The automotive industry continuously strives to enhance safety for both drivers and passengers through technological advancements. Car side impacts have the potential to significant risks to passengers, So the automotive industry has proposed various technological solutions. As part of these efforts, the development of side impact beams, which are affixed to the inner frame of vehicle side doors to absorb and dissipate collision energy, has been a safety enhancement. Conventional side impact beams are manufactured using hot-rolled steel sheets and have a pipe-like configuration. However, these impact beams are fixed to the vehicle's chassis, which directly transfers the energy generated during a collision to the chassis frame. This paper aims to address this issue by proposing the development and optimization of vehicle door impact beams using a dual-beam structure and fastening method, utilizing shear bolts. Moreover, the focus is on optimizing the cross-sectional shape of the dual-beam impact structure. The evaluation criterion for optimization is based on the second moment of area of the cross-section. To validate these improvements, Static experiments were conducted, comparing the proposed dual-beam structure with the traditional impact beam. This research is expected to serve as a guideline for enhancing vehicle safety through design directions and validation methods.

Recently, Free-Form and Irregular Shape high-rise buildings are constructed by IT technology development. Tilted shaped high-rise building which is one of Irregular shape high-rise buildings can cause lateral displacement by gravity load and lateral load due to tilted elevation shape. Therefore, it is necessary to review the behavior and structural aspects of the Tilted shape high-rise building by gravity load. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of a tilted structure with a dual-core were analyzed with the core location as a design variable, and response behavior, vulnerable members, and vulnerable layers to earthquake loads were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, as the location of the core moved in an tilted direction, the eccentric distance and eccentric load decreased, reducing the axial force of the vertical members. However, the location of the core had little effect on the response.

본 연구는 일본 민주당 정권기에 이루어진 고교무상화 제도의 도입과 정에서 조선학교가 배제되고 자민당 정권기에 그 결정이 확정되기까지의 정치과정에 대해서 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 본 논문은 기존연구 에서 주목하지 않은 국내정치과정의 행위자들-정부, 정치가, 시민단체, 언론-에 초점을 맞춰 정치적 동학을 밝히고자 하였다는 점에서 선행연구 들을 보완하고 있다. 본 연구를 통해서 제시하고자 한 점은 다음과 같다. 조선학교에 대한 고교무상화의 적용은 국제인권규약이 정하고 있는 고등 교육의 보편적 적용을 위한 정책의 일환으로서 도입될 예정이었지만, 조 선학교와 조총련, 북한체제와의 연관성이 부각되면서 안보적 측면이 중 시된 결과 배제로 확정되어 이루어지지 못했다. 조선학교 배제문제는 일 본사회의 마이너리티인 재일조선인에 대한 인권(교육권, 학습권) 측면의 문제였지만, 북한에 의한 일본인 납치피해자 및 북송사업 피해자 등의 인권문제가 상대적으로 강조되면서 재일조선인의 인권에 대한 논의가 약 화되어간 과정이었다. 민주당 정권 초기 보편적 인권규범을 주장하던 정 치세력은 사회적 기반의 약화로 연계를 형성하지 못하였으며, 정부의 납 치문제담당성-보수계 시민단체의 연계가 해당 정책의 결정과정에 영향을 미쳤음을 알 수 있었다.

Generally, Au electrodes are the preferred top metal electrodes in most perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of their appropriate work function for hole transportation and their resistance to metal-halide formation. However, for the commercialization of PSCs, the development of alternative metal electrodes for Au is essential to decrease their fabrication cost. Ag electrodes are considered one of the most suitable alternatives for Au electrodes because they are relatively cheaper and can provide the necessary stability for oxidation. However, Ag electrodes require an aging-induced recovery process and react with halides from perovskite layers. Herein, we propose a bilayer Au/Ag electrode to overcome the limitations of single Au and Ag metal electrodes. The performance of PSCs based on bilayer electrodes is comparable to that of PSCs with Au electrodes. Furthermore, by using the bilayer electrode, we can eliminate the aging process, normally an essential process for Ag electrodes. This study not only demonstrates an effective method to substitute for expensive Au electrodes but also provides a possibility to overcome the limitations of Ag electrodes.

