YAG phosphor powders were fabricated by the atmospheric plasma spraying method with the spray-dried spherical YAG precursor. The YAG precursor slurry for the spray drying process was prepared by the PVA solution chemical processing utilizing a domestic easy-sintered aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powder as a seed. The homogenous and viscous slurry resulted in dense granules, not hollow or porous particles. The synthesized phosphor powders demonstrated a stable YAG phase, and excellent fluorescence properties of approximately 115% compared with commercial YAG:Ce3+ powder. The microstructure of the phosphor powder had a perfect spherical shape and an average particle s ize of a pprox imately 30 μm. As a r esult of t he PKG t est of t he YAG p hosphor p owder, t he s ynthesized phosphor powders exhibited an outstanding luminous intensity, and a peak wavelength was observed at 531 nm.

Tb3+-doped CaNb2O6 (CaNb2O6:Tb3+) thin films were deposited on quartz substrates at a growth temperature of 300 °C using radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The deposited thin films were annealed at several annealing temperatures for 20 min and characterized for their structural, morphological, and luminescent properties. The experimental results showed that the annealing temperature had a significant effect on the properties of the CaNb2O6:Tb3+ thin films. The crystalline structure of the as-grown CaNb2O6:Tb3+ thin films transformed from amorphous to crystalline after annealing at temperatures greater than or equal to 700 °C. The emission spectra of the thin films under excitation at 251 nm exhibited a dominant emission band at 546 nm arising from the 5D4 → 7F5 magnetic dipole transition of Tb3+ and three weak emission bands at 489, 586, and 620 nm, respectively. The intensity of the 5D4 → 7F5 (546 nm) magnetic dipole transition was greater than that of the 5D4 → 7F6 (489 nm) electrical dipole transition, indicating that the Tb3+ ions in the host crystal were located at sites with inversion symmetry. The average transmittance at wavelengths of 370~1,100 nm decreased from 86.8 % at 700 °C to 80.5 % at an annealing temperature of 1,000 °C, and a red shift was observed in the bandgap energy with increasing annealing temperature. These results suggest that the annealing temperature plays a crucial role in developing green light-emitting CaNb2O6:Tb3+ thin films for application in electroluminescent displays.

본 연구는 Tetraselmis suecica와 T. tetrathele의 영양물질 증진효과를 가져올 수 있는 배양시스템 구축을 위하여, 발광다이오드 (LED)의 파장별(청색; 450 nm, 황색; 590 nm, 적색; 630 nm) 탄수화물, 단백질, 지질 함량을 측정하였다. 두 종 모두 단백질 비율(42~69%)이 가장 높았으며, 생장속도가 낮았던 황색파장에서 탄수화물, 단백질, 지질의 높은 함량을 보였고, 생장속도가 가장 높았던 적색파장에서는 낮은 함량을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 세포 분열 속도의 감소로 인해 단백질 합성과 함께 세포의 화학적 조성과 효소 활동에 변화를 주어 지질과 탄수화물 함량이 증가한 것으로 생각된다. 따라서, T. suecica와 T. tetrathele의 유용한 생화학적 물질의 증대를 위해 대수생장기 초 기와 중기는 적색 LED 그리고 대수생장기 후기에는 황색 LED를 주사하는 2단계 LED 배양을 제안하였다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of self-luminescent road markings using driving simulation. METHODS : In this study, a driving simulation was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of self-luminescent road markings. The details of this study are as follows. Highway sections were categorized as tunnels, tunnel approaches, bridges, merging areas, mainlines, and curbs. The luminance of the existing road markings was collected through field measurements. The luminance of the self-luminescent road markings was collected through experimental measurements. The luminance of the road markings is converted into a brightness ratio to be applied to the driving simulation. Road facilities at night were visualized during the driving simulation. Driving simulation was tested by 30 participants. Each participant rated the visibility perception of both the road markings ahead of 90 m with a 5-point scale. The log data generated from the driving simulation tests were analyzed. RESULTS : The luminance of the existing road markings and self-luminescent road markings was measured. The luminance of the existing and lab-based road markings was converted into a brightness ratio. The road facilities of highway sections were investigated for driving simulations. The driving simulation was tested by 30 participants. Visibility perception ratings and log data from the driving simulation were analyzed. The average of visibility point increased from 1.01 to 4.63 when self-luminescent road markings were added to the existing road markings. The average speed also increased when self-luminescent road markings were added to existing road markings. CONCLUSIONS : In conclusion, self-luminescent road markings can improve the visibility of road markings and driving speed, particularly in highway sections where driving speed decreases owing to low visibility.

