In this study, chemical properties and functional ingredients of ginger and ginger pomace discarded after juice were analyzed. Ginger and ginger pomace were subjected to hot air drying, steaming, followed by hot air drying, soaking in vitamin C for 1 hour and 3 hours. When soaked in vitamin C for 3 hours, the moisture content was highest at 9.2% for ginger and 7.3% for ginger pomace. Among inorganic ingredients, the potassium (K) content was high at 2,633.6 mg% in hot air-dried ginger after steaming and at 1,584.3 mg% in ginger pomace. Total flavonoid content of ginger pomace was high at 67.3 mg/g when soaked in vitamin C for 3 hours. Gingerol content was the highest at 9.8 mg/g when ginger was dried with hot air. It was 10.5 mg/g in ginger pomace. After ginger pomace was steamed and dried with hot air, shogaol content was as high as 2.0 mg/g.

This study analyzed the chemical characteristics and physiological activity of five kinds of fresh vegetables produced in trees in early spring and tried to use them as basic data for wild vegetable producers and processed food manufacturers using wild vegetables. The crude protein, minerals, ascorbic acid, folate, total phenol, total flavonoid, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitory activity were determined. Five spring wild vegetables contain high protein and phosphorus, indicating that they are useful food ingredients as sources of protein and phosphorus. Vitamin C content was high in R. venicifera and C. sinensis shoots, and in particular, R. venicifera and A. cortex shoots have high folic acid (folate) contents of 1,903.91 ug% and 1,525.35 ug%, respectively, which is considered a good food for folic acid intake in spring. The total phenol content was between 0.52% and 1.27%, and it was the highest in C. sinensis of 1.27%, followed by the order of R. venicifera, A.cortex, K.pictus, and A. elata, which tended to be consistent with the total flavonoid content. As for DPPH radical scavenging ability, C. sinensis (55.93%) showed the highest activity, and ACE inhibitory activity showed the highest activity in A. cortex (88.04%).

The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries promoted the installation of eel-ladder for the purpose of creating inland water resources. Currently, eel-ladder have been installed and operated at the Geumgang Estuary Bank (2018), Yeongam Embankment (2019), and Asanman Embankment (2020). In this study, the number of glass eels in eel-ladder in 2021 was monitored and factors affecting the rise that from ocean to river of eels were investigated. Glass eels in eel-ladder were found when the salinity was relatively low, and they started when the freshwater and seawater temperatures were above 20℃. Comparing the number of occurrences by year, the largest number of glass eels was observed in 2021, but it is judged that this is not according to the distribution of glass eels in sea, but rather as a result of the investigator’s eel-ladder repair and guidance on illegal fishing.

2020년 3월부터 10월까지 군산시의 중초산 저수지와 북초산 저수지의 어류상 및 군집분석을 하였다. 조사기간 동안 채집된 어류는 중초산 저수지에서 4목 5과 8종 1,895개체, 북초산 저수지에서 3목 5과 7종 171개체였다. 중초산 저수지의 우점종은 참붕어 (661개체, 상대풍부도: 34.7%) 아우점 종은 흰줄납줄개 (660개체, 상대풍부도: 34.7%), 북초산 저수지는 배스 (77개체, 45.0%)와 붕어 (60개체, 35.1%) 순으로 나타났다. 군집분석 결과 중초산 저수지는 우점도 0.697, 다양도 1.483, 균등도 0.713, 종 풍부도 0.928, 북초산 저수지는 우점도 0.801, 다양도 1.304, 균등도 0.670, 종 풍부도 1.167을 보였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 생태계 교란생물인 배스의 영향으로 토착어종의 개체수와 군집의 다양도가 감소한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 외래어종의 지속적인 제거와 유입을 막는 관리가 요구된다.

미국가재는 멕시코 북동부 및 미국 중남부가 원산지로, 전 세계에 유입되어 서식처 파괴와 토착종과의 경쟁 등 많은 문제를 야기하고 있다. 본 조사에서 영산강 6개 지점, 만경강 5개 지점, 섬진강 2개 지점 금강 1개 지점에서 확인되었으며, 주요 수계에서 정착 서식하는 것으로 나타났다. 완주군 서봉리와 함평군 모산리는 20개체 이상이 확인 되어 비교적 큰 개체군을 형성하고 있을 것으로 추정된다. 높은 이동성과 환경적응력으로 보아 확인된 지점에서 타 수계로의 유입 가능성이 매우 높을 것으로 생각되며, 이에 지속적인 확산 현황 파악과 생태계 피해 예방을 위한 지속적 제거 노력이 필요하다.

