This study examines the process of the introduction of stupa, which has originated in India, to the Xinjiang Uyghur region and the features of the stupas in the Xinjiang Uyghur region in detail. This study examines the layout of the buildings in temple compounds and the types, structural elements, and construction methods of the stupas in the Xinjiang Uyghur region in particular by looking into the content of the Da Tang Xi Yu Ji and remaining stupas, which provide examples of stupas at the time. This study finds that due to the characteristics of dry deserts, stupas in Xinjiang Uyghur region, where assimilation between Eastern and Western cultures is seen, were mostly made by pressing clay into a mold and had no interior spaces. Also, construction materials and techniques had been developed and improved in a way that enabled stupas to combat the challenging desert conditions. However, the stupas in this region differed significantly from the wooden tower-like stupas discovered in central China(zhongyuan 中原). The shape of the dome of most stupas in Xinjiang Uyghur region was chosen under the influence of the Gandharan style. Some of the stupas in the region have taken the general forms of the wooden stupas and the others have taken many forms, from cylindrical drums to towers. Also, there have been forests of stupas and stupas similar in form to chaityas and stupas of Vajrayana. Such different forms were transformed and modified through regional history and it was related to the peoples and cultures that produced and used stupas. Stupas evolved into distinct forms in Xinjiang Uyghur region in this way.

The subjects of this study were limited to Silla buddhist temple remains in the 6～8th century, where the excavation survey report was published and the details of the remains of the corridor are revealed. Since the corridor completes the structure of temple and is involved in formation of the space, the building plan for corridors is thought to have an intention linked to the entire temple. Thus, more closer study is required for this construction plan to identify the role of corridors. The corridor is a building that has a low architectural hierarchy and completes the layout and composition of the temple. In the unit planning of the corridor, unit were designed to be of a certain size in the temple layout. Then, the overall scale was made by adding the fixed size of unit. The combination of corridors are the combined points of paths and were used as visual points. The structure of the corridor was constructed to be adjusted according to the size of the main compartment of the building to which it was connected and inserted under the roof of the building. The adjustment of the unit changed in the range of 0.5 to 2 of Silla’s system of measurement. The usage of embedded pillar in the corridor presents a new perspective on Silla architecture.

This paper is to clarify on the characteristics of the Haeeumwonji and the Main Palace of the Goryo Dynasty. The architectural techniques and construction methods such as embankment, stylobate, stairway, foundation stone, and pave are similar to those of the Haeeumwonji and the Main Palace of the Goryo Dynasty. In order to express the hierarchy of the area and building, the materials, techniques, and forms of the embankment, stylobate, stairway, foundation stone and pave were used differently. The paving of the floor of the main building and area is also an active expression of the hierarchy and status of the building area and the building through the use of building materials, techniques and forms. This result confirms the support of Goryeo royal family and the upper class for the construction of Haeeumwonji, which is recorded in the historical documents. And it also shows that the architectural techniques and processing method of the same period were shared in the capital and provinces, which is an important clue that proves that the capital-centered architectural technology has spread to the provinces. It is expected that additional research will be needed on the characteristics of the period of 12th century architecture technique in which Haeeumwonji was built.

We surveyed Preah Pithu monument group site in Angkor. We made the map of present condition throughout the actual measurement and 3D scan. And we restored the floor plan, and completed the map of site placement. During this processing, we confirmed the middle axis of temples and studied the relation of temples and made clear the order of sites. Throughout this studying, we verified the middle axis of sites is not matched in Preah Pithu monument group. It is different aspect comparing with general Khmer religion architectures which were built with the planification belonging to strong royal authority and shared main axis through whole sites. In other words, we can estimate that Preah Pithu monument group was not built with planification rather than expanded as occasional demand during the process of actual use

본고에서는 전기~송국리단계의 주거지, 토기, 석촉, 석도 등의 변화상을 검토하고 이들 변화가 의미하는 것이 무엇인지 고찰하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 토기, 석촉, 주거지 등은 자체의 성능이 향상되기보다 도구 제작비용이 절감되는 방향으로 변하였고, 석도는 도구 자체의 효율성과 제작의 생산성이 모두 향상되는 방향으로 변하였다. 그리고 이러한 도구제작의 생산성 향상은 전체적인 생산력 향상과 밀접한 관련이 있으며 이렇게 높아진 생산력은 송국리문화가 복합사회로 발전할 수 있는 토대가 된다.