‘Tracers’ are bullets that emit light at the backside so that the shooter can see the trajectory of their flight. These light-emitting bullets allow snipers to hit targets faster and more accurately. Conventional tracers are all combustion type which use the heat generated upon ignition. However, the conventional tracer has a fire risk at the impact site due to the residual flame and has a by-product that can contaminate the inside of the gun and lead to firearm failure. To resolve these problems, it is necessary to develop non-combustion-type tracers that can convert heat to luminance, so-called ‘thermoluminescence (TL)’. Here, we highly improve the thermoluminescence properties of MgB4O7 through co-doping of Dy3++Ce3+ and Dy3++Na+. The presence of doping materials (Dy3+, Ce3+, Na+) was confirmed by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The as-synthesized co-doped MgB4O7 was irradiated with a specific radiation dose and heated to 500 °C under dark conditions. Different thermoluminescence characteristics were exhibited depending on the type or amounts of doping elements, and the highest luminance of 370 cd/m2 was obtained when Dy 10 % and Na 5 % were co-doped.

안트라센의 골격을 갖는 청색 발광 물질, 9-(2-naphthyl)-10-(p-tolyl)anthracene (2-NTA)를 기본으로 하고, 오렌지 도판트인 루브렌을 다양한 부피비로 사용하여 백색 유기발광소자를 제작하였다. 그 결과 C.I.E. 좌표가 (0.32, 0.39)인 백색 유기발광소자를 얻었다. 다양한 부피비의 소자 중 루브렌을 1.5% 이하로 증착된 소자가 3% 이상으로 증착된 소자 보다 전기발광 효율이 높았다. 더욱이 2-NTA를 포함하 는 백색 유기발광소자는 같은 조전하에서 2-NTA 만의 청색 유기발광소자 보다 낮은 턴온 전압을 갖는다. 결론적으로 2-NTA는 적은 양의 오렌지 도판트만으로 순수한 백색 유기발광소자를 구현할 수 있다.

In this study, Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ red phosphors were synthesized at different temperatures using a solid state reaction method. The crystal structures, surface and optical properties of the Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ red phosphors were investigated using Xray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and photoluminescence (PL) analyses. From XRD results, the crystal structure of the Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ red phosphors was determined to be cubic. The maximum emission spectra were observed for the Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ red phosphor prepared by annealing for 4h at 1,700 oC. The 565~590 nm photoluminescent spectra of the Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ red phosphors is associated with the 5D0 → 7F2 magnetic dipole transition of the Eu3+ ions. The intensity of the photoluminescent spectra in the red phosphors is more dominant for the magnetic dipole transition than the electric dipole transition with increasing annealing temperature. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) coordinates of Y3Al5O12:Eu3+ red phosphors prepared by 1,700 oC annealing temperature are X = 0.5994, Y = 0.3647.

Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have improved rapidly over the past few years, and research on the optoelectrical properties of halide perovskite thin films has grown as well. Among the characterization techniques, photoluminescence (PL), a method of collecting emitted photons to evaluate the properties of materials, is widely applied to evaluate improvements in the performance of PSCs. However, since only photons emitted from the film in the escape cone are included, the photons collected in PL are a small fraction of the total photons emitted from the film. Unlike PSCs power conversion efficiency, PL measuring methods have not been standardized, and have been evaluated in a variety of ways. Thus, an in-depth study is needed of the methods used to evaluate materials using PL spectra. In this study, we examined the PL spectra of the perovskite light harvesting layer with different measurement protocols and analyzed the features. As the incident angle changed, different spectra were observed, indicating that the PL emission spectrum can depend on the measuring method, not the material. We found the intensity and energy of the PL spectra changes were due to the path of the emitted photons. Also, we found that the PL of halide perovskite thin films generally contains limited information. To solve this problem, the emitted photons should be collected using an integrating sphere. The results of this study suggest that the emission spectrum of halide perovskite films should be carefully interpreted in accordance with PL measuring method, since PL data is mostly affected by the method.

Cu-doped ZnSe quantum dots were successfully synthesized in an aqueous solution using an internal doping method. The effects of ligand type, CuSe synthesis temperature, and heating time on Cu-doped ZnSe synthesis were systematically investigated. Of MPA, GSH, TGA, and NAC used as ligands, MPA was the optimal ligand as determined by PL spectrum analysis. In addition, the emission wavelength was found to depend on the synthesis temperature of the internal doping core of CuSe. As the temperature increased, the doping of Cu2+ was enhanced, and the emission wavelength band was redshifted; accordingly, the emission peaks moved from blue to green (up to 550 nm). Thus, the synthesis of Cu:ZnSe using internal doping in aqueous solutions is a potential method for ecomanufacturing of colortuned ZnSe quantum dots for display applications.