Waterborne infectious disease is induced by several pathogenic microbes such as bacteria, viruses and protozoans, and the cases caused by viral infection is currently increasing. Water treatment process could reduce the number of virus in the water, but there were many difficulties to completely remove the virus particles from water. Therefore, the membrane separation technology which was reported to effectively remove pollutants from raw water has attracted increasing attention and demand. Since its efficiency has been introduced, demands for evaluation method toward the membrane filtration process are increasing. However, progression of the method development is slow due to the difficulties in cultivation of several waterborne viruses from animal models or cell culture system. To overcome the difficulties, we used adenovirus, one of the commonly isolated pathogenic waterborne viruses which can grow in cell culture system in vitro. The adenovirus used in this study was identified as human adenovirus C strain. The adenovirus was spiked in the raw water and passed through the microfiltration membrane produced by Econity, a Korean membrane company, and then the viral removal rate was evaluated by real-time PCR. In the results, the amount of virus in the filtered water was decreased approximately by 5 log scale. Because coagulant treatment has been known to reduce filtering function of the membrane by inducing fouling, we also investigated whether there was any interference of coagulant. In the results, we confirmed that coagulant treatment did not show significant interference on microfiltration membrane. In this study, we found that waterborne virus can be effectively removed by membrane filtration system. In particular, here we also suggest that real-time PCR method can rapidly, sensitively and quantitatively evaluate the removal rate of virus. These results may provide a standard method to qualifying membrane filtration processes.

Recently, the production of taste and odor (T&O) compounds is a common problem in water industry. Geosmin is one of the T&O components in drinking water. However, geosmin is hardly eliminated through the conventional water treatment systems. Among various advanced processes capable of removing geosmin, adsorption process using granular activated carbon (GAC) is the most commonly used process. As time passes, however GAC process changes into biological activated carbon (BAC) process. There is little information on the BAC process in the literature. In this study, we isolated and identified microorganisms existing within various BAC processes. The microbial concentrations of BAC processes examined were 3.5×105 colony forming units (CFU/g), 2.2×106 CFU/g and 7.0×105 CFU/g in the Seongnam plant, Goyang plant and Goryeong pilot plant, respectively. The dominant bacterial species were found to be Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Novosphingobium rosa and Afipia broomeae in each plants. Removal efficiencies of 3 μg/L geosmin by the dominant species were 36.1%, 36.5% and 34.3% in mineral salts medium(MSM) where geosmin was a sole carbon source.

본 연구는 식용 버섯의 조리방법에 따른 항산화 생리활성의 평가를 위해 수행되었으며, 산화적 스트레스에 의한 DNA 손상 감소 효과를 통해 조리방법을 달리한 버섯 추출물의 유전독성학적 방호효과를 살펴보았다. Human lymphocyte에 조리방법을 달리한 3가지 버섯(느타리, 팽이, 표고)의 추출물을 처리하고, hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)로 산화적 손상을 준 후, DNA 감소 효과를 Comet assay로 평가한 결과, 모든 시료군에서 산화적 손상에 의한 DNA 손상 감소 효과를 나타냈다. 3가지 버섯 모두 비조리군이 조리군보다 높은 효과를 나타냈는데, 이는 조리과정에 의한 페놀성 화합물의 감소로 인한 것으로 보이며, 조리군 중에서 볶기와 전이 비교적 낮은 DNA 손상 감소 효과를 나타낸 것은 조리 시 첨가되었던 대두유의 가열 산화에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 결론적으로, 조리된 버섯은 생버섯에 비해 산화적 스트레스에 의한 DNA 손상 감소효과가 낮으나, 양성 대조군과 비교하였을 때 손상을 유의적으로 감소시킨 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 본 연구에서 사용한 네 가지 조리법(굽기, 데치기, 볶기, 전) 중 DNA 손상 감소에 효과적인 조리법은 대두유를 사용하지 않은 굽기와 데치기인 것으로 판단된다.

