Purpose: This study aimed to understand nurses' experiences of team effectiveness in nursing units. Methods: Data were collected from May 2 to June 8, 2018 through in-depth interviews with ten nurses who worked at a university hospital and subsequently analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis method. Results: Four themes - ‘the leadership of the head nurse that determines the success or failure of the nursing unit’, ‘a special work environment in which shift work is predominant,’ ‘the competency of individual nurses is essential for team effectiveness’, and 'creating a desirable nursing organizational culture’. - emerged, along with 15 sub-themes. Conclusion: The findings provide valuable information on hospital nurses' experiences with team effectiveness in nursing units in both universal and unique Korean hospital environments. Nursing and hospital managers should be aware of team effectiveness in nursing units to achieve organizational goals.

In this study, an appropriate modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) condition to minimize physiological disorders while lowering weight loss was sought. To reduce weight loss during storage, kimchi cabbages packed with 0, 32, 40, 48 perforated low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films, with a diameter of 14 mm, were stored in pallet units for 90 days at 1-2oC, and their loss rate, physiological disorders, total bacteria count, pH, and solid content were analyzed. It was found that as the number of holes increased, the weight loss ratio increased proportionally. However, the difference between the perforations was relatively small compared with the sample without film packaging. On the other hand, it was also observed that the lower the number of holes was, the lower the incidence of physiological disorder was because the cold air penetrated through the perforated hole while inhibiting physiological effects, releasing heat and carbon dioxide generated by respiration. Considering the weight loss rates and physiological disorders such as black speck and soft rot, the kimchi cabbage packed with 48 perforated films (73.9 cm2) exhibited the most satisfactory condition. Using this storage condition, along with 2-3oC temperature and 91-95% relative humidity inside the pallet, a highly suitable condition for kimchi processing was obtained to secure kimchi cabbage.

Fungicide spraying and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) wrapping were carried out for the improvement of storage yield in winter kimchi cabbage. Acetic acid, rox, tebuconazole and fludioxonil were sprayed on the cabbage, and then cabbage boxes were wrapped with 0.02 mm polyvinyl chloride film. The weight loss ratio of wrapped cabbages were 8.62% and 15.71% in unwrapped cabbages. Trimming loss ratio was the lowest in the mixed treatment of acetic acid, rox and tebuconazole in wrapped cabbage. Physiological disorders of 90-day stored cabbage was better in wrapped cabbage, especially with the mixed treatment of acetic acid, rox and tebuconazole. Wrapping and fungicide treatment reduced the storage loss ratio and physiological disorder for storage of kimchi cabbages.

해외직구를 비롯한 인터넷 구매 환경에서 소비자들은 실제적인 제품을 보지 못하고 제품의 사진과 제품 정보에 의존하여 의사결정을 내리게 된다. 제품의 사진은 제품의 형태만을 보여줄 뿐이므로 소비자들은 정확한 크기에 대한 정보는 제품 속성을 나타내는 텍스트에 의존하게 된다. 이러한 크기나 양을 표시할 때, 같은 양이나 크기를 나타내는 데에도 여러 가지 단위와 그에 따른 다른 숫자가 사용될 수 있다. 예를 들어 해외 직구 상황에서 30ml 의 향수가 1 fl. oz.로 표시되어 있는 사이트를 발견할 수도 있다. 이러한 상황에서 소비자들은 같은 크기의 제품 이라 하더라도 표시한다고 하더라도 사용된 단위에 따라 크기를 다르게 인식할 수 있다. 즉 큰 숫자로 표현된 사물을 크게 지각하는 다수성 효과가 나타나는 경우도 있고 그 반대로 큰 단위가 사용되면 크게 지각하는 단위효과가 나타날 수도 있다. 이 논문은 이러한 다수성 효과와 단위효과에 영향을 미치는 요소로 심리적 거리 중의 하나인 사회적 거리와 단 위의 친숙성을 제시하고 이들의 조절효과를 살펴 보았다. 이를 위하여 두 가지 실험이 사용되었다. 우선 실험 1 에서는 사회적 거리가 가까울 경우는 다수성 효과가 나타나는 경향이 있고 사회적 거리가 멀 경우에는 단위 효과 가 나타나는 경향이 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 실험 2에서는 단위친숙성이 낮은 경우에는 다수성 효과가 강해지고 단위친숙성이 높은 경우에는 그 다수성 효과가 약해짐을 알 수 있었으며 또 실험 1에서 나타난 사회적 거리의 조절효과는 단위 친숙성이 낮을 경우에는 나타나지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 봄배추의 중량감소를 낮추면서 생리장해를 최소화하는 기체조절포장 조건을 찾고자 하였다. 봄배추는 직경 14mm로 타공(0, 32, 40, 48개)한 Low density polyethylene(LDPE) 필름으로 팰릿 단위로 포장하여 1-2 ℃에서 90 일간 저장하면서 손실률, 생리장해, 총균수, pH, 고형분 함량을 비교 분석하였다. 타공수에 비례하여 중량감소율이 증 가되었고 생리장해 발생률은 낮아졌다. 이는 타공구멍으로 냉기가 순환하여 생리작용을 억제하고 수분과 이산화탄소 가 배출되었기 때문이다. 총 저장손실률과 곰팡이 발생, 생리장해 등을 종합적으로 판단하면 48개(73.9cm2)를 타공하 여 포장한 봄배추의 품질이 양호하였고, 이때 팰릿 내부 온도는 2-3 ℃, 상대습도는 91-95 %를 유지하였다.