The purpose of this case report was describe the management of impacted and dilacerated mandibular secondary primary molar with cystic formation associated with odontoma. A four-year-old male patient was presented unerupted mandibular left secondary primary molar. Radiographic examination revealed radiopaque mass on left posterior mandible, an impacted and dilacerated mandibular secondary primary molar, and a well defined osteolytic lesion surrounding crown of the impacted tooth. Under local anesthesia, the patient was treated by surgical removal of the odontoma and marsupialization of the cystic cavity. After 14 months, the secondary primary molar had erupted and there was no recurrence.

본 조사는 유구천의 수생식물과 수변계류식물의 목록을 작성하고 관속식물의 다양성을 연구하기 위해 문헌조사를 포함하여, 2009년 8월부터 2010년 9월까지 총 4회에 걸쳐 7개 지점을 조사하였다. 7개 지점의 조사를 통해 유구천의 관속식물은 88과 229속 290종 3아종 30변종 5품종 328분류군으로 확인되었다. 조사지역 내의 한국 특산식물은 개나리(Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai), 오동나무 (Paulownia coreana Uyeki), 병꽃나무 (Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey) 등 3분류군이 확인되었다. 산림청 지정 희귀 및 멸종위기 식물은 낙지다리 (Penthorum chinense Pursh), 땅나리 (Lilium callosum Siebold & Zucc.), 꽃창포(Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai), 창포 (Acorus calamus L) 등 4분류군이 확인되었다. 식물구계학적 특정종은 총 27분류군이 확인되었는데, 그 중 중요한 의미를 가지는 III~V등급종은 V등급종이 2분류군, IV등급종이 2분류군, III등급종이 9분류군으로 총 13분류군이 발견되었다. 귀화식물은 10개과 27분류군이 확인되었으며, 이는 조사된 전체 목록 중 약 8.3%를 차지하는 것으로 확인되었다. 유구천은 마을이 하천을 따라 발달하고, 도로나 농경지 등에 따라 인간의 간섭이 지속적으로 증가 할 것으로 여겨지며 이에 따라 귀화식물의 유입도 증가 할 것으로 판단되어진다. 조사지점별 식물들의 집괴분석과 좌표 결정분석 결과 유구천 본류형, 소하천형, 저수지형 등 3개 모둠으로 구별되었다.

전기 청동기시대에 대한 연구는 유구와 유물의 분석을 통한 편년, 그리고 주거지를 대상으로 한 취락연구가 주를 이루어 왔으며, 이에 대한 많은 진전이 이루어졌다. 그러나 개별적인 유구분석과 연구는 주거지에 국한되어, 주변에서 확인되는 수혈유구에 대해서는 내부에서 출토되는 유물의 양이 적고 구조를 밝힐 수 있는 시설도 없어 연구대상에서 제외되어 왔다. 그러나 수혈유구는 취락의 일부를 차지하면서 변화하며 사회·경제적으로도 큰 의미를 담고 있음을 밝힐 수 있었다. 수혈유구는 신석기시대에서 청동기시대로 넘어오면서 기능 뿐 아니라 유구자체, 입지와 취락 내 위치, 그리고 분포 양상 등에서 기존과는 다른 모습으로 변화·전개되어 나간다. 초기에 발생한 수혈유구는 신석기시대 저장공과 유사하게 저장의 기본적인 기능을 갖지만 점차 취사 및 의례 등의 여러 기능을 동시에 갖게 된다. 평면형태와 내부시설은 방형의 노지가 설치된 수혈유구에서 원형의 무시설식 수혈유구로 변화하면서 깊이 또한 점차 깊어지게 되고 후기의 송국리형 저장공으로 대표되어 간다. 입지에서도 변화의 양상이 파악되는데, 구릉의 정상부에서 점차 사면부 및 곡부로 이동하는 모습이 관찰된다. 이와 함께 주거군 사이에서 개별적으로 위치하다 점차 주거군의 외부, 즉 취락의 외곽에서 수혈유구는 군집되어 설치된다. 이러한 변화는 취락의 구조 변화와 그 궤를 같이하며 사회경제적 의미의 변화도 반영함을 알 수 있었다. 개인적이며 임시적인 구조물의 성격에서 벗어나 점차 취락 내 중요위치를 차지하며 공공재의 성격을 띠어 나가게 되면서, 전문적 관리자의 등장을 초래하고 이로 인해 계층화의 발생도 일어나는 것을 판단할 수 있었다.

