Teshima has been a quiet and beautiful island, but started to be imaged as an "island of wastes" because of the 600,000 tons of industrial wastes thrown there illegally. Now it symbolizes the problem of industrial wastes in Japan. Teshima development company, an industrial waste disposer, started to dispose industrial wastes illegally in the west side of the island, since the late 1970s. Hyogo Police Station exposed this illegal act, and arrested 6 persons of the company, including its president, in charge of having violated the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law in 1991. This illegal disposition has continued for 13years until it was exposed by the police. Teshima case of industrial wastes are introduced in this paper.

Zeolite material having XRD peaks of Na-A zeolite in the 2θ range of 7.18 to 34.18 can be synthesized from the waste catalyst using a fusion/hydrothermal method. The adsorption rate of Mn ions by a commercial Na-A zeolite and the synthesized zeolitic material increased as the adsorption temperature increased in the range of 10 ~ 40℃. The adsorption of Mn ion were very rapid in the first 30 min and then reached to the equilibrium state after approximately 60 min. The adsorption kinetics of Mn ions by the commercial Na-A zeolite and the zeolitic material were found to be well fitted to the pseudo-2nd order kinetic model. Equilibrium data by the commercial Na-A zeolite and the zeolitic material fit the Langmuir, Koble-Corrigan, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models well rather than Freundlich isotherm model. The removal capacity of the Mn ions by the commercial Na-A zeolite and the zeolitic material obtained from the Langmuir model was 135.2 mg/g and 128.9 mg/g at 30℃, respectively. The adsorption capacity of Mn ions by the synthesized zeolitic material was almost similar to that of commercial Na-A zeolite. The synthesized zeolitic material could be applied as an economically feasible commercial adsorbent.

We investigated the effects of heavy metals in cement in the last 3 years and the amount of waste in the cement manufacturing process. The result shows that the average Cr6+ content in cement products is controlled at 10 mg/kg. Cu and Pb have lower detection tendency in white cement than in ordinary portland cement. In addition, heavy metals such as Cd show a certain level of detection regardless of the input wastes. Copper slag and phosphate gypsum are the main influencing factors on the heavy metals in cement products. In auxiliary fuels, plastics waste and wood waste are considered to affect heavy metals in cement products. Alternative raw materials are considered to be affected by the alternative raw materials managed as byproducts. In the case of supplementary fuels, auxiliary fuels managed as waste instead of auxiliary fuels managed as byproducts affect the heavy metals in cement. This study examined the input amount without considering the heavy metals in each waste. Therefore, the result may vary in different situations, and further research must be conducted to supplement the findings. However, if the heavy-metal contents in the waste are constant, it can be used as a reference material for the control of heavy metals in cement products.

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can be released to humans and the environment through the generation of waste containing engineered nanomaterials (WCNMs) and the use and disposal of nano-products. Nanoparticles can also be introduced intentionally or unintentionally into waste streams. This study examined WCNMs in domestic industries, and target nanomaterials, such as silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, nano silver, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were selected. We tested 48 samples, such as dust, sludge, ash, and by-products from manufacturing facilities and waste treatment facilities. We analyzed leaching and content concentrations for heavy metals and hazardous constituents of the waste. Chemical compositions were also measured by XRD and XRF, and the unique properties of nano-waste were identified by using a particle size distribution analyzer and TEM. The dust and sludge generated from manufacturing facilities and the use of nanomaterials showed higher concentrations of metals such as lead, arsenic, chromium, barium, and zinc. Oiled cloths from facilities using nano silver revealed high concentrations of copper, and the leaching concentrations of copper and lead in fly ash were higher than those in bottom ash. In XRF measurements at the facilities, we detected compounds such as silicon dioxide, sulfur trioxide, calcium oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide. We found several chemicals such as calcium oxide and silicon dioxide in the bottom ash of waste incinerators.