This paper is concerned to develop a fluid pressure system for the control of artificial bladder urine discharge. The primary goal is to force the fluid into the space between the inner wall and the outer wall by using a pump in the artificial bladder having a double structure of inner and outer walls and to form the urine discharge pressure by the contraction of the bladder inner wall due to the movement of the fluid. The ANSYS_CFD analysis is used to confirm the delivery of fluid pressure in the artificial bladder model, and the ANSYS_FSI analysis is used to identify the deformation and internal pressure of the artificial bladder through the delivery of fluid pressure, and to identify the discharge of urine. As the design parameters of the modeling of the artificial bladder and the fluid flow field, the capacity of the flow field, and the pump pressure input value were selected.

In this study, an acceleration sensor that has optical fibers to measure the inclination and acceleration of a structure through contradictory changes in two-component FBG sensors was examined. The proposed method was to ensure precise measurement through the unification of the deformation rate sensor and the angular displacement sensor. A high sensitivity three-axis accelerometer was designed and prepared using this method. To verify the accuracy of the accelerometer, the change in wavelength according to temperature and tension was tested. Then, the change in wavelength of the prepared accelerometer according to the sensor angle, and that of the sensor according to the change in ambient temperature were measured. According to the test results on the FBG-based vibration sensor that was developed using a high-speed vibrator, the range in measurement was 0.7 g or more, wavelength sensitivity, 2150 pm/g or more, and the change in wavelength change, 9.5 pm/℃.

본 연구에서는 높은 제거성능을 가지는 분리막 개발하기 위해, 상전이법을 이용하여 이중구조의 중공사형 한외여과막을 제조하였다. 방사조건에서 에어갭, 내부응고제를 조절하여 중공사를 제조하였다. 분리막의 단면과 표면 모폴로지는 전계방출형주사현미경(FE-SEM)을 이용하여 관찰 할 수 있었으며, 수투과도와 제거성능 평가는 0.2cm2의 테스트 모듈을 제작하여 각각 측정하였다. 50nm PS latex bead를 이용하여 분리막의 공칭공경을 측정하였다. 측정결과 50nm 이하의 공칭공경을 가지는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 박테리아 제거성능은 log 6 이상의 높은 값을 나타내는 것을 확인하였다.

This paper presents on the structural behavior of the the methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) double wide flanged the glass fiber-reinforced polymer(GFRP) pipe composite structures for the manhole raise. The evaluation of structural performance on this composite structure was conducted by the axial load, fatigue load, and ultimate load test. The assessment indicates that the MMA double wide flanged GFRP pipe composite structures was confirmed safety, durability and reliability in result as expected. It was found that this composite structure was able to short working times to around 30-50% and construction costs to around 10-23% with compare other construction methods. Also, environmental pollution and civil complaints will be prevented because there will be no longer any noises, vibrations, dust, or construction wastes.

본 연구에서는 높은 제거성능을 가지는 분리막 개발하기 위해, 상전이법을 이용하여 이중구조의 중공사형 한외여과막을 제조하였다. 방사조건에서 에어갭, 내부응고제를 조절하여 중공사를 제조하였다. 분리막의 단면과 표면 모폴로지는 전계방출형주사현미경(FE-SEM)을 이용하여 관찰 할 수 있었으며, 수투과도와 제거성능 평가는 0.2cm2 의 테스트 모듈을 제작하여 각각 측정하였다. 50nm PS latex bead를 이용하여 분리막의 공칭공경을 측정하였다. 측정결과 50nm 이하의 공칭공경을 가지는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 박테리아 제거성능은 log 6 이상의 높은 값을 나태내는 것을 확인하였다.