The functional cardiovascular system is comprised of distinct mesoderm-derived lineages including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and other mesenchymal cells. Recent studies in the human embryonic stem cell differentiation model have provided evidence indicating that these cell lineages are developed from the common progenitors such as hemangioblasts and cardiovascular progenitor cells. Also, the studies have suggested that these progenitors have a common primordial progenitor, which expresses KDR (human Flk-1, also known as VEGFR2, CD309). We demonstrate here that sustained activation of BMP4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4) in hESC line, CHA15 hESC results in KDR+ mesoderm specific differentiation. To determine whether the KDR+ population derived from hESCs enhances potential to differentiate along multipotential mesodermal lineages than undifferentiated hESCs, we analyzed the development of the mesodermal cell types in human embryonic stem cell differentiation cultures. In embryoid body (EB) differentiation culture conditions, we identified an increased expression of KDR+ population from BMP4-stimulated hESC-derived EBs. After induction with additional growth factors, the KDR+ population sorted from hESCs-derived EBs displays mesenchymal, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle potential in matrix-coated monolayer culture systems. The populations plated in monolayer cultures expressed increased levels of related markers and exhibit a stable/homologous phenotype in culture terms. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the KDR+ population is stably isolated from CHA15 hESC-derived EBs using BMP4 and growth factors, and sorted KDR+ population can be utilized to generate multipotential mesodermal progenitors in vitro, which can be further differentiated into cardiovascular specific cells.

Techniques to evaluate gene expression profiling, such as sufficiently sensitive cDNA microarrays or real-time quantitative PCR, are efficient methods for monitoring human pluripotent stem cell (hESC/iPSC) cultures. However, most of these high-throughput tests have a limited use due to high cost, extended turn-around time, and the involvement of highly specialized technical expertise. Hence, there is an urgency of rapid, cost-effective, robust, yet sensitive method development for routine screening of hESCs/hiPSCs. A critical requirement in hESC/hiPSC cultures is to maintain a uniform undifferentiated state and to determine their differentiation capacity by showing the expression of gene markers representing all three germ layers, including ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. To quantify the modulation of gene expression in hESCs/hiPSC during their propagation, expansion, and differentiation via embryoid body (EB) formation, we developed a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and definitive multimarker, semiquantitative multiplex RT-PCR platform technology. Among the 9 gene primers tested, 5 were pluripotent markers comprising set 1, and 3 lineage-specific markers were combined as set 2, respectively. We found that these 2 sets were not only effective in determining the relative differentiation in hESCs/hiPSCs, but were easily reproducible. In this study, we used the hES/hiPS cell lines to standardize the technique. This multiplex RT-PCR assay is flexible and, by selecting appropriate reporter genes, can be designed for characterization of different hESC/hiPSC lines during routine maintenance and directed differentiation.

본 연구는 소 배반포의 내부 세포괴로부터 다능성(pluripotency)을 지닌 배아 줄기 세포(embryonic stem cell) 또는 그 유사 세포를 분리 및 배양함으로써 줄기 세포 관련 분야의 기반 기술을 확립하고자 하였다. 소 체외수정란을 10～12일간 체외배양하여 생산된 부화 배반포를 세포분열이 불활성화된 생쥐 태아 섬유아 세포(mouse embryonic fibroblast, MEF) 위에서 배양하여 콜로니 형성을 유도하였으며, 이들로부터 내부 세포괴 유래의 형태를 지닌 것만을 광학현미경 하에서 물리적으로 분리하여 약 5～7일 간격으로 계대배양을 실시하였다. 이러한 방법을 통하여 배아 줄기 유사 세포의 특성을 40계대 이상 유지하는 2개의 세포주를 확립하였다. 각각의 세포주들은 높은 alkaline phosphatase(AP) 활성을 지니고 있었으며, 형광 면역 염색법과 PCR 기법을 사용하여 Oct-4, Nanog, STAT3, SSEA3 및 SSEA4의 발현을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 ,본 연구에서는 소 배반포로부터 배아 줄기 세포주를 확립하는 제반 기술이 확립되었다고 판단되며, 향후 관련 분야 연구에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study was carried out to investigate the microbiological and chemical properties of natural water during storage. The water samples were taken at the time of purchase and the opened bottles and the unopened bottles stored at the temperature of 4, 18, and 30. The bacterial content normally rose to 2.06 × 10² CFU/ml for the unopened bottles and 2.91 × 10² CFU/ml for the opened bottles after 2 weeks of storage, and 1.21 × 10^7 CFU/×ml and 2.64 × 10^7, respectively, after 24 weeks of storage. The number of viable cells of bacteria peaked more rapidly at the storage temperature of 30℃ than 18℃. But the total samples were found to be negative for coliforms test during the study period. The average range of pH value was from 7.39 to 7.76. The results showed that the nitrates and chlorides satisfied the Korea Drinking Water Quality Standards during the storage period of 24 weeks. However, the undesirable changes of the taste and odor were detected within 2 weeks and 3 weeks, respectively.

