PURPOSES : In this study, the applicability of the water content, suction, and suction stress in a resilient modulus prediction model for a subbase was reviewed. METHODS : To compare the applicability of water content, suction, and suction stress models for resilient modulus prediction, the suction stress was determined based on the soil water characteristic curve. The model parameters for each approach were derived from the measured resilient moduli. Finally, the relationships between the degree of saturation and resilient modulus were analyzed using the calculated model parameters. RESULTS : Prediction models of the resilient modulus based on water content and suction demonstrated high correlation with measured values, but overestimated the resilient modulus at saturation levels beyond the laboratory testing range. In contrast, the model accounting for suction stress effectively reduced this overestimation, likely owing to a decrease in suction stress as the suction increased. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the above results, the resilient modulus of subbase materials could be estimated through the change in the degree of saturation and the stress-dependent resilient modulus model using the suction stress proposed in this study.

Asphalt concrete, which is used as a road base material, accounts for >90% of a road pavement. A huge amount of waste concrete and waste asphalt concrete aggregates are generated. Recently, carbon neutrality is promoted across all industries for sustainability. Therefore, to achieve carbon neutrality in the asphalt concrete industry, waste asphalt concrete aggregates should be recycled. Additionally, road base materials are prepared using additives to ensure structural stability, durability, and economic efficiency. In this study, recycled asphalt concrete aggregates were used to evaluate the physical properties of road base materials according to the type of polymer additive and mixing method, and the applicability of road base each material was evaluated. Results showed that when the acrylate-based polymer additive was mixed, the uniaxial compressive strength was 30% higher. Furthermore, the compressive strength of the split mix was improved by ~29% compared to the total mix.

The asphalt concrete industry, accounting for >90% of road pavement, is a crucial contributor to construction waste. This study focuses on the recycling of asphalt concrete recycled aggregates, which currently exhibits a low rate. We investigated the application of these aggregates, combined with hardener and mixing water, in the development of ecofriendly road base materials using circular aggregates. Results revealed that the 13-mm asphalt concrete recycled aggregates met all quality standards. However, the 25-mm aggregates did not conform to the reclaimed asphalt content standard; however, they met other quality standards. Moreover, the experimental results for the hardener and mixing water indicated compliance with all quality standards.

PURPOSES : This study investigated the field applicability of pervious concrete to pavement base courses. Pervious concrete was developed at laboratory level, and the compaction methods, field moisture content, and fundamental properties when the material was constructed in the field were studied. METHODS : Field-applied pervious concrete was compacted at different levels using a tandem roller, and cores were taken to investigate the compressive strength, infiltration rate, continued porosity, and freeze-thaw resistance. In addition, the optimum field construction and quality control of the moisture content of a batch plant were measured. RESULTS : The moisture content of pervious concrete has an essential effect on workability and quality control during field test construction. From the test herein, the optimum value at a batch plant was found to be approximately 2.5±0.1%. The compaction level is also a crucial parameter at construction sites because it affects the mechanical and penetration properties. Considering both compressive strength and drainage, the recommended compaction was three times the round trip when a tandem roller was used. The penetration coefficient was 0.88 cm/sec when applying three times the round trip of the tandem roller. The freezing and thawing weight loss rates of the applied pervious concrete satisfied the required condition of 14% or less, regardless the compaction level. CONCLUSIONS : With the suggested mixed proportions of pervious concrete, the recommended compaction was three times the round trip of a tandem roller and a moisture content of approximately 2.5±0.1% from a batch plant. When these conditions were satisfied, the mechanical and drainage properties satisfied the required criteria.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to present a cross section suitable for low-traffic road pavement considering the environmental characteristics of Vietnam. METHODS : The behavior of the pavement with respect to the axial load was numerically analyzed using the nonlinear finite element method. The elastic-plastic material model was applied to material properties such as subgrade, sub-base layer, and base layer, and whether the material yielded was determined. In order to evaluate the adequacy of the cross section of the Vietnamese low-traffic pavement, it was compared with the KPRP Lv 3 road pavement section. And it was compared with the newly proposed MAST composite Pavement. The design life of each pavement section was calculated using the results obtained from the pavement structural analysis. RESULTS : The cross section of the Vietnamese low-traffic road pavement, KPRP lv3, MAST composite Type1 road pavement did not satisfy the design criteria for fatigue cracking and rutting. MAST composite Type2 was analyzed considering CTAB having 100mm and 150mm thickness and compressive strength of 5MPa, 10MPa, 15MPa and 20MPa, and all of them satisfied the design criteria. CONCLUSIONS : The low-traffic road pavement section in Vietnam currently used is judged to be inappropriate, and the MAST Composite type 2 proposed in this study is evaluated as an appropriate alternative. Further studies such as field application are needed in the future.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the structural effects of subbase materials and surface layer thickness obtained from different sites. METHODS : Using a falling weight deflectometer, structural indexes such as SM(r), surface curvature index, base damage index, base curvature index, and AREA, were determined and compared with those of the control section. The back-elastic moduli for each layer were evaluated using the BALM program, and the tensile and compressive strains were analyzed using the KENLAYER program. The damage analysis was conducted to determine both the permanent deformation and fatigue cracking under repeated loading. RESULTS : Increasing the surface layer can improve the elastic moduli of the construction section and compensate for the inclusion of different percent finer within 5% in the subbase layer. CONCLUSIONS : The structural effect of adding 5% of 50 m/m aggregate can be compensated for by increasing the thickness of the surface layer.

