속도와 안전은 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 현재 국내에서는 속도 관리를 위해 제한속도를 설정하고 제한속도 기준에 맞춰 차량의 주행 속도를 단속하는 방식에 초점을 두고 있다. 하지만 도시부 보행자 안전 확보를 위해 차량이 제한속도 기준 외에 도로 구간에 따라 안 전하고 적절한 속도로 주행하도록 하는 안전속도의 모니터링이 필요한 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 안전속도의 범위 제시를 위해 사고 빈도 모형을 개발하고, 사고 빈도 모형에서 사고 빈도가 급격하게 변화하는 변곡점을 찾아 안전수준을 판단할 수 있는 임곗값으 로 설정하였으며, 설정된 임곗값을 기준으로 제한속도가 다른 두 도로 집단의 안전속도 범위를 제시하였다. 이 과정에서 대전시의 개 별차량 주행궤적 데이터를 수집 및 가공하여 모형의 입력변수로 활용하기 위한 속도 관련 안전성 평가지표를 산정하였으며, Dynamic threshold method 기반의 새로운 평가지표를 제안하였다. 또한, 속도 관련 안전성 평가지표뿐만 아니라 대전시 T-GIS에서 수집한 도로 시설물 데이터를 모형의 독립변수로 활용하여 도로 시설물을 고려한 안전속도 범위를 산정하고자 하였다. 안전속도 범위 도출 결과, 교차로와 횡단보도의 존재는 누적 사고 수와 양의 상관관계를 가졌으며, 사고 빈도 예측에서도 평균 주행 속도가 30km/h 이하로 낮은 경우 사고 빈도가 높게 추정되어 교차로 등 차량이 정지하는 상황과 첨두시와 같이 혼잡한 교통류 상황에서 차량이 안전하고 적절한 속도로 주행할 수 있도록 하는 안전관리 전략 수립이 필요함을 도출하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 안전속도 범위 결정 방법론과 안전속 도 범위를 참고하여 도시부 속도 관리를 위한 교통안전 관리전략을 수립할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Background: Foot drop is a common symptom in stroke patients. Tape applications are widely used to manage foot drop symptoms. Previous studies have evaluated the effects of static and dynamic balance and gait on foot drop using kinesiology tape; however, only few studies have used dynamic tape application in stroke patients with foot drop. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of dynamic taping, which facilitates the dorsiflexor muscle, on static and dynamic balance and gait speed in stroke patients with foot drop. Methods: The study included 34 voluntary patients (17 men, 17 women) with stroke. The patients were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 17), wherein dynamic taping was used to facilitate the dorsiflexor muscle, or the control group (n = 17), wherein kinesiology taping was used. Before the taping application, velocity average, path-length average, Berg balance scale, and timed up and go test (TUG) were recorded to measure static and dynamic balance, whereas the 10-meter walk test (10MWT) was used to measure gait speed. After the taping application, these parameters were re-evaluated in both groups. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used. Statistical significance levels were set to α = 0.05. Results: Except for the 10MWT scores in the control group, significant differences were noted in all the parameters measured for static and dynamic balance and gait speed between the pre and post-test (p < 0.05). However, the parameters showed significant interaction effects between group and time in the TUG and 10MWT (p < 0.01). Conclusion: These results indicate that compared with kinesiology taping, dynamic taping used in chronic stroke patients with foot drop had a more significant effect on dynamic balance and gait speed.

서로 다른 감각 정보의 불일치가 가상현실 멀미를 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 트레드밀 기반의 가상현실 보행을 통해 감각 정보 일치의 멀미 완화 효과를 검증하고 나아가서 가상현실에서의 광학 흐름(optic flow) 단서에 의한 시각적 속도감과 트레드밀 보행을 통한 보행 속도감의 불일치가 멀미 완화 효과에 미치는 영향을 검증 하였다. 실험1에서는 트레드밀 보행의 멀미 완화 효과를 검증하기 위해 HMD를 통해 앞으로 이동하는 가상현실 체험을 하면서 가만히 서 있을 때와 트레드밀 보행을 할 때의 멀미 수준을 비교하였다. 실험 결과 가상현실 속에서 이동을 하며 트레드밀 보행을 할 때 더 적은 멀미를 느끼고 실재감과 몰입감은 증가하였다. 실험2와 실험3에서는 가상현실 속에서 이동하는 속도에 대한 시각적 속도감과 트레드밀 보행의 속도감을 조작해 두 속도감이 일치할 때와 불일치할 때의 멀미 수준을 비교하였다. 흥미롭게도 참가자들은 시각적 속도감이 보행속도감보다 빠르게 느껴지는 불일치 조건에서 일치조건보다 더 낮은 멀미를 경험하였다. 이와 같은 실험결과는 가상현실 속에서 이동할 때 시각적 정보와 일관되게 트레드밀 보행을 하게 하는 것이 가상현실 멀미를 완화시키지만 속도감의 일치가 필수적인 것이 아님을 시사한다.