포유동물 생식세포를 생산하는 정자형성과정은 정원줄기세포 (spermatogonial stem cells, SSCs)가 일생 동안 정소 내 기저부에 존재하면서 계속적인 증식을 통해 그 수를 유지하고, 그 중 일부가 감수분열에 진입하여 남성생식세포인 정자를 생산하는 일련의 과정이다. 신생 및 성체의 정원줄기세포는 의학과 접목하여 불임 및 저출산 치료에 크게 기여할 것으로 사료되어, 이미 많은 연구자에 의하여 활발히 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 이중 성체 정소 유래의 정원줄기세포는 신생 정소에 비하여 체세포당 비율이 매우 낮아 이를 분리하여 배양하기 위해서는 효율 높은 정원줄기세포의 분리 방법의 개발이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 인간에 적용하기에 가장 적합하다고 생각되는 조직이식 방법을 통하여 성체 생쥐의 정원줄기세포를 과밀화하고, 이렇게 얻어진 세포를 체외에서 배양하고자 하였다. 6～8주령의 정상적인 정자형성과정이 일어나고 있는 성체 생쥐 (BDF1)의 정소를 분리하였고, 정소 내 존재하는 분화된 생식세포를 줄여주기 위하여 면역이 결핍된 누드마우스의 등쪽에 이식하였다. 이때 생착효율을 알아보기 위하여 실험군은 3개 (whole testis under dorsal skin, slice testis under dorsal skin and whole testis in the abdominal cavity)의 그룹으로 나누어 이식하였다. 이식 2～4주 후 이식한 정소 조직을 채취하여 일부는 기존의 방법 (정소 조직의 이식방법을 사용하지 않은 대조군)과 비교해서 조직이식을 시행 후 세정관내 존재하는 정원줄기세포의 비율을 조직화학적 방법으로 비교 분석하였다. 나머지 조직은 개개의 세포로 분리하여 정원줄기세포의 증식 및 유지에 필요한 성장인자 (GDNF, bFGF, LIF, EGF, IGF-1)를 첨가한 후 배양하였으며, 7～10일마다 계대배양하였다. 배양된 세포는 RT-PCR, AP staining, TUNEL staining, Immunocytochemistry 및 FACS analysis를 통하여 정원줄기세포 특징을 분석하였다. 이식 2주 후 3그룹 내 정원줄기세포가 포함되어 있는 비율은 각각 93% (13/14), 92% (12/13), 57% (4/7)로 나타났으며, 이식된 조직의 seminiferous tubules내에는 분화된 생식세포가 사라지거나 퇴화된 것을 확인하였다. TUNEL assays를 통하여 Whole과 Sliced testis 그룹에서는 7.3±3.3%과 8.3±3.9% 만이 세포사가 진행되는 세포를 관찰한대 반하여 Abdominal cavity에 이식한 군에서는 70.9±16.2%로 매우 높은 세포사율을 관찰하였다. 체외배양 기간 동안 정원줄기세포의 colonization 효율은 이식하지 않은 대조군에 비하여 높게 관찰하였다. 조직 이식 후 배양한 성체 유래 정원줄기세포는 위 성장인자가 포함된 배양액에서 2.5달 (8계대) 동안 성공적으로 유지 배양되었다. 배양된 세포는 정원줄기세포의 특징인 AP activity를 강하게 나타냈으며, 표지인자인 Thy-1와 GFRα-1 또한 강하게 발현되는 것을 FACS와 Immunocytochemistry를 통하여 확인하였다. 또한 RT-PCR를 통하여 정원줄기세포 표지유전자 마커인 integrin β1, mvh, ngn3 mRNA는 강하게 발현되는데 비하여 생식세포 분화유전자 마커인 piwil2, stra8, c-kit, TH2B and TP-1 mRNA는 발현되지 않거나 약하게 발현되었다. 조직이식을 통하여 성체 내 존재하는 극소수의 성체 정원줄기세포의 분리 및 배양이 가능함을 확인하였다. 이러한 생쥐 모델 시스템을 인간에게 적용할 경우 autologous한 조직이식을 통해 단순화된 방법으로 정원줄기세포 분리 및 배양이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.