The aim of this study is to allocate the amount of discharging pollution loads according to the main pollutants such as population, livestock, soil, industrial facilities of Yugu basin which is a branch of Geumriver. Also, the object area was divided into 22 small subbasin sectors to assess the loading amount and applicate the water quality model. The considering items to forecast the water quality were restricted BOD, TN and TP which had affluent data relatively. And only BOD data was used to calculate unit loading amount of the basin and arrangement of optimum pollution load. As a calculating result for the amount of discharged pollution load based on the pollution sources and data, the loading amount and density of the basin became the highest after joining of Yugu and Magok. And the results of the expected loading amount indicated the increase rate of load occurrence was less than average ±1.5% per year for BOD, TN and TP. So, it was known that factors such as population, livestock and industrial transformation kept up as present. The flow running rate for the small drainage sector by the running load amount was highly analyzed TP, BOD and TN in order. And the running load amount was high in case small basin and short running length. Also, BOD contribution rate was large as near the length for the end point of the stream and high pollution influx. The running load amount was 629.85kg/d and permission load amount was 483.03kg/d at the end of Yugu basin. Therefore, it is considered that the amount is to reduce 146.82kg/d and reduction load amount by the region on establishing the sewage treatment facilities was expected 185.07kg/d for Yugu, 22.21kg/d Shinpoong, 25.91kg/d Sagok, 20.26kg/d Woosung and 255.40kg/d after total same time reduction. So, it is concluded that the arrangement of optimum load amount for reduction is proper to Yugu, Sagok, Shinpoong and Woosung orderly.

The purpose of this study is to analogize the appearance of Korean Ancient Architecture in view of the Stone Remains from 3 Kingdom Period to Unificated Shilla Period. But in these period, there is no building remains but some stupas and fine arts. Especially, there are many architectural appearance and revealing signature in these Historical Stone remains. Architectural elements which are analogized by stone remains what has value as historical materials by preservation of original form from 3 Kingdom Preiod to Unificated Shilla Period are as follows : 1) Platform, the representative characteristic of Korean traditional architecture, was frame structure and accumulate structure. And circular or square footing stood a same shape column on it is put on the platform. 2) In the case of column, there used entasis column and inclined column and circular chamfer technique was applied on the top side of it. Upper side of column, capital and head pentrating tie that small bearing block was put on the center of it was joined. And longitu야nal rest(長舌) supported a cross beam. Capital and small bearing block had no bottom heel, and heel side was curved and straight. Centered bracket structure was often used, and multi bracket structure is not used yet. Inward incline technique was used. 3) Inward opening pair door which had lintel, threshold, doorjamb was usually used, Fixing stone was used for structural safety, and circular handle and lock was used for decoration. Handrail was used on the edge of wooden floor for decorative effect and safety. 4) Square rafter and circular rafter were used in the same period and so did flying rafter. Double eaves and single eave were used in the same period but, single eave was usually used. In this period, square rafter was usually used. This would be studied more by comparing with Japanese wooden architecture. 5) Hipped roof was used and half-hipped roof was not used yet. In front of th hip, there are small sculpture called Jap-Sang(雜像), and windbell was hang on the end of the hip rafter. Concave roof tile, convex roof tile, round eaver tile, decorative tile at end of roof ridge were used. Lotus style was well used on the face of roof tile for decoration. From the results of this study, wooden architecture of Unificated Shilla period was simple compare to Koryo dynasty and Chosun dynasty but, it had some brilliant character. It was hard work that analogized the form of non-existent wood architecture of Ancient Korean period by restricted stone remains. But, in addition to the results of this study and research of old documentations, more study should be go on.