We synthesized Fe-doped TiO2/α-Fe2O3 core-shell nanowires(NWs) by means of a co-electrospinning method anddemonstrated their magnetic properties. To investigate the structural, morphological, chemical, and magnetic properties of thesamples, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy were used, as was a vibrating sample magnetometer. The morphology of the nanostructures obtained aftercalcination at 500oC exhibited core/shell NWs consisting of TiO2 in the core region and α-Fe2O3 in the shell region. In addition,the XPS results confirmed the formation of Fe-doped TiO2 by the doping effect of Fe3+ ions into the TiO2 lattice, which canaffect the ferromagnetic properties in the core region. For comparison, pure α-Fe2O3 NWs were also fabricated using anelectrospinning method. With regard to the magnetic properties, the Fe-doped TiO2/α-Fe2O3 core-shell NWs exhibited improvedsaturation magnetization(Ms) of approximately ~2.96emu/g, which is approximately 6.1 times larger than that of pure α-Fe2O3NWs. The performance enhancement can be explained by three main mechanisms: the doping effect of Fe ions into the TiO2lattice, the size effect of the Fe2O3 nanoparticles, and the structural effect of the core-shell nanostructures.

PURPOSES : This study is to compare sound transmission loss(STL) value depending on the four kinds of materials, PC(Polycarbonate), PMMA(Polymethyl mathacrylate), PE(Polyethlyene), PP(Polypropylene), and two types of structure, single layer and double with vacuum layer, of soundproof panel. METHODS : With four sorts of polymer material, the specimens were made as various structures, 4 mm and 8 mm of single soundpoof panel and vacuum layered 4 mm of one. The experimental condition and procedures were complied with authorized process test, KS F 2808. RESULTS: STL of single panel made of PC were the greatest followed by PMMA, PE, PP regardless of the thickness of panel, However, STL of PMMA panel began to decrease around 2500 Hz and reached the lowest value among others in 5000 Hz. Vacuum layer soundproof panel showed good performance in more than 2000 Hz. Only vacuum layer panel made of PC presented resonance frequency at 800 Hz while that of other vacuum ones at 1000 Hz. CONCLUSIONS: According to results of single layer, it was found that single panel functioned as the theorical way we expected in terms of surface density. That trends were blurred as the panel got thicker. And it was suggested also that vacuum layer panel performed well at high frequency, more than 2000 Hz.

Mo-based thin films are frequently used as back electrode materials because of their low resistivity and high crystallinity in CIGS chalcopyrite solar cells. Mo:Na/Mo bilayer thin films with 1μm thickness were deposited on soda lime glass by varying the thickness of each layer using dc-magnetron sputtering. The effects of the Mo:Na layer on morphology and electrical property in terms of resistivity were systematically investigated. The resistivity increased from 159μΩcm to 944μΩcm; this seemed to be caused by increased surface defects and low crystallinity as the thickness of Mo:Na layer increased from 100 nm to 500 nm. The surface morphologies of the Mo thin films changed from a somewhat coarse fibrous structures to irregular and fine celled structures with increased surface cracks along the cell boundaries as the thickness of Mo:Na layer increased. Na contents varied drastically from 0.03 % to 0.52 % according to the variation of Mo:Na layer thickness. The change in Na content may be ascribed to changes in surface morphology and crystallinity of the thin films.

형상기억합금의 복원력 및 복원량은 열 하중 및 기계적 하중으로 인한 마르텐사이트 상에서 오스테나이트 상으로의 상 변이에 의한 상변형률 발생에 기인한다. 복원력 및 복원량은 초기 형상 및 하중 부여 방식에 따라 차이가 발생하는데 적절 한 설계 전략없이 상변형률에만 의지한 경우 큰 복원력은 발생할 수 있어도 큰 복원량을 기대하기는 어렵다. 이는 형상기 억합금의 큰 복원력과 작은 복원량 간의 비대칭성에 기인하며 형상기억합금의 효율적인 이용에 걸림돌이 된다. 본 연구에 서는 형상기억합금의 상변이로 발생하는 복원량을 극대화하는 방안으로 형상기억합금 선이 이중으로 감겨있는 이중 나선 구조 형상기억합금 스프링을 제안한다. 그리고 열 하중에 의해 발생하는 복원량을 예측하고 단일 나선 구조 형상기억합금 스프링과 비교 분석하여 이중 나선 구조 형상기억합금 스프링이 단일 나선 구조 형상기억합금 스프링보다 성능 비대칭성 을 보다 완화시킬 뿐만 아니라 복원력 대비보다 큰 복원량을 가짐을 보였다.