PURPOSES: A composite pavement utilizes both an asphalt surface and a concrete base. Typically, a concrete base layer provides structural capacity, while an asphalt surface layer provides smoothness and riding quality. This pavement type can be used in conjunction with rollercompacted concrete (RCC) pavement as a base layer due to its fast construction, economic efficiency, and structural performance. However, the service life and functionality of composite pavement may be reduced due to interfacial bond failure. Therefore, adequate interfacial bonding between the asphalt surface and the concrete base is essential to achieving monolithic behavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate the bond characteristics at the interface between asphalt (HMA; hot-mixed asphalt) and the RCC baseMETHODS: This study was performed to determine the optimal type and application rate of tack coat material for RCC-base composite pavement. In addition, the core size effect, temperature condition, and bonding failure shape were analyzed to investigate the bonding characteristics at the interface between the RCC base and HMA surface. To evaluate the bond strength, a pull-off test was performed using different diameters of specimens such as 50 mm and 100 mm. Tack coat materials such as RSC-4 and BD-Coat were applied in amounts of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, and 1.1ℓ/m2 to determine the optimal application rate. In order to evaluate the bond strength characteristics with temperature changes, a pull-off test was carried out at -15, 0, 20, and 40 °C. In addition, the bond failure shapes were analyzed using an image analysis program after the pull-off tests were completed.RESULTS: The test results indicated that the optimal application rate of RSC-4 and BD-Coat were 0.8ℓ/m2, 0.9 ℓ/m2, respectively. The core size effect was determined to be negligible because the bond strengths were similar in specimens with diameters of 50 mm and 100 mm. The bond strengths of RSC-4 and BD-Coat were found to decrease significantly when the temperature increased. As a result of the bonding failure shape in low-temperature conditions such as -15, 0, and 20 °C, it was found that most of the debonding occurred at the interface between the tack coat and RCC surface. On the other hand, the interface between the HMA and tack coat was weaker than that between the tack coat and RCC at a high temperature of 40 °C.CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested an optimal application rate of tack coat materials to apply to RCC-base composite pavement. The bond strengths at high temperatures were significantly lower than the required bond (tensile) strength of 0.4 MPa. It was known that the temperature was a critical factor affecting the bond strength at the interface of the RCC-base composite pavement.