The purpose of this study is to connect the technics and form from ancient to Korea Dynast But in these period there is no buildings remains but paintings, fine arts, and stupas. In the historical materials there are many architectural form and signature revealings, so as a result these analysis, 1)The building showed in paintings of Silla, and Korea Dynasty reflect the architectural style their own Dynasty. 2)In detail, the architecture of Silla and Korea Dynasy was connected with Chinese architectur Liao, Song. But from the 8Century Koreans were succeeded the one of Silla Dynasty and had originility in architectural style. 3)The architectursl style in Silla and Korea Dynasty were very various and very rich content. And we must more serious study of historical materials so that we improve the ancient a middle age of architcture in Korea.

광물의 격자구조가 특정한 방향성을 보이는 격자선호방향은 광물의 변형 조건에 따라 다르기 때문에, 해당 광물과 이를 포함한 암석의 변형 조건을 연구하는데 있어 유용하다. 이번 연구에서는 경기육괴의 남서 부지역에 위치한 유구읍 추계리 금계산 일대의 각섬암류를 채취하여 암석내부 각섬석과 장석의 격자선호방향 을 후방산란전자회절 기기를 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 유구지역의 각섬석에서는 type IV와 type I 두가 지 격자선호방향이 관찰되었다. 유구지역의 각섬암류 내 각섬석은 격자선호방향에 관계없이 강체회전에 의해 변형을 받은것으로 보이며, 암석의 변형정도가 결정입도와 격자선호방향에 영향을 준 것으로 생각된다. 각섬 석의 결정입도가 커서 변형을 가장 작게 받은것으로 생각되는 시료에서는 각섬석이 강한 type I 격자선호방향 을 보여주었다. 이에 반해, 각섬석의 결정입도가 작아 고변형을 받은 것으로 생각되는 시료들에서는 각섬석이 약한 type IV 격자선호방향을 보여 주었다. 유구지역에서 관찰되는 다양한 암석의 변형정도는 각섬암류와 인 접해있는 페리도타이트에서도 관찰된 바 있어, 유구지역이 다양한 수준의 변형을 받았음을 지시한다.

The purpose of this study is to approach for the flow analysis of changing central-place functions and basic demands between the central city and the small town. Under the rural society progressed, this study examines how the small town changes in the relation to the central city. The subject of study is based on changes in demand for retail and hospitality. The small town is providing basic demands and urban services primary for the rural in the settlement system. Because of the rural depopulation and the aging of society, Retail and hospitality in the rural is reducing of the facility followed. But the majority of related researches are stocks approach. These studies are useful to find out the characteristic of small town, but is difficult to consider the influence of the central city. In this situation after this study using the function index is set up a concept model, it examines for the basis of changes in demand for the small town. The result of the analysis is that the changes of retail and hospitality are more severe in the more small town than in the central city. Whereas the small town with a population decline is consistent with the reduced number of branches, Population growth in the central city is reduced to the number of the Number of branches. The central-place function has been strengthened in the central city. While the younger generation, recreation, etc. related retail are disappearing rapidly, the mainstream of small town is grocery, home improvement, restaurants.

충남 유구지역 활석광상의 활석광석에서 관찰되는 활석과 녹니석의 혼합층상특성을 투과전자 현미경을 이용하여 연구하였다. 일반적으로 활석 내에 녹니석의 패킷이 존재하거나 혹은 그 반대로 녹니석 내에 활석의 패킷이 존재하는 것을 쉽게 관찰할 수 있다. 일부 시료에서는 국지적으로 불규칙한 활석-녹니석 혼합층상을 보인다. 확인된 활석-녹리석의 반응관계는 활석 층내에서 브루사이트층이 첨가 또는 제거되어 1개의 활석층과 1개의 녹니석층의 반응으로 나타나는 경우와, 하나의 활석층이 손실되면서 브루사이트층을 제공하거나 브루사이트층이 활석화되어 2개의 활석층과 1개의 녹니석층의 반응관계로 나타나는 경우가 있다. 이들은 모두 상당한 부피 변화를 수반한다. 또한 부피변화가 최소화되는 반응으로서 앞의 두 경우가 서로 결합된 경우와 부피변화가 증가되거나 감소되는 반응이 복합적으로 일어나는 경우가 있다. 이 경우 2개의 녹니석층과 3개의 활석층, 두 개의 녹니석층 + 1개의 활석층과 1개의 녹니석층 + 3개의 활석층, 3개의 녹니석층과 5개의 활석층 등의 복합적인 반응관계가 관찰되었다.