Background: High-heeled shoes can change spinal alignment and feet movement, which leads to muscle fatigue and discomfort in lumbopelvic region, legs, and feet while walking. Objects: This study aimed to identify the effects of different shoe heel heights on the walking velocity and electromyographic (EMG) activities of the lower leg muscles during short- and long-distance walking in young females. Methods: Fifteen young females were recruited in this study. The experiments were performed with the following two different shoe heel heights: 0 ㎝ and 7 ㎝. All participants underwent an electromyographic procedure to measure the activities and fatigue levels of the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), rectus femoris (RF), and hamstring muscles with each heel height during both short- and long-distance walking. The walking velocities were measured using the short-distance (10-m walk) and long-distance (6-min walk) walking tests. Results: Significant interaction effects were found between heel height and walking distance conditions for the EMG activities and fatigue levels of TA and MG muscles, and walking velocity (p<.05). The walking velocity and activities of the TA, MG, and RF muscles appeared to be significantly different between the 0 ㎝ and 7 ㎝ heel heights during both short- and long-distance walking (p<.05). Significant difference in the fatigue level of the MG muscle were found between the 0 ㎝ and 7 ㎝ heel heights during long-distance walking. In addition, walking velocity and the fatigue level of the MG muscle at the 7 ㎝ heel height revealed significant differences in the comparison of short- and long-distance walking (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that higher shoe heel height leads to a decrease in the walking velocity and an increase in the activity and fatigue level of the lower leg muscles, particularly during long-distance walking.

Background: The method of measuring the walking function of patients with chronic stroke differs depending on patients walking capability and environmental conditions. Objects: This study aimed to demonstrate the influences of walking capacity and environmental conditions on the results of short- and long-distance walk tests in patients with chronic stroke. Methods: Forty patients with chronic stroke volunteered for this study, and allocated to group-1 (<.4㎧, household walking, n1=13), group-2 (.4∼.8㎧, limited community ambulation, n2=16), and group-3 (>.8㎧, community ambulation, n3=11) according to their walking capacity. The 10-meter walk test (10MWT) and 6-min walk tests, (6MWT) were used to compare the short- and long-distance walk tests results, which were randomly performed under indoor and outdoor environmental conditions. Results: The comparison of the results obtained under the indoor and outdoor conditions revealed statistically significant differences between the groups in the 6MWT and 10MWT (p<.05). Post-hoc tests’ results showed significant differences between groups-1 and -2 and between groups-1 and -3 in the 10MWT, and between group-1 and -3 in the 6MWT. Furthermore, in group-2 the 10MWT and 6MWT results significantly differed between the indoor and outdoor conditions, and the values measured under the indoor and outdoor conditions significantly differed between 10MWT and 6MWT (p<.05). Group-3 showed a significant difference in 10MWT results between the indoor and outdoor conditions (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the results of the short- and long-distance walk tests may differ depending on the walking capacity of patients with chronic stroke and the environmental condition under which the measurement is made, and these effects were greatest for the patients with the limited community ambulation capacity.

The common features of walking in patients with stroke include decreased gait velocity and increased asymmetrical gait pattern. The purpose of this study was to identify important factors related to impairments in gait velocity and asymmetry in chronic stroke patients. The subjects were 30 independently ambulating subjects with chronic stroke. The subjects’ impairments were examined, including the isokinetic peak torque of knee extensors, knee flexors, ankle plantarflexors, and ankle dorsiflexors. Passive and active ranges of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint, ankle plantarflexor spasticity, joint position senses of the knee and ankle joint, and balance were examined together. In addition, gait velocity and temporal and spatial asymmetry were evaluated with subjects walking at their comfortable speed. Pearson correlations and multiple regressions were used to measure the relationships between impairments and gait speed and impairments and asymmetry. Regression analyses revealed that ankle passive ROM and peak torque of knee flexors were important factors for gait velocity (R2=.41), while ankle passive ROM was the most important determinant for temporal asymmetry (R2=.35). In addition, knee extensor peak torque was the most significant factor for gait spatial asymmetry (R2=.17). Limitation in ankle passive ROM and weakness of the knee flexor were major contributors to slow gait velocity. Moreover, limited passive ROM in the ankle influenced the level of temporal gait asymmetry in chronic stroke patients. Our findings suggest that stroke rehabilitation programs aiming to improve gait velocity and temporal asymmetry should include stretching exercise for the ankle joint.