콘크리트 기층에 아스팔트 표층의 복합포장 구조에서 온도변화에 따른 반사균열의 거동은 반사균열 억제 및 제어에 중요한 정보로 작용한다. 반사균열의 주요 발생원인 중 포장의 온・습도 변화에 따른 하부 콘크리트의 수평 거동 및 컬링에 의한 줄눈/균열부 수직 거동은 포장의 특성(콘크리트 열팽창계수, 하부마찰계수, 포장두께 등)과 지역환경(대기의 온도, 상대습도, 태양 복사량 등)에 따라 다른 특성을 보인다. 본 연구에서는 롤러전압 콘크리트 기층에 배수성 아스팔트 표층의 복합포장 구조에서 현장의 온도변화에 따른 반사균열의 거동 특성을 분석하였다. 늦가을(11월 초)에 5cm 두께 배수성 아스팔트 덧씌우기 포장을 롤러전압 콘크리트 기층 상부에 시공하였다. 온도 조사는 표층 아스팔트 상/하부와 기층 콘크리트 상/하부, 대기온도를 계측하였다. 롤러전압 콘크리트 기층의 균열은 1년의 공용기간 동안 약 30m의 일정 간격으로 발생하였으며, 계측한 연속된 3개 균열의 움직임은 안정화되어 온도에 따라 유사한 거동을 보였다. 계측결과, 겨울철 온도에 따른 줄눈거동은 그림 1과 같다. 영하권의 겨울철 포장의 온도는 태양의 복사열과 기층하부의 지열로 인하여 대기온도보다 높았다. 표층 시공 후 큰 폭의 온도 저감이 발생한 이후 반사균열이 발생하였고 그림 2는 반사균열 발생 전・후의 1일 온도차에 따른 1일 균열 폭 변화량을 보인다. 추세곡선의 기울기는 온도변화에 따른 균열 거동에 저항하는 크기를 나타낸다. 두 곡선의 기울기 차인 0.008은 5cm 두께의 배수성 표층의 반사균열에 대한 저항 특성치임을 알 수 있다. 아스팔트 표층 반사균열 발생 전・후의 추세 곡선간 y축 절편의 차는 반사균열 발생에 따른 동일 온도변화에서 균열 거동량의 증가분을 나타낸다. 향후 배수성 표층 복합포장의 계절별 거동특성을 분석하여 복합포장 설계검토에 활용할 계획이다.

아스팔트 표층과 콘크리트 기층으로 구성된 복합포장은 강성기층의 높은 지지력과 아스팔트 표층의 소음저감, 평탄성, 미끄럼저항성 등을 확보할 수 있는 장점을 가진 포장이다. 롤러다짐콘크리트(RCC)는 빠른 시공속도와 경제성을 가져 복합포장의 기층으로 활용된다. 그러나 이러한 복합포장의 공용수명 및 성능은 포장 계면의 부착파괴로 인해 저하된다. 그러므로 아스팔트 표층과 콘크리트 기층사이의 적절한 부착은 복합포장의 단일거동(monolithic behavior)을 통한 포장성능 및 공용수명 확보를 위해 필수적이다. 복합포장에 적용되는 아스팔트와 택코트 재료는 역청혼합물을 포함하고 있는 재료로 시간-온도에 의존적인 점탄성 특성을 나타내며 콘크리트는 환경적 조건(온도 등)에 따라 컬링 및 수축·팽창 등이 발생하는 재료적 특성을 가진 재료이다. 복합포장의 역학적 거동은 이러한 각 재료 및 포장계면의 특성에 기반 한다. 그러므로 부착 성능을 평가함에 있어 국내의 계절별 기후에 따른 복합포장 내 온도특성을 반영하여 부착성능이 평가되어야 하며 겨울철 반복적 동결-융해가 발생하는 국내의 기후특성상 이를 고려한 부착내구성 평가 등이 수행되어야 한다. 그러나 국내의 경우 20 ℃의 표준온도만을 적용한 부착성능 평가를 통해 품질관리가 수행되고 있으며 이와 관련된 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 또한, 복합포장의 경제적 강성기층으로 본 연구에 적용된 롤러다짐콘크리트(RCC)는 적은 단위수량 및 단위시멘트량을 사용하여 시멘트 페이트의 양이 일반콘크리트 포장에 비해 적으며 포설 후 롤러전압다짐이 적용되기 때문에 불규칙한 거친 표면을 형성한다. 그러므로 이러한 특성을 고려한 적정 택코트 재료 및 살포량 선정이 요구된다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 롤러다짐콘크리트-기층 복합포장에 대한 부착특성을 분석하고자 하였다. RSC-4와 BD-Coat 두 종류의 택코트 재료가 실험되었으며 각 재료의 최적살포량을 선정하고자 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1 ℓ/m2의 살포량이 적용되었다. 추가적으로 100 mm, 50 mm에 대한 core size effect가 고려되었다. 온도 조건에 따른 인장부착특성은 -15, 0, 20 40 ℃의 각 온도 조건에서 실험되었으며 반복적 동결-융해가 발생하는 국내의 기후 특성을 고려하고자 0, 50, 100 Cycle에 대한 부착내구성 실험이 수행되었다. 실험의 각 부착파괴단면은 이미지분석프로그램을 통해 검토 되었으며 검토 내용을 바탕으로 부착특성과 부착파괴단면과의 상관관계가 분석되었다.