Single OLED and tandem OLED was manufactured to analyze the electroluminescence characteristics of DC driving, AC driving, and full-wave rectification driving. The threshold voltage of OLED was the highest in DC driving, and the lowest in full-wave rectification driving due to an improvement of current injection characteristics. The luminance at a driving voltage lower than 10.5 V (8,534 cd/m2) of single OLED and 20 V (7,377 cd/m2) of a tandem OLED showed that the full-wave rectification drive is higher than that of DC drive. The luminous efficiency of OLED is higher in full-wave rectification driving than in DC driving at low voltage, but decrease at high voltage. The full-wave rectification power source may obtain higher current density, higher luminance, and higher current efficiency than the AC power source. In addition, it was confirmed that the characteristics of AC driving and full-wave rectification driving can be predicted from DC driving characteristics by comparing the measured values and calculated values of AC driving and full-wave rectification driving emission characteristics. From the above results, it can be seen that OLED lighting with improved electroluminescence characteristics compared to DC driving is possible using full-wave rectification driving and tandem OLED.

In this study, a mixed resin containing Bis-GMA was developed to produce a light-emitting sign using quantum dots. As a result of measuring the viscosity, color coordinates change, and luminance of the mixed resin, the following conclusions were obtained. The viscosity of the mixed resin decreased as the content of the diluent increased, and viscosity values ​​ranged from 3,627 to 1,349cps showed as a result. The viscosity of the mixed resin decreased as the temperature increased, and the viscosity showed a value of 5,156 to 1,132cps. For the optical properties of InP/GaP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots, the absolute quantum efficiency was 91% at 522nm and 90% at 618nm when the gallium was 0.01%. The luminance of the light-emitting sign using the resin mixed with quantum dots was showed 142.6cd/m2 in white and 104.2cd/m2 in the red region.

Bullets flying with a light from the back are called “tracers”. Tracers are ignited by the combustion gas of the propellant and emit bright light that allows the shooter to visually trace the flight path. Therefore, tracers mark the firing point for allies to assist shooters to hit target quickly and accurately. Conventional tracers are constructed with a mixture of an oxidizing agent, raw metal, and organic fuel. Upon ignition, the inside of the gun can be easily contaminated by the by-products, which can lead to firearm failure during long-term shooting. Moreover, there is a fire risk such as forest fires due to residual flames at impact site. Therefore, it is necessary to develop non-combustion type luminous material; however, this material must still use the heat generated from the propellant, so-called “thermoluminescence (TL)”. This study aims to compare the TL emission of Dy3+, La3+ and Ho3+ doped MgB4O7 phosphors prepared by solid state reaction. The crystal structures of samples were determined by X-ray diffraction and matched with the standard pattern of MgB4O7. Luminescence of various doses (200 ~ 15,000 Gy) of gamma irradiated Dy3+, La3+ and Ho3+ (at different concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 20 %) doped MgB4O7 were recorded using a luminance/color meter. The intensity of TL yellowish (CIE x = 0.401 ~ 0.486, y = 0.410 ~ 0.488) emission became stronger as the temperature increased and the total gamma-ray dose increased.

This paper proposes a mathematical model that can calculate the luminescence characteristics driven by alternating current (AC) power using the current-voltage-luminance (I-V-L) properties of organic light emitting devices (OLED) driven by direct current power. Fluorescent OLEDs are manufactured to verify the model, and I-V-L characteristics driven by DC and AC are measured. The current efficiency of DC driven OLED can be divided into three sections. Region 1 is a section where the recombination efficiency increases as the carrier reaches the emission layer in proportion to the increase of the DC voltage. Region 2 is a section in which the maximum luminous efficiency is stably maintained. Region 3 is a section where the luminous efficiency decreases due to excess carriers. Therefore, the fitting equation is derived by dividing the current density and luminance of the DC driven OLED into three regions, and the current density and luminance of the AC driven OLED are calculated from the fitting equation. As a result, the measured and calculated values of the AC driving I-V-L characteristics show deviations of 4.7% for current density, 2.9% for luminance, and 1.9% for luminous efficiency.

