The Gopura in Preah Pithu T temple, which is partially damaged and collapsed, is densely wooded and has a high percentage of humidity due to moats and ponds, the stone materials are not in good condition and significantly damaged due to intrinsic structural defects and other damage factors. The examination of major endangered and vulnerable parts through status analysis is also necessary in order to restore the Gopura in T temple in a more structurally stable state. This study proposes the effective structural safety inspection measures by applying rational structural modeling and structural analysis method reflecting the damage type by construction type and carrying out structural safety evaluation by damage type and member based on the results of analysis.

This study aimed to enhance the safety of autonomous bus services by systematically identifying safety-related factors and establishing priorities based on real-world operating environments. An expert survey was conducted using a autonomous bus currently operating in Pangyo Zero City as a case study. Building on the concept of the Operational Design Domain, a two-layer safety framework was developed consisting of four primary categories (Layer 1): physical infrastructure, operating conditions, communication environment, and weather conditions, and their corresponding detailed elements (Layer 2). A fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) analysis revealed that physical infrastructure had the highest relative importance, with key safety-critical factors identified as intersection type, construction work zone, lane markings, and adverse weather. Subsequently, a strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) analysis was employed to propose short-, mid-, and long-term strategic actions, including the enhancement of object recognition functions based on advanced camera sensor fusion, reinforcement of safety driver and onboard safety personnel systems, and establishment of infrastructure pre-notification systems for construction and maintenance activities. This study provides a quantitative prioritization of safety factors for autonomous bus services and links these findings to a practical technology and policy roadmap, contributing to the enhancement of safety and development of commercialization strategies for future autonomous public transportation services.

To secure food safety while fostering a new business called a shared commercial kitchen, it is important to establish appropriate regulations. However, no research has been conducted to confirm the hygiene management status and hygiene levels of shared commercial kitchens in Korea. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide basic data for identifying sanitary blind spots and establishing reasonable regulatory levels that reflect them by conducting a sanitary and phytosanitary survey of 10 industries that advocate for shared commercial kitchens. According to the survey, document management (44.7%), personal hygiene (47.0%), and food hygiene (48.9%) were found to be weak, and the swab test conducted in shared commercial kitchen workshops showed that the aerobic plate count from the hands of workers was “at a level that needed to be corrected” and confirmed that personal hygiene management was necessary. Considering the mandatory application of HACCP and cGMP to shared commercial kitchens by the US FDA, it is necessary to consider setting up international-level safety management regulations to enhance the hygiene of shared commercial kitchens in Korea and ensure food safety.

As domestic traffic policies have shifted from vehicle-centric approaches to a ‘Safe Speed’ paradigm, the installation of roundabouts has surged. However, existing studies based on linear statistical models have failed to identify the complex non-linear interactions between geometric features and accident severity, limiting their ability to provide concrete design thresholds. To overcome the lack of traffic volume data, this study developed a geometry-based Design Capacity Index (DCI) and proposed a new analytical framework using the Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO) rate per unit capacity as the dependent variable. Utilizing a dataset of nationwide roundabouts (2007–2020), a grid search-optimized eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model and SHAP analysis were applied, achieving a 40.5 % performance improvement over linear baselines. The results revealed that circulatory roadway width was a dominant factor; contrary to the 'Road Diet' theory, ensuring 'Geometric Sufficiency' (wider lanes) proved more effective for safety in medium-to-large roundabouts. Furthermore, a 'Broad Optimal Zone' was identified within an inscribed circle diameter (ICD) of 35–70 m, while a 'Paradox of Scale' emerged beyond 70 m where safety benefits plateaued. Additionally, raised crosswalks served as essential offset measures, consistently reducing accident costs regardless of the intersection size. Based on these findings, this study provides empirical evidence for revising design guidelines to prioritize the 35–70 m ICD range and advocates for the mandatory installation of physical calming measures in oversized roundabouts.

본 연구는 목포대교 부근 해상교통 현황을 분석하고 선박의 안전한 교량 통항 방안을 검토하였다. AIS 데이터를 활용하여 교통 밀집도, 항적, 통과선, 교각과의 이격거리를 분석한 결과, 목포대교를 통과하는 선박은 설계지침보다 열악한 조건에서 항해하고 있었으며 교량 하부 수로 통항에 관한 명확한 규정이 부재한 것으로 나타났다. 항적 분석 결과, 선박 조종법과 외력, 타선박 존재 여부에 따라 항적 분포가 달라져 위험성이 확인되었으며, 교통 밀집도 분석에서는 좁은 항로폭과 정기선 운항으로 충돌 위험이 증가했다. 통과선 분석에서 는 내항, 주경간, 측경간, 외항 모두에서 항적이 중첩되어 충돌 확률이 높았고, 근접도 분석에서는 주탑 PY1에 최소 82m까지 근접 항해하 는 사례가 확인되어 통항 지원 시스템과 안전 대책 마련이 요구되었다.