PURPOSES:The objective of this study is to ascertain the curing period of cementless cold central plant recycled asphalt base-layer, using mechanical analyses and specimen quality tests on the field.METHODS :Cold central plant recycled asphalt base-layer mixture was produced in the plant from reclaimed asphalt, natural aggregate, filler for the cold mix, and the modified emulsion AP using asphalt mix design and plant mix design. In order to examine the applicability of the curing period during the field test, the international standards for the possibility of core extraction and the degree of compaction and LFWD deflection were analyzed. Moreover, Marshall stability test, porosity test, and indirect tensile strength test were performed on the specimens of asphalt mix and plant mix design.RESULTS :The plant production process and compaction method of cementless cold central plant recycled asphalt base-layer were established, and the applicability of the optical moisture content for producing the mixture was verified through the field test. In addition, it was determined that the core extraction method of the conventional international curing standard was insufficient to ensure performance, and the LFWD test demonstrated that the deflection converges after a two-day curing. However, the back-calculation analysis reveals that a three-day curing is satisfactory, resulting in a general level of performance of dense asphalt base-layer. Moreover, from the result of the specimen quality test of the asphalt mix design and plant mix design according to the curing period, it was determined that the qualities satisfied both domestic and international standards, after a two-day curing. However, it was determined that the strength and stiffness after three-day curing are higher than those after a two-day curing by approximately 3.5 % and 20 %, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:A three-day curing period is proposed for the cementless cold central plant recycled asphalt base-layer; this curing period can be demonstrated to retain the modulus of asphalt-base layer in the field and ensure stable quality characteristics.

PURPOSES: The main purpose of this study is to develop a high elastic modulus and low-shrinkage roller-compacted concrete base (RCCB) in order to prevent fatigue cracking and reflective cracking in the asphalt surface layer of composite pavement. Using a rigid base material with low shrinkage can be a solution to this problem. Moreover, a strong rigid base with high elastic modulus is able to shift the location of critical tensile strain from the bottom of the asphalt layer to the bottom of the rigid base layer, which can prevent fatigue cracking in the asphalt layer. METHODS: Sensitivity analysis of composite pavement via numerical methods is implemented to determine an appropriate range of elastic modulus of the rigid base that would eliminate fatigue cracking. Various asphalt thicknesses and elastic moduli of the rigid base are used in the analysis to study their respective influences on fatigue cracking. Low-shrinkage RCC mixture, as determined via laboratory testing with various amounts of a CSA expansion agent (0%, 7%, and 10%), is found to achieve an appropriate low-shrinkage level. Shrinkage of RCC is measured according to KS F 2424. RESULTS : This study shows that composite pavements comprising asphalt thicknesses of (h1) 2 in. with E2 > 19 GPa, 4 in. with E2 > 15 GPa, and 6 in. with E2 > 11 GPa are able to eliminate tensile strain in the asphalt layer, which is the cause of fatigue cracking in this layer. Shrinkage test results demonstrate that a 10% CSA RCC mixture can reduce shrinkage by 84% and 93% as compared to conventional RCC and PCC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of numerical analyses using various design inputs, composite pavements are shown to be able to eliminate fatigue cracking in composite pavement. Additionally, an RCC mixture with 10% CSA admixture is able to reduce or eliminate reflective cracking in asphalt surfaces as a result of the significant shrinkage reduction in the RCC base. Thus, this low-shrinkage base material can be used as an alternative solution to distresses in composite pavement.