There was an issue of marine pollution in 2016 when a power plant located on the shoreline directly discharged hazardous chemicals into the sea. The power plant was accused of breaking the laws of the Marine Environment Management Act by a citizen and environmental organization in Korea. Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MoF) claimed the power plant discharged dimethylpolysiloxane, which is regulated as a noxious liquid substance by MARPOL73/78. Dimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS) is normally used to reduce the formation of foam in the cooling system during the washing process, and the plant’s flow of discharge wastewater is connected to the sea, directly. The aim of this study was to research the possible effects on the industry when the laws are applied to all industrial facilities along the shoreline. The smallto medium-sized companies can be affected by financial duties tied to complying with the law. This study investigated how to treat and discharge waste containing hazardous chemicals from a facility, focusing especially on power plants and companies along the shoreline. Direct or indirect discharges of waste from these facilities may cause marine pollution and are major sources of ecocide. However, there is no standard to apply to noxious liquid substances and no one knows whether or not the power plant is in the scope of the marine facilities of that law. Therefore, the government must manage industrial waste efficiently, with proper policies and regulations. Furthermore, it needs to create reasonable standards related to discharging industrial waste.

중금속으로 오염된 토양과 광미는 지하수 및 생태계에 추가적으로 피해를 발생시킨다. 이러한 독성 금속의 축적은 식물의 성장억제 및 인체의 발달이상, 발암과 같은 다양한 질병의 원인이 된다. 오염된 토양에서 중금속을 정화하는 방법으로는 고형화/안정화, 토양세척, 토양경작법 등과 같이 다양한 방법이 있다. 하지만 부지 및 오염특성에 따라 적절한 방법을 사용해야 한다. 적절한 방법 중 하나는 오염된 토양의 고형화/안정화이다. 본 연구의 목적은 오염된 토양 및 광미 내 존재하고 있는 중금속을 고형화/안정화 공법을 적용하여 정화하는 방법을 제안하는데 있다. 본 연구에서는 오염토양 내 중금속을 고형화/안정화 시키고 강도 증진을 위해 MICP 토착미생물과 산업폐기물인 굴패각, 폐석고를 배합하여 고화제로 사용하였다. 국내의 중금속 오염토양과 광미에서 MICP 토착미생물을 분리하였고 균체 지방산 분석을 통하여 동정을 진행하였다. 각각의 시료에서 분리한 균주를 동정한 결과 가장 많이 유사성을 보이는 균주는 Brevibacillus centrosporus 와 Bacillus megaterium 이었다. 또한 MICP 토착미생물의 최적 성장 조건을 도출하였으며, 산업폐기물과 MICP 토착미생물의 최적 배합비를 적용한 공시체의 일축압축강도 분석을 진행하였다. 그 결과 28일 경과 후 일축압축강도는 미국 EPA 폐기물처리 표준 기준을 만족하였으며, 위해성 평가를 위한 TCLP, SPLP 분석 결과 미국 EPA 기준을 만족하였다.

Hazardous waste is also becoming more important as opportunities for industrial waste recycling are extended. Some hazardous industrial wastes that contain many inorganic materials and heavy metals can be reused as resources: Heavy metal recovery, heat energy, etc. To facilitate the waste-to-energy system, waste generation characteristics should be defined and managed by analyzing hazardous material content. This study examines the inorganic materials (Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, Cr6+, CN, Ni, Zn, F, and Ba) of industrial wastes and the generation process (case of the Korean Standard Industrial Classification) using Absolutely Hazardous (AH) Waste Lists (LoW and EU). In particular, manufacture classification was a main waste generation process (82% for “AH”). Moreover, these 10 components (Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, Cr6+, CN, Ni, Zn, and F, but not Ba) are compared with the regulatory limits on heavy metals in soil: Hg and As must be under the limit of the 3 Level (0.3 ~ 7.3 mg/kg).

The purpose of this study was to suggest feasible disposal methods for heavy-metal-contaminated soil or mine tailings through solidification/stabilization. To improve the compressive strength and enhance the heavy-metal stabilization after solidification/stabilization, we used the industrial wastes (oyster shell powder and waste gypsum) and indigenous bacteria as immobilization agents. Three indigenous bacteria were isolated from each heavy-metal-contaminated soil or mine tailing site, and the bacteria were identified by cellular fatty acid composition analysis. The results of cellular fatty acid composition analysis showed that the closest strains of these bacteria are Brevibacillus centrosporus, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, and Bacillus megaterium. To the best of our knowledge, this research was the first report of biomineralization by Brevibacillus centrosporus. As a result of mixing additives with the optimum mixing ratio suggested in this study, the compressive strengths of specimens were satisfied in accordance with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) waste treatment standard after 28 days of aging. Additionally, the results of the Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) analysis showed the successful immobilization of heavy metals after 28 days of specimen formation for solidification/stabilization.