This study aimed to identify the asymmetry observed in the electromyography (EMG) activity patterns of selected trunk and thigh muscles between the affected and unaffected sides during the sit-to-stand movement in ambulatory patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. This study included 20 patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. The differences between stroke fast walkers (, 11 subjects) and stroke slow walkers (<8 m/s, 9 subjects) were compared. The activation magnitude and onset time of the multifidus, lumbar erector spinae, hamstrings, and quadriceps during the sit-to-stand movement were recorded through surface EMG. Moreover, the EMG activation magnitude and onset time ratios of each bilateral corresponding muscle from the trunk and leg were measured by dividing the relevant values of the unaffected side by those of the affected side. In all the subjects, the activation magnitudes of the multifidus, hamstring, and quadriceps on the affected side significantly decreased compared to those on the unaffected side (p<.05). The onset time of muscle activity in the affected side was markedly delayed for the multifidus and quadriceps during the task (p<.05). The activation magnitude ratios of the quadriceps were markedly decreased in the stroke slow walkers as compared to those in the stroke fast walkers. These findings indicate that the asymmetry in the multifidus, hamstring, and quadriceps muscle activation patterns in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis may be due to the excessive muscle activation in the unaffected side to compensate for the weakened muscle activity in the affected side. Our findings may provide researchers and clinicians with information that can be useful in rehabilitation therapy.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of weight shift training with joint mobilization on the ankle joint passive range of motion (PROM), balance capacity and gait velocity in hemiplegic patients. Fourteen subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (EG) or the control group (CG), with seven subjects in each group. The EG received weight shift training with joint mobilization in the paretic leg's subtalar joint in order to increase ankle dorsiflexion. The CG received general physical therapy training. Both groups received training five times a week over a period of two consecutive weeks. The figures for PROM of ankle dorsiflexion on the paretic leg, the functional reach test (FRT), the timed up and go (TUG) test, and gait velocity were recorded both before and after the training sessions for both groups. The EG's results in gait velocity, the FRT and the TUG test improved after training (p<.05). The PROM of ankle dorsiflexion improved both in the EG and the CG (p<.05), the EG demonstrated a significantly higher increase (p<.05) than that of the CG. The results of this study suggest that increased joint mobilization positively affects balance and gait velocity of hemiplegic patients. Further studies with a greater sample size are necessary in order further prove the accuracy of the results of this study.

The main purposes of this study were to find the correlation between walking ability assessment tools using the Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Spinal Cord Injury Measurement II (SCIM II), Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI), walking velocity, and walking endurance. The study population consisted of 56 patients with spinal cord injury referred to the department of Rehabilitative Medicine in the National Rehabilitation Hospital. All subjects were ambulatory with or without an assistive device. All participants were assessed by MBI, FIM, SCIM II, WISCI, walking velocity, and walking endurance. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and X2. There was significant correlation between the MBI, FIM, SCIM II, WISCI, walking velocity, and walking endurance (p<.01). In particular, WISCI has a significant correlation with SCIM II(p<.001). Therefore the WISCI scale is an appropriate assessment tool to predict the gait ability of patients with spinal cord injury. Further study about MBI, FIM, SCIM II, WISCI, walking velocity, and walking endurance is needed using a longitudinal study design.

The purposes of this study were to find correlations among Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale, gait speed, and Timed Up & Go test (TUG) and to predict gait ability from subscales of Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale. The study population consisted of 30 stroke patients referred to the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine in the Bundang Jaesang General Hospital. All subjects were ambulatory with or without an assistive device. All participants were assessed on Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale and gait speed (m/s), TUG (s). The data were analyzed using independent t-test, Pearson product moment correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression. The results revealed that all items of Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale, except passive joint range of motion were significantly correlated with gait speed and TUG. In particular, sensation score, lower extremity motor and coordination score have a significant correlation with gait speed and TUG (p<.05). The sensation score and lower extremity motor score were important factors in comfortable gait and maximal gait speed. Their power of explanation regarding comfortable gait and maximal gait speed were 63.0% and 65.0%, respectively. The sensation score and lower extremity coordination score were important factors in TUG. Their power of explanation regarding TUG was 55.0%. These results showed that Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale is significantly correlated with gait speed and TUG. Therefore Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale is an appropriate assessment tool to predict gait ability of patients with stroke. Further study about gait speed and TUG by change of Fugl-Meyer Assessment score is needed using a longitudinal study design.

