였다. 유기성 폐기물을 탄화할 때의 반응속도는 대부분 1차 반응을 통해 해석되어지며 본 연구에서도 1차 반응식을 통해 반응속도를 검토하였다. 실험조건으로 탄화온도는 250℃~400℃범위로 설정하였으며, 탄화시간은 5분, 15분, 30분으로 설정하였다. 탄화의 정도를 나타내는 계분의 탄화도는 250℃일 때 0.95, 400℃ 일 때 1.01로 나타나 탄화온도가 증가할수록 탄화도는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 계분 탄화물의 빈도인자는 0.55×10-2 min-1로 나타났으며 반응속도는 탄화 온도가 250℃일 때 0.060 min-1로 나타났으며 400℃일 때 0.138 min-1로 나타났다. 탄화온도 차이로 도출되는 계분의 활성화 에너지(Ea)는 3,532.3 kcal/kmole로 나타났다.

In order to prevent the spreading infectious disease in domestic animal, livestock excretion should be controlled bysterilization. The basic concept of sterilization can be described by thermal treatment under vacuum state. From the basicconcept of sterilization, livestock excretion can be converted to produce renewable energy using the method ofcarbonization and the method of carbonization can also be reduced greenhouse gas effectively. Chicken manure is usedas a sample of renewable energy source in the carbonization reactor. The basic energy characteristics of chicken manuresuch as proximate analysis, and heating value are estimated. The carbonization residue of chicken manure which isobtained from carbonization experiment is subject to several analyses in order to examine the energy characteristics suchas heating value, fuel ratio, combustible index and yield. As increased carbonization temperature, both heating value andfuel ratio (fixed carbon/volatile combustible) of the residue are increased up to 350oC but yield of the residue is decreased.From the results of bulk density, fuel ratio and total heating value of the residue, the optimal conditions of carbonizationtemperature and time can be decided by about 350oC and 15min. Since the residue of chicken manure can not be satisfiedwith the standard of the third grade of solid fuel product, it is desirable that chicken manure be modified with othermaterials to improve an energy potential and to use as a clean fuel.

This study was carried out to evaluate nitrogen availability of applied fertilizer and to investigate yield and growth of Chinese cabbage as affected by amount of fertilizer and soil fertility in organic farming applied various fertilizers in rainshelter. The head weight of Chinese cabbage cultured in infertile soil (sand loam) with no amendments was very low. and that in fertile soil (clay loam) was higher than in infertile soil (sand loam). The head weight of Chinese cabbage as affected by amount of fertilizer was more variable in infertile soil (sand loam) than in fertile soil (clay loam). Nitrogen availability of applied fertilizer by Chinese cabbage was lower in fertile soil (clay loam) than in infertile soil (sand loam) and the lower that was, the more fertilizer applied. By application of poultry manure compost 20Mg ha-1 and natural mineral materials such as guano, phosphate rock, and potassium magnesium rock equal to amount of fertilizer recommended in conventional farming, the yield of Chinese cabbage in infertile soil (sand loam) with 1% organic matter came up to 90% of the yield in fertile soil (clay loam) with 6% organic matter. Therefore natural mineral materials such as guano for N source, phosphate rock for P source, and potassium magnesium rock for K source may be able to use as environmental-friendly fertilizers in organic Chinese cabbage production in highland.

This study was carried out to evaluate the manufacturing characteristics of organic liquid fertilizer with poultry manure, soybean meal, and rice bran at plastic house in Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Service. Treatment was given 3 treatments; poultry manure+soybean meal (PM+SM), poultry manure-rice bran (PM+RB), and soybean meal+rice bran (SM+RB). The obtained results from this study were summarized as follows; The pH in liquid fertilizer was consistently increased in PM+SM treatment, and was increased after decreased at early season in PM+RB and SM+RB treatments. The electriacl conductivity(EC) in liquid fertilizer was rapidly increased from 2nd weeks to 4th weeks after fermentation in PM+SM and PM+RB treatments, and was rapidly increased from 4th weeks to 6th weeks after fermentation in SM+RB treatment. The amount of H₂S gas occurrence was the highest as 1,200 ㎏ㆍ㎏⁻¹ in early season, and was the lowest as 50 ㎏ㆍ㎏⁻¹ at 12th weeks after fermentation of organic liquid fertilizer. The temperature of organic liquid fertilizer was stabilizing in 4th weeks after fermentation. The yield of well of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium was increased with increasing fermentation periods. It was not change from 4th weeks after fermentation in content of calcium, magnesium and sodium in organic liquid fertilizer.

This review was conducted to the study on treatment of poultry waste by earthworms, and the effect of feeding earthworms meal on the performance of broilers and laying hens, and safety of meat and egg. 1. The pro-environmental chicken house was building in Daegu National University of Education, Daegu city, chicken wastes will be turn into high quality compost by vermicomposting uses earthworms in the house. 2. The earthworm meal (EWM) has a high proteinic content and a balanced amino acid and fatty acid profile, therefore most feeding applications has been evaluated with mono-gastric animals. 3. The dietary supplementations of 0.2 to 0.4% EWM were effective in improve digestibility of crude protein of diet resulted improved broiler performance in broiler chickens. 4. The supplementing 0.2 to 0.6% of earthworm meal in the laying hens diet, improves the laying performance and egg quality, especially ratio of egg yolk n-6/n-3 fatty acids contents. 5. As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb were detected at level of 4.41, 1.23, 1.18, 0.00 and 3.39ppm in earthworm meal, respectively, but those were not detected in the chicken meat and egg. therefore supplementing 0.6% of EWM in the chicken diet, it still did not affect meat and egg safety. 6. These results indicated that vermicompositing uses earthworms good a subject matter in the pro-environmental animal husbandry.

The mudfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) raising fed on hens excreta in order to study effects on production of animal feed resource. The raw hens excreta used for 2 years old mudfish diet during the 35 days and water in aquarium was exchanged for 50% of flash water every week during experimental period. Eight of 100L of aquarium, eight kg of mudfish and four of female korean native chicken were used this study. This study are divided according to the mudfish fed on commercial mudfish diet in the four of control group and fed on raw hens excreta in the four treatment group. The chemical composition was compared with commercial mudfish diet and hens excreta. In the both sample, crude protein contents was almost same. The crude fat and crude ash were higher in hens excreta than commercial mudfish diet. The growth performance of mudfish tend to high when fed hens excreta. There were no differences in contents of E. Coli and Salmonella and pH of water in aquariums between the groups. Mortality of mudfish tend to decrease when fed hens excreta. No problem with mudfish health was observed during the experimental period of 35 days. These results indicated that it is possible to raising mudfish fed on hens excreta only.

The mudfish(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) raising fed on hens excreta in order to study effects on production of animal feed resource. The raw hens excreta used for 2 years old mudfish diet during the 35 days and water in aquarium for mudfish was never exchanged during experimental period. Eight of 100L of aquarium, eight ㎏ of mudfish and four of female korean native chicken were used this study. This study are divided according to the mudfish fed on commercial mudfish diet in the four of control group and fed on hens excreta in the four treatment group. The chemical composition was compared with commercial mudfish diet and hens excreta. In the both sample, crude protein contents was almost same. The crude fat and crude ash were higher in hens excreta than commercial mudfish diet. The growth performance of mudfish tend to high when fed hens excreta. There were no differences in contents of E. Coli and Salmonella and pH of water in aquariums between the groups. Mortality of mudfish tend to decrease when fed hens excreta. No problem with mudfish health was observed during the experimental period of 35 days. These results indicated that it is possible to raising mudfish fed on hens excreta only.