This study investigated the dimensional plan of Kor Sork temple in Preah Pithu complex, Angkor by civil surveying, 3D scan, measured integer ratio and regularity. According to epitaph and preceding researches, Khmer temples were built based on structural planing with the constant ratio and regularity by using special construct measure scales "Hasta" and “Byama”. The study assumed the same unit method was applied in Kor Sork temple and identified the regularity of actual measurement value about the temple. The assumed construct measure scale (Hasta) used for the design of this temple is 413mm. The overall apart arrangement of the temple is different in the East-West direction and the North-South direction. In the East-West direction, the whole scale is 180 hasta, and it is divided into 20 hastas. On the other hands, it was confirmed that the North-South direction is 96 hasta and it was divided four quadrants in 24 hastas. Regarding the detailed design, the regularity according to the constant ratio was confirmed. 7 hasta was used as the basic unit on the first floor and 6 hasta were used as the basic unit on the second floor of the terrace. the basement and the central sanctuary is of 6 hasta and 8 hasta were used as the basic standard.

We surveyed Preah Pithu monument group site in Angkor. We made the map of present condition throughout the actual measurement and 3D scan. And we restored the floor plan, and completed the map of site placement. During this processing, we confirmed the middle axis of temples and studied the relation of temples and made clear the order of sites. Throughout this studying, we verified the middle axis of sites is not matched in Preah Pithu monument group. It is different aspect comparing with general Khmer religion architectures which were built with the planification belonging to strong royal authority and shared main axis through whole sites. In other words, we can estimate that Preah Pithu monument group was not built with planification rather than expanded as occasional demand during the process of actual use

Coagulation/precipitation process has been widely used for the removal of phosphate within domestic wastewater. Although Fe and Al are typical coagulants used for phosphate removal, these have some shortages such as color problem and low sedimentation velocity. In this study, both Fe and Al were used to overcome the shortages caused by using single one, and anionic polymer coagulant was additionally used to enhance sedimentation velocity of the precipitate formed. Batch experiments using a jar test were conducted with real wastewater, which was an effluent of the second sedimentation tank in domestic wastewater treatment plant. Response Surface Methodology was used to examine the responsibility of each parameter on phosphate removal as well as to optimize the dosage of the three coagulants. Economic analysis was also done on the basis of selling prices of the coagulants in the field. Phosphate removal efficiency of Fe(III) was 30% higher than those of Fe(II). Considering chemical price, optimum dosage for achieving residual phosphate concentration below 0.2 mg/L were determined to be 18.14 mg/L of Fe(III), 2.60 mg/L of Al, and 1.64 mg/L of polymer coagulant.

Waterborne infectious disease is induced by several pathogenic microbes such as bacteria, viruses and protozoans, and the cases caused by viral infection is currently increasing. Water treatment process could reduce the number of virus in the water, but there were many difficulties to completely remove the virus particles from water. Therefore, the membrane separation technology which was reported to effectively remove pollutants from raw water has attracted increasing attention and demand. Since its efficiency has been introduced, demands for evaluation method toward the membrane filtration process are increasing. However, progression of the method development is slow due to the difficulties in cultivation of several waterborne viruses from animal models or cell culture system. To overcome the difficulties, we used adenovirus, one of the commonly isolated pathogenic waterborne viruses which can grow in cell culture system in vitro. The adenovirus used in this study was identified as human adenovirus C strain. The adenovirus was spiked in the raw water and passed through the microfiltration membrane produced by Econity, a Korean membrane company, and then the viral removal rate was evaluated by real-time PCR. In the results, the amount of virus in the filtered water was decreased approximately by 5 log scale. Because coagulant treatment has been known to reduce filtering function of the membrane by inducing fouling, we also investigated whether there was any interference of coagulant. In the results, we confirmed that coagulant treatment did not show significant interference on microfiltration membrane. In this study, we found that waterborne virus can be effectively removed by membrane filtration system. In particular, here we also suggest that real-time PCR method can rapidly, sensitively and quantitatively evaluate the removal rate of virus. These results may provide a standard method to qualifying membrane filtration processes.