Pyracantha is a genus of thorny evergreen large shrubs in the family of Rosaceae, with common names Firethorn or Pyracantha. It's extract has also been used in cosmetics as a skin-whitening agent and functioning through tyrosinase inhibition. Recent studies have shown that pyracantha extract possesses antioxidant activities and may significantly improve lipoprotein metabolism in rats. Although the mode of action of Pyracantha extract is not fully understood, a strong relationship was observed between antioxidant and apoptosis in some types of cells. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of pyracantha extract on blastocysts formation and their quality of the porcine parthenogenetic embryos. After parthenogenetic activation by chemicals, presumptive porcine parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in PZM-3 medium supplemented with extracts of pyracantha leaf, stalk and root for 6 day (1, 5 and 10 μg/ml, respectively). In our results, the frequency of blastocyst formation in pyracantha root extract (5 μg/ml) treated group had increased that of other groups. Furthermore, blastocysts derived from pyracantha root extract (5 μg/ml) treated group had increased the total cell numbers and reduced apoptotic index. Blastocyst development was significantly improved in the pyracantha root extract (5 μg/ml) treated group when compared with the H2O2 treated group (p<0.05). Subsequent evaluation of the intracellular levels of ROS in pyracantha root extract (5 μg/ml) treated groups under H2O2 induced oxidative stress were decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that treatment of pyracantha root extract may improve in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos through its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects.

The suitable electric stimulation is essential for activation and fusion of oocytes before or after nuclear transplantation The present study was undertaken to determine the optirnal condition for the parthenogenetic activation of in vitro rnatured(IVM) bovine oocytes by electric stimulation. Different direct current(DC) electric voltage of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kV/cm and pulse duration of 30, 60 and 120 sec were applied to the JVM nocytes in 0.3 M mannitol solution containing each 100 M CaCl and MgCl. IVM occytes at 24, 28 and 32 hours Post-maturation(hpm) were also electrically stimulated at 1.5 kV /cm, for 60 sec. The stimulated nocytes were then co-cultured in TCM-199 solution containing 10% fetal calf serum with bovine oviductal epithelial cells for 7~9 days in a 5% incubator at 39 ~ Their activation and in vitro development to morula and blastocyst were assessed under an inverted microscope. The higher activation rates 62.8 and 63.4% and in vitro de- velopment rates to morula and blastocyst 5.1 and 10.9% were shown in the oocytes stimulated at the voltage of 1.0 and 1.5 kV/cm than 2.0 kV/cm, respectively. No signifi- cantly(P<0.05) different activation rate was shown in JVM oocytes stimulated for 30, 60 and 120 sec, but developmental rates to morula and blastocyst was significantly(P<0.05) higher in the oocytes stimulated for 30 sec(6~3%) and 60 sec(10~0%) than 120 sec(0~ 0%). The aged oocytes at 28 and 30 hpm showed significantly(P<0.05) higher activation rates(72~7 and 79.7%) than the oocytes at 24 hpm(50~9%)~ Also, their developmental rates to morula and blastocyst were significantly(P<0.05) higher in the nocytes at 28(14.3%) and 32 hpm(15.9%) than 24 hpm(3.6%). From these results, it can be suggested that the optimal electric stimulation for IVM bovine occytes is a DC voltage between 1.0 and 1.5 kV/cm, pulse duration of 30 or 60 sec, and the optimal age of IVM oocytes for electric activation is at 32 hpm.

본 연구에서는 서울시에 소재한 상습침수지역을 사례로, 침수피해 저감을 위해 유역단위의 종합적 침수방지대책의 효과와 소요비용에 대해 분석하였다. 이를 위해 하수관거 개선, 우수유출저감시설, 건축물 침수방지대책을 마련하고, 각 경우의 유출 및 침수피해 저감 효과와 소요비용을 비교분석하였다. 그 결과, 유역단위의 우수유출저감시설과 건축물 침수방지대책은 하수관거에 대한 보완적 역할로써 침수피해 최소화를 위해 효과적일 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 우수유출저감시설은 재현기간에 따라 소요비용의 차이가 크게 나타나기 때문에 설계기준을 신중히 선정해야 하며, 건축물 침수방지대책의 경우 70년빈도 호우규모에서 침수피해 해소면적당 소요비용이 상대적으로 최소로 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구성과는 전통적인 방재시설 중심의 시설물 대책에 더하여 시가지 토지이용 및 건축적 대책을 고려함으로써 유역단위에서 종합적 수방대책을 마련하여, 점증하는 기상이변에 보다 탄력적으로 대응하는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

‘Probiotics’ as a live microbial feed supplementation which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its microbial balance and it is known to as a substitute for antibiotics in livestock feed industry. Lactic acid bacteria as a Lactobacillus sp. is formed acid and decrease pH in gastro󰠏intestine that is result in suppress harmful microorganism. Lactobacillus sp. also produces vitamin and a variety amino acids. Yeast as a saccharomyces sp. secretes digestive enzymes, decreases ammonia emission and increases feed palatability by alcohol and glutamic acid. The effects of dietary probiotics in monogastric animals that improve weight gain and feed efficiency ratio and decrease diarrhea occurrence frequency in pigs. Also, probiotics increase egg production ratio and beneficial microorganisms in laying hens. In broiler, they have more gain weight and lower blood cholesterol concentrations by probiotics. However, the other study reported probiotics supplementation in animal diets has no effect on ADG, G/F or performance. Thus, future study in these area will allow for more efficient use of the probiotics, selection of more superior microorganism and development of more efficient environment󰠏friendly probiotics like a photosynthetic bacteria.