The paper industry requires continuous automation of processes ranging from injection of raw materials to initial paper processes and final processing. Thus, it is a capital- and equipment-intensive industry that requires large investments in facilities and consumes significant amounts of energy for production. Since the concept of a 'Waste Minimization and Sustainable Resource Circulation Society' is key waste management policy, the effective use of waste has been emphasized. To this end, there is significant research on energy conversion in waste incineration plants. Domestically, there is a desire to review and improve sustainable technology development systems in order to maximize thermal energy recovery in waste incineration plants. Therefore, this study compared the energy recovery rate calculation methods currently used in eight paper industry incineration plants. The lower heating value and energy recovery & use rate calculation methods were applied in accordance with the “waste resource energy recovery & use calculation method” located in Paragraph 2 of Article 3 in the Enforcement Decree of the “Wastes Control Act” of 2015. Calculations made using the current method (on the basis of output) showed an average energy recovery rate of 78.6% (75.5 ~ 82.8%), whereas the waste resource energy recovery & use rate calculation method (based on volume used) produced an energy recovery rate of 53.3% (42.5 ~ 74.8%).

Many researchers around the worlds are getting their attention on developing carbon dioxide reduction technologies. In this research, the method to utilize captured carbon dioxide was suggested using industrial wastewater which was produced from refined salt production process. High concentrations of metal carbonates such as calcium, magnesium and so on were contained in them and it could lead to carbon fixation which can lead to utilization of precipitated salts for various purposes. In this research, 30 wt% of monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and methyl-diethanolamine solutions were used as absorbents and precipitated salts were produced as final product. Using X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope, crystal structures of the products were verified.

This study includes research works to develop high performance concrete or cementitious composite with PE fiber, using stone dust sludge or LCD waste glass.

2013년 UNEP(United Nations Environment Programme)에서 미나마타 협약이 채택되어 수은의 전생애(Life-cycle) 관리를 요구하는 등, 수은(Mercury)은 장거리이동 및 생태계 축적 등으로 인해 인간의 건강 및 환경에 악영향을 끼칠 수 있기 때문에 국제적으로 우선순위 관리대상 물질로 관리되고 있다. 이러한 국제적인 움직임에 대응하기 위해 국내에서도 “국가 화학물질 기본계획”, “수은 폐기물의 환경 친화적 관리를 위한 기술 지침서” 및 “수은관리 종합대책” 등 다양한 제도 및 처리 방안을 준비하고 있다. 따라서 이러한 국내･외 수은 협약 및 정책에 대응하기 위해서는 국내 폐기물의 수은 배출실태 조사가 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 수은 함유 폐기물의 배출시설 중 문헌조사와 국립환경과학원과 협의하여 수은 배출량이 많을 것으로 예상되는 산업폐기물 소각시설과 의료폐기물 소각시설을 선정하여 수은 물질흐름을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서는 2014년 대전광역시 소재의 산업폐기물소각시설(A시설)과 경상북도 경산시 소재의 의료폐기물소각시설(B시설)을 대상으로 수은의 물질흐름을 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 산업폐기물 소각시설(A시설)과 의료폐기물 소각시설(B시설)의 공정도를 중심으로 연속3일 샘플링을 실시하였다. 따라서 물질흐름분석의 경계는 소각시설 공정도로 설정하여 연구를 진행하였다. 수집된 조사 데이터와 샘플링 데이터를 토대로 STAN 2.5 소프트웨어를 이용하여 물질흐름을 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과, 산업폐기물소각시설(A시설)의 수은처리량은 40.48±14.77 g/day으로 분석되었으며, 수은배출량 중 대기로 배출되는 양이 가장 많았으며 바닥재, 폐수처리슬러지로 많이 배출되는 것으로 분석되었다. 의료폐기물 소각시설(B시설)의 수은처리량은 DSI/FF/Scrubber기준(0.178)으로 54.16±8.59 g/day, DSI/Carbon Injection/FF(4.87)기준으로 124.54±37.46 g/day 으로 분석되었으며, 수은의 상당량이 내부에 축적되지 않고 대기 중 배출, 폐수 그리고 비산재로 많이 배출되는 것으로 분석되었다.