Highly textured Ag, Al and Al:Si back reflectors for flexible n-i-p silicon thin-film solar cells were prepared on 100-μm-thick stainless steel substrates by DC magnetron sputtering and the influence of their surface textures on the light-scattering properties were investigated. The surface texture of the metal back reflectors was influenced by the increased grain size and by the bimodal distribution that arose due to the abnormal grain growth at elevated deposition temperatures. This can be explained by the structure zone model (SZM). With an increase in the deposition temperatures from room temperature to 500˚C, the surface roughness of the Al:Si films increased from 11 nm to 95 nm, whereas that of the pure Ag films increased from 6 nm to 47 nm at the same deposition temperature. Although Al:Si back reflectors with larger surface feature dimensions than pure Ag can be fabricated at lower deposition temperatures due to the lower melting point and the Si impurity drag effect, they show poor total and diffuse reflectance, resulting from the low reflectivity and reflection loss on the textured surface. For a further improvement of the light-trapping efficiency in solar cells, a new type of back reflector consisting of Ag/Al:Si bilayer is suggested. The surface morphology and reflectance of this reflector are closely dependent on the Al:Si bottom layer and the Ag top layer. The relationship between the surface topography and the light-scattering properties of the bilayer back reflectors is also reported in this paper.

본 연구에서는 복강판-모듈러 시스템과 같이 구조 기준에 명시되지 않은 새로운 시스템의 반응수정계수를 산정하는 절차를 제안하였다. 기본 개념은 구조성능 실험결과를 바탕으로 모델링 된 시스템의 비선형 정적 해석 곡선으로부터 세부 구성요소인 초과강도계수와 연성계수의 도출하고, 단자유도 시스템으로 간주하고 평가된 반응수정계수를 다자유도 동적 거동을 고려한 다자유도 밑면전단 수정계수로 수정하여 시스템의 최종적인 반응수정계수를 결정하는 것이다. 제안한 절차에 따라 이중골조시스템으로 설계된 2층부터 5층까지의 복강판-모듈러 시스템에 대해 평가한 결과, 최종적인 반응수정계수는 5층(층고 4m기준)을 복강판-모듈러 시스템의 적용 가능한 층수의 상한으로 하여 4로 결정하는 것이 타당할 것으로 판단하였다.

방사능 오염도 측정에 사용하기 위한 이중구조 고분자막이 폴리설폰과 세륨활성화된 이트륨실리케이트(CAYS)를 이용하여 제조되었다. 제조된 막은 순수 고밀도 고분자 지지층과 이에 제막된 고분자 용액의 상전환 공정에 의해 고형화된 CAYS 함침 활성층의 이중구조로 구성된다. 제막공정에서 대기방치 공정이 생략되었을 때 CAYS를 포함하는 활성층은 전형적인 비대칭 구조를 지니며, CAYS 입자들이 고분자 구조 사이에 박혀있는 형상을 지닌다. 제막공정에서 대기에 방치하는 시간이 증가할수록 막의 형상은 스폰지 구조를 띠며 CAYS는 고분자 구조로부터 분리되어 막 내부에 셀 같은 공간에 밀집되어 존재함을 보였다. 한편, 두 충 사의 계면형상은 고분자 고형화 과정에서의 상전환 속도와 밀접한 관련되었으며, 대기방치 시간의 증가에 따라 계면의 구분이 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. 방사능 탐지 특성에서 스폰지 구조를 지니는 막의 고분자 구조는 방사성핵종이 통과할 수 없는 밀집된 형상을 지니면서 탐지효율의 감소를 초래하는 것으로 나타났다.