Recently, the production of taste and odor (T&O) compounds is a common problem in water industry. Geosmin is one of the T&O components in drinking water. However, geosmin is hardly eliminated through the conventional water treatment systems. Among various advanced processes capable of removing geosmin, adsorption process using granular activated carbon (GAC) is the most commonly used process. As time passes, however GAC process changes into biological activated carbon (BAC) process. There is little information on the BAC process in the literature. In this study, we isolated and identified microorganisms existing within various BAC processes. The microbial concentrations of BAC processes examined were 3.5×105 colony forming units (CFU/g), 2.2×106 CFU/g and 7.0×105 CFU/g in the Seongnam plant, Goyang plant and Goryeong pilot plant, respectively. The dominant bacterial species were found to be Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Novosphingobium rosa and Afipia broomeae in each plants. Removal efficiencies of 3 μg/L geosmin by the dominant species were 36.1%, 36.5% and 34.3% in mineral salts medium(MSM) where geosmin was a sole carbon source.

The international community has been collaborated for the preservation of Angkor site in the last twenty years. This case which is the heritage conservation through cooperation is an exemplary instance for developing countries and warring nations. For this study, we analyze each of declarations that is adopted through three intergovernmental conferences for the preservation of Angkor and study how the policies of the conservation work. Tokyo Declaration at 1993 is included a pledge of the cooperation from all the countries of the world and an emergency measure and an advice of the policy for conservation on Angkor. Paris Declaration at 2003 is mentioned that the emergency measure for last ten years is effective for conservation of Angkor and emphasized the necessity of practical use of heritage like sustainable development and ethical sightseeing. Angkor Declaration at 2013 assures exertions of last 20 years and convinces that all of activities about Angkor is a commendable precedent to another World Heritages in danger. And it is mentioned a practical use of heritage which is more crucial and new conservation of Angkor.

Abstract In this study characteristics of Al-doped ZnO thin film by HIPIMS (High power impulse sputtering) are discussed. Deposition speed of HIPIMS with conventional balanced magnetic field is measured at about 3 nm/min, which is 30% of that of conventional RF sputtering process with the same working pressure. To generate additional magnetic flux and increase sputtering speed, electromagnetic coil is mounted at the back side of target. Under unbalanced magnetic flux from electromagnet with 1.5A coil current, deposition speed of AZO thin film is increased from 3 nm/min to 4.4 nm/min. This new value originates from the decline of particles near target surface due to the local magnetic flux going toward substrate from electromagnet. AZO film sputtered by HIPIMS process shows very smooth and dense film surface for which surface roughness is measured from 0.4 nm to 1 nm. There are no voids or defects in morphology of AZO films with varying of magnetic field. When coil current is increased from 0A to 1A, transmittance of AZO thin film decreases from 80% to 77%. Specific resistance is measured at about 2.9×10-2Ω·cm. AZO film shows C-axis oriented structure and its grain size is calculated at about 5.3 nm, which is lower than grain size in conventional sputtering.

To fabricate TiO2 nanoparticle-based dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) at a low-temperature, DSSCs were fabricated using hydropolymer and ZnO nanoparticles composites for the electron transport layer around a low-temperature (200˚C). ZnO nanoparticle with 20 nm and 60 nm diameter were used and Pt was deposited as a counter electrode on ITO/glass using an RF magnetron sputtering. We investigate the effect of ZnO nanoparticle concentration in hydropolymer and ZnO nanoparticle solution on the photoconversion performance of the low temperature fabricated (200˚C) DSSCs. Using cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,20 bipyridy1-4,40 dicarboxylato) ruthenium (II) bis-tetrabutylammonium (N719) dye as a sensitizer, the corresponding device performance and photo-physical characteristics are investigated through conventional physical characterization techniques. The effect of thickness of the ZnO photoelectrode and the morphology of the ZnO nanoparticles with the variations of hydropolymer to ZnO ratio on the photoconversion performance are also investigated. The morphology of the ZnO layer after sintering was examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). 60 nm ZnO nanoparticle DSSCs showed an incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) value of about 7% higher than that of 20 nm ZnO nanoparticle DSSCs. The maximum parameters of the short circuit current density (Jsc), the open circuit potential (Voc), fill factor (ff), and efficiency (η) in the 60 nm ZnO nanoparticle-based DSSC devices were 4.93 mA/cm2, 0.56V, 0.40, and 1.12%, respectively.