Many factors affect foot and ankle biomechanics during walking, including gait speed and anthropometric characteristics. However, speed has not been taken into account in foot kinematics and kinetics during walking. This study examined the effect of walking speed on foot joint motion and peak plantar pressure during the walking phase. Eighty healthy subjects (40 men, 40 women) were recruited. Maximal dorsiflexion and excursion were measured at the first metatarsophalangeal joints during walking phase at three different cadences (80, 100, and 120 step/min) using a three dimensional motion analysis system (CMS70P). At the same time, peak plantar pressure was investigated using pressure distribution platforms (MatScan system) under the hallux heads of the first, second, and third metatarsal bones and heel. Maximal dorsiflexion and excursion and excursion at the ankle joint decreased significantly with increasing walking speed. Peak plantar pressure increased significantly under the heads of the first of the first, second, and third metatarsal bones, and heel with increasing walking speed: three was no change under the hallux. There were no significant changes in maximal dorsiflexion or excursion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The results show that walking speed should be considered when comparing gait parameters. The results also suggest that slow walking speeds may decrease forefoot peak plantar pressure in patients with peripheral neuropathy who have a high risk of skin breakdown under the forefoot.

회전(turning)은 보행 중 방향을 바꾸는 운동 기술(motor skill)이고, 회전 전략(turning strategy)은 회전을 완수하는데 사용되는 일반적 행동 전형(generalized movement pattern)이다. 회전에 대한 보행속도의 영향은 분명하지 않다. 이 연구의 목적은 보행속도의 돌기 전략에 대한 영향을 분석하고 보행속도의 하지 내외 회전(internal and external rotation)에 대한 영향을 분석하는 것이다

급속한 경제발전과 이상기온 등으로 인해 기후변화에 따른 풍수해 재해가 여전히 지속되고 있다. 풍수해가 발생하고 대피발령이 선포되고 그에 따른 시민이 대피소까지 도달하는 시간에 따라 안전하게 대피해야 인명피해를 최소화 할 수 있다. 하지만 현존하는 풍수해에 대한 대피시설에 대한 정보는 시민에게 잘 알려지지 않고 대피시간 안에 지역 주민을 수용 할 수 있는지는 알 수가 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 서울시의 서울 열린 데이터 광장에서 제공하는 수해예방정보 중 방재시설의 취약지역을 추출하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 본 연구에서는 GIS등의 지리정보시스템을 이용하여, 대피소의 속성정보를 이용하여 인간의 보행속도에 따른 대피소의 수용범위를 분석하였다. 또한 재해약자 중 고령자를 대상으로 현존하는 대피소가 얼마나 고려했는지에 대해서 노인의 평균 속도에 따른 수용 범위를 분석하였다. 현존하는 대피소의 수용범위를 성인과 재해약자 중 고령자를 대상으로 대피시간을 설정하여 Network Analysis의 Service Area 분석을 실시하였다. 서울시에서 제공하는 대피소의 속성정보에 따라 서울시 전역을 지역구단위로 분석을 하고 취약지역을 추출하였다. 또한, 고령자의 경우에는 취약지역이 전체적으로 나타났으며 서울시 중에서도 고령화지수가 다른 지역구보다 높은 지역을 선별하여 분석을 실시하였다. 성인의 경우 1m/s, 고령자의 경우 0.5m/s를 평균속도로 설정하였고 대피시간을 5분,10분,15분으로 설정하여 대피소의 수용범위에 대해서 분석을 실시하였다.

본 연구는 승선 생활에 미숙련된 일반승객이 해상재난 발생 시 여객선 내에서의 안전성을 확보하고 피난성능을 향상시키기 위한 기술 개발에 반드시 필요한 선박 항해 환경에 따른 승선 중 보행속도를 실측실험을 통해 취득하고 이를 비교 분석한 것이다. 81명의 남녀 대학신입생이 참가한 승선 실험에서, 평면복도 직선부에서의 평균보행속도는 항해시가 정박시보다 27.2%, 평면복도 코너부에서는 23.2% 느려지는 것으로 나타나 항해중 선박 동요에 따른 속도 저하가 크다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 항해상태에서 실측된 상향계단과 하향계단에서의 평균보행속도는 각각 0.71m/s, 0.75m/s으로 측정되었다. 군집충돌 이동실험에서는 인근 보행자와의 보행 간섭으로 인해 후미로 갈수록 보행속도가 느려지고, 선두의 이동속도가 군집 전체의 이동속도에 큰 영향을 준다는 사실을 확인하였다.