1. 서론 최근 상온재활용 포장공법과 관련한 연구들이 국내외적으로 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 배합설계 기준의 경우 각국마다 서로 다른 기준들을 제시하고 있으며, 또한 재활용 아스팔트골재의 치환율에 따른 범용적인 기준제시가 되고 있지 않다. 따라서 기존 배합설계 기준들에 대한 분석이 필요하며, 국내 요구 조건에 따른 기준제시도 필요한 현실이다. 2. 양생방법 및 양생기간 정립 본 연구에서는 기존 연구에서 제시된 배합설계 시 양생방법의 현장상황을 고려한 적용성을 고려하기 위해 아스팔트포장 내 함수비에 따른 변화를 고찰하고, 양생기간 결정을 위한 증발산 시험을 실시하였다. 또한 2일, 3일, 5일, 7일 마샬안정도(60℃ 수침)실험, 밀도 및 공극률 실험을 실시하여 양생기간별 영향 을 분석하였다. 3. 기층 상온 재활용 아스팔트 혼합물 배합설계 품질기준 검증 배합설계 특성치를 결정하기 위해 국내 가열재활용아스팔트 혼합물 지침 및 해외 상온재활용 아스팔트 포장의 문헌조사를 통하여 마샬안정도, 흐름값, 밀도, 공극률 및 ITS의 특성치 기준값 활용성을 검토하였다. 또한 기존채움재와 무기질 채움재의 고성능 기층 성능구현을 위한 역할특성을 분석하였다. 4. 결론 1. 고성능 기층 무시멘트 상온 재활용 기층포장 배합설계방법론을 정립하였고, 이를 통한 80% 치환율의 경우 배합설계 일례 결과, 개질 유화 아스팔트함량을 밀도 및 공극률을 고려하여 3% 최적 개질유화 아 스팔트 양을 결정하였다. 2. 본 연구진의 기존 제안한 40℃ 1일 양생이 꼭 필요함을 재확인하였고, 현장포설환경등과 밀도 및 공극 율을 감안하여 양생기간을 수정제안하였다. 3. 배합설계 시 재활용아스팔트골재의 입도 한계성을 확인하였으며, 신골재의 단입도 사용이 필요하며, 고성능기층을 위해 채움재 특성에 따른 증발효과와 강도증진 효과가 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 4. 본 연구결과와 기존 지침 및 문헌조사한 특성치의 기준값 선정가능성에 대한 실험을 진행하여 특성치 를 정립하였다.

PURPOSES: In this study, we analyzed the compressive strength characteristics of lean base concrete in relation to changes in the outdoor temperature after analyzing the cold and hot weather temperature standards and calculated the minimum and maximum temperatures when pouring concrete. We examined the rate of strength development of lean base concrete in relation to the temperature change and derived an appropriate analysis formula for FRC base structures by assigning the accumulated strength data and existing maturity formula. METHODS: We measured the strength changes at three curing temperatures (5, 20, and 35℃) by curing the concrete in a temperature range that covered the lowest temperature of the cold period, 5℃, to the highest temperature of the hot period, 35℃. We assigned the general lean concrete and FRC as test variables. A strength test was planned to measure the strength after 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days. RESULTS : According to the results of compressive strength tests of plain concrete and FRC in relation to curing temperature, the plain concrete had a compressive strength greater than 5 MPa at all curing temperatures on day 5 and satisfied the lean concrete standard. In the case of FRC, because the initial strength was substantially reduced as a result of a 30% substitution of fly ash, it did not satisfy the strength standard of 5 MPa when it was cured at 5℃ on day 7. In addition, because the fly ash in the FRC caused a Pozzolanic reaction with the progress into late age, the amount of strength development increased. In the case of a curing temperature of 20℃, the FRC strength was about 66% on day 3 compared with the plain concrete, but it is increased to about 77% on day 28. In the case of a curing temperature of 35℃, the FRC strength development rate was about 63% on day 3 compared with the plain concrete, but it increased to about 88% on day 28. CONCLUSIONS: We derived a strength analysis formula using the maturity temperatures with all the strength data and presented the point in time when it reached the base concrete standard, which was 5 MPa for each air temperature. We believe that our findings could be utilized as a reference in the construction of base concrete for a site during a cold or hot weather period.

A rapid urbanization has increased the portion of paved layer that results in the change of water circulation system. This change leads to frequent events of flooding, drought, and urban heat island. To resolve these issues, permeable pavement system based on Low Impact Development (LID) concept is being applied to international urban areas. Therefore it is necessary to establish a rational design procedure for the permeable pavement system that reflects our environmental conditions. iDue to inherent characteristics of permeable pavement system, water infiltrates thorough the layers so it may reduce the bearing capacity of sub-layers. In this study, an effort was made to investigate the effectiveness of geogrid reinforced crushed stone subbase layer based on field experimental program along with a limited numerical analysis. It reveals that geogrid reinforced sections improve the bearing capacity by close to 20%. In addition, a light weight deflectomenter (LWDT) appears to be promising for the compaction quality control of crushed stone subbase layer in order to construct qualified permeable pavement systems.