Traffic congestion and abrupt speed variations in tunnels increase crash risks and reduce traffic operational efficiency. Thus, a pacemaker system (PMS) was developed to stabilize traffic flow by guiding drivers to maintain uniform speeds through the use of sequentially illuminated LED lights installed along tunnel walls. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the effects of a PMS on traffic operational efficiency and safety in the Geumnam Tunnel of the Seoul–Yangyang Expressway via a driving simulation. In speed-recovery scenarios, sequential LED lights effectively encouraged drivers to gradually restore their speed. Consequently, the average speed increased significantly, whereas both the difference in speed and the space-varying volatility of speed decreased, thus indicating enhanced driving consistency and improved flow stability. In speed-reduction scenarios, drivers’ deceleration responses were compared under three PMS operational types: flashing yellow, message display, and combined flashing with a message. Combined flashing with a message yielded the most controlled and pronounced deceleration, thus facilitating drivers in reducing their speed smoothly without abrupt braking or instability. The results collectively demonstrate that a PMS can serve a dual function by supporting both speed recovery under normal conditions and safe deceleration in accident cases. These findings provide empirical evidence of the effectiveness of a PMS as an intelligent tunnel-traffic management system and highlight its potential as a proactive safety technology. Furthermore, this study offers practical insights for future PMS designs as well as operational guidelines for enhancing traffic efficiency and driver safety in tunnel environments.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of fire safety education in high school dormitories high density residential environments by assessing both cognitive and behavioral changes. Pre and post surveys were combined with measurement of the Required Safe Egress Time (RSET), which recorded 264 seconds from alarm activation (T₀ + 0 sec) to final evacuation completion (T₀ + 264 sec). This enabled a quantitative analysis of behavioral improvement. Results revealed that academic performance and family background significantly influenced learning outcomes, whereas the “evacuation during fire” domain showed no statistically significant change, suggesting insufficient instructional content or delivery. Policy recommendations include customized fire safety programs reflecting learner characteristics, experiential evacuation drills, school and home safety integration, mandatory dormitory fire drills, and certification with best practice dissemination. The findings offer a practical framework for enhancing fire safety education tailored to dormitory based schools, contributing to improved preparedness, response capability, and student survival in real fire emergencies.

Earthquakes can damage transmission system components, leading to extensive blackouts and disrupting essential societal functions. In urban areas, interruptions in power supply critically impact sectors such as industry, healthcare, and telecommunications, highlighting the need for quantitative and systematic analysis. Most existing research has focused on assessing seismic fragility at the individual facility level, with insufficient probabilistic safety evaluations that consider the connectivity of entire transmission systems. This study aims to quantify the connectivity-based seismic fragility and risk associated with transmission systems in Busan and its neighboring regions, Ulsan and Gyeongnam. To achieve this, a network model of Busan’s transmission system was developed using OpenStreetMap data. Damage probabilities were calculated using seismic fragility curves from HAZUS and reports from the Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Damage state-specific risks were then quantitatively assessed by combining these fragility values with Busan’s seismic hazard curves. The results showed High Confidence and Low Probability of Failure values ranging from 0.049 g (Slight) to 0.273 g (Complete), with median fragility values ranging from 0.143 g (Slight) to 0.605 g (Complete). The annual risk for each damage state was determined to be 4.151×10-4/yr, 1.177×10-4/yr, 3.667×10-5/yr, and 9.391×10-6/yr. This research quantitatively assesses the seismic fragility of Busan’s transmission system, providing a practical basis for disaster response strategies and risk-informed decision-making related to regional electric power infrastructure.

본 연구는 헬리크리섬(Helichrysum italicum) 에센셜 오일(HIEO)의 항산화 활성과 화장품 소 재로서의 활용 가능성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. GC–MS 분석 결과 총 36종의 화합물이 동정되었으며, 주요 성분은 β-ocimene(22.2%), isoitalicene(13.4%), β-elemene(11.5%), neryl acetate(8.5%) 등이었다. 화학적 조성은 세스퀴테르펜 탄화수소(55.6%)가 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노 이드 함량은 각각 2.121 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g, 11.587 ± 0.131 mg QE/g으로 나타났다. DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성 시험에서는 0.6 -3% (v/v) 범위에서 유의한 항산화 활성이 확인되었으며, 3% (v/v) 농도에서 85.79%의 높은 소거 활성을 보였다. 세포 독성 시험 결과 HDF 세포에서 0.003125- 0.05% (v/v) 처리 시 90% 이상의 세포 생존율을 보여 안전성이 확인되었다. 또한 3% HIEO 세럼을 이용한 1차 첩포 자극 시험 에서도 피부 자극이 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 HIEO가 항산화 활성이 높고 피부 안전성이 확보된 화장품 소재로서 활용 가능함을 시사한다.

This study aimed to establish an analytical method for the use of Adenophora triphylla and its extract using citric acid as a marker compound. The analysis of A. triphylla and its extract revealed citric acid contents of 671.993 mg/100 g and 433.218 mg/100 g, respectively. The analytical method was validated according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines, and the calibration curve for citric acid standard solution exhibited excellent linearity (R2>0.999). The intra-day and inter-day precision showed low relative standard deviations of 0.564 and 0.809%, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery rate for citric acid ranged from 96.578 to 100.525%, fulfilling the AOAC’s acceptable range, indicating high accuracy. The detection limit for citric acid in this method was 0.002 mg/100 g, and the quantification limit was 0.005 mg/100 g, demonstrating high sensitivity. Additionally, an investigation of potentially harmful compounds in A. triphylla and its extract revealed five compounds that were predicted to be harmful according to the RISCTOX database. However, their actual concentrations were far below the lethal dose 50 (LD50) values, suggesting they are not harmful to the humans. These findings provide foundational data for the quality control of A. triphylla as a food ingredient.