한국의 EIP(생태산업단지)는 폐기물, 부산물, 에너지의 산업 공생 네트워크 구축을 촉진하는 국가 지원 사업에 의해, 구현 및 촉진되고 있다. 경상북도는 전자, 기계 철강 산업이 주를 이루며 EIP사업이 활발히 진행되고 있는 광역자치단체 중 하나이다. 본 연구는 경상북도에서 가장 제조업 종사 인구가 많은 기초자치단체인 구미의 산업 폐기물 발생 및 산업공생 현황을 분석하여 향후 EIP 사업 및 자발적인 산업 공생 추진에 필요한 기초자료를 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 구미에서는 2014년 기준으로 1,120.5 ton/d의 산업 폐기물이 발생되고 있으며이 중 65.2%가 재활용되고 있다. 재활용되지 못하고 있는 산업 폐기물은 발생량 기준으로 폐수처리오니, 소각재, 폐합성수지류, 유리 도자기편류 순이었으며 대부분 구미 국가산업단지 내에서 발생하고 있다. 2014년 현재까지 구축된 산업공생 네트워크는 아래 그림과 같다.

콘크리트 분야에 산업폐기물을 활용하기 위한 연구는 이미 오래전부터 수행되어 고로슬래그나 플라이애시와 같은 시멘트 혼합재료는 이제 보편적으로 사용되고 있다. 이와 같은 산업폐기물을 콘크리트에 재활용 할 경우 콘크리트의 성능개선이나 품질개선 효과를 나타낼 경우 이는 환경보전이나 자원재활용 측면에서 경제적 부가가치를 도모할 수 있기 때문에 적극적인 재활용 방안이 모색되어져야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내의 여주와 이천에서 주로 발생되는 산업도자기 폐기물과 전국적으로 발생되는 생활도자기 폐기물을 콘크리트 산업에 활용하기 위한 기초 연구로서 국내에서 기 수행된 연구자료를 검토하여 도자기 폐기물을 콘크리트 산업에 사용하기위한 재활용성을 검토하고자 하였다. 김기형(1999)과 문한영(2001) 등은 도자기 폐기물을 사용한 시멘트 모르터의 특성에 대한 연구와 요업폐기물을 콘크리트용 골재로 재활용하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 이 연구에서는 폐도자기 분말 20%를 모르터용 혼화재료로 사용한 경우 플로우 값이 양호하였으며 이때 압축강도는 감소하는 경향을 나타낸 것으로 연구되었다. 또한 폐도자기를 잔골재로 사용한 경우 플로우 값은 변화가 없으나 강모래를 사용한 경우보다 압축강도가 증가하였으며 폐도자기 잔골재를 100% 사용한 경우 약10%의 압축강도 증가현상이 나타나는 것으로 연구되었다. 그러나 잔골재 및 굵은골재로 각각 대체한 콘크리트의 슬럼프는 크게 감소하여 이에 대한 적절한 대책이 마련되어야할 것으로 나타났다. 강성구(2004) 등의 연구에서는 폐도자기를 골재로 이용한 콘크리트의 특성을 연구한 결과 비중은 일반 골재에 비하여 다소 작고 흡수율은 높으나 비교적 입도가 양호하며 표면조직을 광학현미경으로 관찰한 결과 재활용골재나 부순돌과 차이가 없는 것으로 확인되어 시멘트 페이스트와의 부착이 양호할 것으로 판단하였다. 이화영(2008) 등이 연구한 폐도자기분말의 혼입에 따른 시멘트 모르타르의 특성에 의하면 폐도자기 분말을 시멘트 혼합재로 사용할 경우 작업성을 개선시키고 시멘트의 사용량을 줄임과 동시 강도증진 효과를 얻는 것으로 연구되었으며 시멘트 혼합재로서의 성능은 슬래그를 사용한 것보다 유리한 것으로 연구되었다. 또한 폐도자기 분말의 PHC 파일용 시멘트 혼화재 적용성 검토(2010)에 대한 연구에서도 초기 강도 개선효과가 있는 것으로 보고되어 시멘트 및 콘크리트 2차 제품에 대한 활용가능성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 신한국(2010)과 류현기(2011) 등은 폐도자기 미분말을 이용한 순환골재의 강도증진에 관한 연구와 폐도자기 분말도 변화에 따른 순환골재 사용 콘크리트의 물리적 특성에 관한 연구를 수행하였으며 그 결과 폐도자기 분말을 사용할 경우 콘크리트는 높은 강도발현을 나타내는 것으로 연구되었다. 배상우(2012) 등의 연구에서도 폐도자기를 활용한 무기결합재 모르타르의 잔골재 치환율 변화에 따른 유동 및 강도특성에 대한 연구결과 유동성 및 압축강도의 증가가 확인되었다. 이와 같이 기존 연구문헌을 검토한 바 도자기 폐기물은 잔골재의 부존자원 고갈 및 채취로 인한 환경훼손 등의 문제에 기여할 수 있는 콘크리트용 골재로서 재활용하는 방안과 시멘트의 재료절감, 콘크리트의 조기강도 증진 및 품질성능 향상을 도모할 수 있도록 미분말화하여 시멘트 대체재료로서 활용하는 방안에서 그 효용가치를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 폐도자기 분말이 포졸란 반응이나 장기강도 증진, 내구성 등에 효과를 나타내는지에 대해서는 향후 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