Y2O3:Eux (x = 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1 mol) phosphors are synthesized with different concentrations of Eu3+ ions by solvothermal method. The crystal structure, surface and optical properties of the Eu doped Y2O3 phosphors are investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) analyses. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, the crystal structure of the Eu doped Y2O3 phosphor is found to be cubic. The maximum emission spectra of the Eu doped Y2O3 phosphors are observed at 0.05 mol Eu3+ concentration. The photoluminescence of 615 nm in the Eu doped Y2O3 phosphors is associated with 5D0 → 7F2 transition of Eu3+ ions. The decrease in emission intensity of 0.1 mol Eu doped Y2O3 is interpreted by concentration quenching. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) coordinates of 0.05 mol Eu doped Y2O3 phosphor are X = 0.6547, Y = 0.3374.

Zinc selenide (ZnSe) nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous solution using glutathione (GSH) as a ligand. The influence of the ligand content, reaction temperature, and hydroxyl ion concentration (pH) on the fabrication of the ZnSe particles was investigated. The optical properties of the synthesized ZnSe particles were characterized using various analytical techniques. The nanoparticles absorbed UV-vis light in the range of 350-400 nm, which is shorter than the absorption wavelength of bulk ZnSe particles (460 nm). The lowest ligand concentration for achieving good light absorption and emission properties was 0.6 mmol. The reaction temperature had an impact on the emission properties; photoluminescence spectroscopic analysis showed that the photo-discharge characteristics were greatly enhanced at high temperatures. These discharge characteristics were also affected by the hydroxyl ion concentration in solution; at pH 13, sound emission characteristics were observed, even at a low temperature of 25oC. The manufactured nanoparticles showed excellent light absorption and emission properties, suggesting the possibility of fabricating ZnSe QDs in aqueous solutions at low temperatures.

A transparent quantum dot (QD)-based light-emitting diode (LED) with silver nanowire (Ag NW) and indium-tin oxide (ITO) hybrid electrode is demonstrated. The device consists of an Ag NW-ITO hybrid cathode (-), zinc oxide, poly (9- vinylcarbazole) (PVK), CdSe/CdZnS QD, tungsten trioxide, and ITO anode (+). The device shows pure green-color emission peaking at 548 nm, with a narrow spectral half width of 43 nm. Devices with hybrid cathodes show better performances, including higher luminance with higher current density, and lower threshold voltage of 5 V, compared with the reference device with a pure Ag NW cathode. It is worth noting that our transparent device with hybrid cathode exhibits a lifetime 9,300 seconds longer than that of a device with Ag NW cathode. This is the reason that the ITO overlayer can protect against oxidization of Ag NW, and the Ag NW underlayer can reduce the junction resistance and spread the current efficiently. The hybrid cathode for our transparent QD LED can applicable to other quantum structure-based optical devices.

Lu3Al5-xGaxO12:Ce3+,Cr3+ powders are prepared using a solid-state reaction method. To determine the crystal structure, Rietveld refinement is performed. The results indicate that Ga3+ ions preferentially occupied tetrahedral rather than octahedral sites. The lattice constant linearly increases, obeying Vegard’s law, despite the strong preference of Ga3+ for the tetrahedral sites. Increasing x led to a blue-shift of the Ce3+ emission band in the green region and a change in the emission intensity. Persistent luminescence is observed from the powders prepared with x = 2–3, occurring through a trapping and detrapping process between Ce3+ and Cr3+ ions. The longest persistent luminescence is achieved for x = 2; its lifetime is at least 30 min. The findings are explained using crystal structure refinement, crystal field splitting, optical band gap, and electron trapping mechanism.

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanocrystals are synthesized by a thermal evaporation method using a mixture of SnO2 and Mg powders. The synthesis process is performed in air at atmospheric pressure, which makes the process very simple. Nanocrystals with a belt shape start to form at 900 oC lower than the melting point of SnO2. As the synthesis temperature increases to 1,100 oC, the quantity of nanocrystals increases. The size of the nanocrystals did not change with increasing temperature. When SnO2 powder without Mg powder is used as the source material, no nanocrystals are synthesized even at 1,100 oC, indicating that Mg plays an important role in the formation of the SnO2 nanocrystals at temperatures as low as 900 oC. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the SnO2 nanocrystals have a rutile crystal structure. The belt-shaped SnO2 nanocrystals have a width of 300~800 nm, a thickness of 50 nm, and a length of several tens of micrometers. A strong blue emission peak centered at 410 nm is observed in the cathodoluminescence spectra of the belt-shaped SnO2 nanocrystals.