지진파의 푸리에 가속도스펙트럼(Fourier Acceleration Spectrum)에 기반한 계측진도 평가방법(Sokolov and Wald, 2002)의 국내 적용성을 평가하기 위해 관련 논문(연관희 등, 2009)에서 평가된 국내 지진의 진도 MMI {leq} IV 범위에 대한 진도별 FAS 평균(m)과 표준편차({\sigma}) 모델을 이용하여, FAS 진도평가방법의 타당성을 평가하여 보았다. FAS 통계특성 모델 평가시 사용된 지진관측자 료의 FAS를 이용하고 본 연구에서 프로그램으로 구현된 FAS 진도평가기법을 적용할 경우 관측된 진도를 {\sigma} = 0.74 MMI의 오차로 추정할 수 있었으며, 오차의 지진규모-거리 의존성을 추가로 보정할 경우 오차를 {\sigma} = 0.61 MMI 까지도 저감할 수 있었다. 또한 본 방법을 MMI {\leq} IV에 대한 국내 FAS 통계특성 모델과 MMI {\geq} V에 대한 전 세계 FAS 통계특성 모델을 함께 이용하여, 진도 VI 이상인 국내 피해지진의 진도를 미소지진관측자료의 지진원특성을 이론적으로 증가시켜 도출된 스펙트럼을 이용하여 추정한 결과 최대 진도추정 오차 0.63 이내로 예측할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 지진파의 푸리에 가속도스펙트럼(Fourier Acceleration Spectrum)에 기반한 계측진도 평가방법(Sokolov and Wald, 2002)을 국내에 적용하기 위해 국내 지진 MMI {\leq} IV 범위에 대한 진도별 FAS 통계특성(평균과 표준편차) 모델을 기상청 발표 진도자료로 부터 도출된 65개 지진에 대한 등진도구역도(Isoseismal Maps)와 등진도구역도 상의 일관된 부지특성을 갖는 580개 수평성분 FAS 자료를 기반으로 경험적으로 도출하였다. 일관된 부지특성을 갖는 FAS는 특정 지진관측소에서 관측된 FAS를 국내 지반물성을 대표할 수 있는 D 등급관측소(연관희와 서정희, 2007)의 부지증폭특성을 갖도록 변환하여 도출하였다. 국내 지진의 MMI {\leq} IV의 FAS 평균값은 로그영역에서 진도에 비례하는 선형성을 나타내었으며, 진도 IV에 대한 FAS 평균은 전 세계 모델과 유사한 특징을 보였다. 또한 진도 MMI {\leq} IV의 FAS 표준편차는 진도 V 이상의 전 세계적인 모델의 표준편차 보다는 크게 평가되었으나, 진도 IV에 대한 전 세계적인 모델의 표준편차보다는 현저히 낮은 값을 나타내었다.

ZnO thin film was grown on a sapphire single crystal substrate by plasma assisted molecular beamepitaxy. In addition to near band edge (NBE) emissions, both blue and green luminescences are also observedtogether. The PL intensity of the blue luminescence (BL) range from 2.7 to 2.9eV increased as the amountof activated oxygen increased, but green luminescence (GL) was weakly observed at about 2.4eV without muchchange in intensity. This result is quite unlike previous studies in which BL and GL were regarded as thetransition between shallow donor levels such as oxygen vacancy and interstitial zinc. Based on the transitionlevel and formation energy of the ZnO intrinsic defects predicted through the first principle calculation, whichemploys density functional approximation (DFA) revised by local density approximation (LDA) and the LDA+Uapproach, the green and blue luminescence are nearly coincident with the transition from the conduction bandto zinc vacancies of V2-Zn and V-Zn, respectively.

In education, a teacher was the most important educational environment than any other and that teacher's values and beliefs became a part of education process, which could affect greatly on the children. Therefore, each teacher's perception on the subject

본 논문에서는 국내의 지진자료를 이용하여 지진특성을 추정하기 전에 적용할 수 있는 사전자료처리기법을 종합적으로 검토하였다. 사전처리 기법으로는 계기보정, 센서검교정상태 확인, 윈도우에 의한 스펙트럼 왜곡 최소화, non-causal ringing에 의한 초동 왜곡 보정 기법을 분석하였으며, 자료 선택시 주파수 영역의 S/N비 확인 및 포화된 자료의 사용가능성 여부를 제시하였다.

한반도 동남부 지역에서 발생하고 관찰된 약진 또는 중진의 자료를 이영하여 이 지역의 Q값과 지진원의 특성인 모서리 주파수 (fc), 응력강하량(Δ\delta) 및 모멘크규모 (Mw)를 산정하였다. 가속도 스펙트럼의 경사와 관련된 x의 통계학적 분포로부터 추정한 Q의 95% 신뢰범위는 1656~2454 이다. 1998년 1월 18일 울산 앞바다 지진과 1997년 6월 26일 경주지진의 지진원 요소를 구한 결과 fc 는 각각 4.22Hz , 2.94Hz, Δ\delta는 각각 106.8 bar, 106.2 bar, Mw는 각각 3.9, 4.0으로 추정되었다. 제한된 자료수로 인하여 이들의 통계학적 성질을 충분히 규명하지는 못하였지만 다른 연구자들의 기존결과와 유사한 값을 보인다. 본 연구의 결과는 강진동 모사에 직접 이용이 가능하며, 이 지역에 위치한 원자력 발전소 내진 안전성 검토에도 이용될 수 있다.