This study was experimented by reviewing the possibility of applying non-sintered loess as a building material. Andthis study was to evaluate and compare flexural and compressive strengths characteristics of cementless mortar with non-sintered loess according to percentage of non-sintered loess and the type of curing without adding any cement. SEM,chloride ion penetration resistance and chemical resistance were also evaluated and compared to study characteristics ofcementless mortar with non-sintered loess. In order to evaluate the characteristics of cementless mortar with non-sinteredLoess. Test pieces were fabricated at 3, 7 and 28 days depending on the percentage of non-sintered loess and the typeof curing. And also normal portland cement mortar were fabricated to compare with cementless mortar with non-sinteredloess. The result of this study, Properties of cementless mortar with non-sintered loess strength are generally lower thannormal portland cement mortar. However cementless mortar with non-sintered loess which is mixed 20% show equallyas normal portland cement mortar. Also, cementless mortar with non-sintered loess show excellent results than normalportland cement mortar in the durability characteristics. The purpose of this study was to expand the utilizable scope ofnon-sintered loess and to use the basic data as a applying building material in the future.

In this study, an accelerated carbonation process was applied to stabilize hazardous heavy metals of industrial solid waste incineration (ISWI) bottom ash and fly ash, and to reduce CO2 emissions. The most commonly used method to stabilize heavy metals is accelerated carbonation using a high water-to-solid ratio including oxidation and carbonation reactions as well as neutralization of the pH, dissolution, and precipitation and sorption. This process has been recognized as having a significant effect on the leaching of heavy metals in alkaline materials such as ISWI ash. The accelerated carbonation process with CO2 absorption was investigated to confirm the leaching behavior of heavy metals contained in ISWI ash including fly and bottom ash. Only the temperature of the chamber at atmospheric pressure was varied and the CO2 concentration was kept constant at 99% while the water-to-solid ratio (L/S) was set at 0.3 and 3.0 dm3/kg. In the result, the concentration of leached heavy metals and pH value decreased with increasing carbonation reaction time whereas the bottom ash showed no effect. The mechanism of heavy metal stabilization is supported by two findings during the carbonation reaction. First, the carbonation reaction is sufficient to decrease the pH and to form an insoluble heavy metal-material that contributes to a reduction of the leaching. Second, the adsorbent compound in the bottom ash controls the leaching of heavy metals; the calcite formed by the carbonation reaction has high affinity of heavy metals. In addition, approximately 5 kg/ton and 27 kg/ton CO2 were sequestrated in ISWI bottom ash and fly ash after the carbonation reaction, respectively.