The rapid development of some industries generates a huge amount of useless biowastes. Recently, biosorption, which can use biowastes as biosorbents, has attracted attention as an environmentally friendly method for the removal of ionic pollutants from wastewaters. For this reason, many researchers have investigated the biosorption capacities of various biowastes. In this study, fermentation waste (Escherichia coli) was used as a biosorbent for the removal of various organic and inorganic pollutants: i.e., cationic dye (methylene blue (MB)), anionic dye (Reactive Red 4 (RR4)), cationic metal (cadmium (II)), and anionic metal (arsenic (V)). The uptake of the cationic pollutants by the biosorbent increased as solution pH was increased. The RR4 uptake increased with a decrease in solution pH. In the case of the anionic metal (As (V)), it was not well removed in the range of pH 2-7. To examine adsorption rates and mechanisms, kinetic and isotherm experiments were conducted, and various kinetic and isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB and RR4 were predicted to be 231.3 mg/g and 257.6 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, fermentation waste (E. coli) is a cheap and abundant resource for the manufacture of effective biosorbents capable of removing both cationic and anionic (in) organic pollutants from wastewaters.

현대문명은 많은 의약품 및 식료품을 발효공정을 통해 생산하고 있다. 이 과정에서 다량의 발효균체 폐기물이 발생되는데 이는 매립, 소각, 해양투기와 같은 다양한 방법들로 처리되고 있다. 그러나 처리방법 중 가장 큰 비중을 차지하던 해양투기가 런던협약으로 인해 전 세계적으로 금지됨으로 우리나라뿐만 아니라 전 세계적으로 발효균체 폐기물 처리에 대한 새로운 해결방안이 도출해야 하는 상황에 직면하였다. 발효 폐기물 처리에 효과적인 방법으로 최근 대두되고 있는 것이 발생한 폐기물들을 흡착소재로 사용하여 적용하는 생체흡착 기술이다. 생체흡착 기술은 일반적으로 버려지는 죽은 생물들이나 자연에서 발생하는 부산물들을 그대로 이용하여 폐기물 처리비가 들지 않는 경제적인 장점이 있다. 그러나 지금까지의 생체흡착연구는 대부분 특정 금속에 결합력이 우수한 천연바이오매스를 선발하는데 그쳤다. 본 연구에서는 그보다 더 나아가 흡착 가능성을 보인 천연바이오매스의 적절한 개질을 통해 상용화 되어 있는 이온교환수지 보다 더 뛰어난 흡착제를 제조하였다. 그리고 이렇게 만들어진 흡착제를 특정 금속이 아닌 다양한 산업에서 발생되는 중금속, 희귀금속 및 비철금속 등에 대한 각각의 흡착 성능을 보았으며, 현장 적용을 위한 온도 및 다른 이온들의 저해 현상 등을 조사하였다. 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 루테늄 회수에 효과적인 성능을 보였던 발효 폐기물(C.glutamicum)을 polyethylenimine(PEI)로 개질을 통해 만든 흡착제를 이용하였다. 이 흡착제는 기존 이온 교환 수지보다 10배 이상의 고성능을 가진 것으로 조사 되었다. 실험 대상은 Cd(II), Cr(VI), As(V), Mn(VII), ClO4-, PO42- 등 환경에 피해를 주는 물질들과 Au(I)와 같은 경제적 가치가 높아 회수해야 하는 회수해야 하는 희귀금속에 대한 흡착성능을 다각적으로 평가하였다. Cd(II)과 같은 양이온 중금속은 흡착제 특성상 흡착성능이 좋지 않은 것으로 조사되었으며 Cr(VI), Mn(VII)은 흡착 기작이 단순 흡착 기작뿐만 아니라 산화-환원과 같은 복합 기작 제거 형태를 보여주었다. As(V), ClO4-, PO42- 는 기존 흡착제의 성능과 비교하였을 때 매우 좋은 효능을 가지는 것을 보여주었다. 한, 대부분의 이온들이 sulfate 및 chloride에 저해를 받았으며, 온도의 효과는 미미한 것으로 조사되었다. 회수대상인 Au(I) 경우 qmax 값은 103.18 mg/g (Langmuir model)으로 실험되었으며 다른 흡착제보다 우수한 성능을 보임을 확인하였다.