본 연구는 한국과 미국 종업원들을 대상으로 두 가지 리더십 유형이 그들의 조직몰입과 직무만족 도에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 문화에 따라 선호되는 내재적 리더십 이론(culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory)을 기반으로 문화적 차이에 따른 리더십 효과성의 차이를 살펴보기 위해 하나의 새로운 이론적 모형을 제시하고, 이 모형을 실증적으로 분석하였다. Bass(1985)에 따르면 변혁적 리더십은 거래적 리더십을 바탕으로 시너지 효과를 나타내기 때문에 두 리더십 유형 사이에는 정의 조절효과가 있을 것이라고 주장하였다. 반면 House(1996)는 종업원들의 태도나 행동에 영향을 미치는 변혁적 리더십에 거래적 리더십은 부의 조절효과를 나타낼 것이라고 제안하 며 Bass(1985)의 주장에 반박하였다. 본 연구에서는 거래적 리더십의 조절효과는 문화적 차이에 따라 다를 수 있다고 주장한다. 이러 한 주장을 실증적으로 검증하기 위하여 한국 종업원 315명과 미국 종업원 181명을 그들 상사의 리더십 유형에 대해 인지하는 정도에 따라 네 집단으로 분류하여 각 집단 내 종업원들의 조직몰입 과 직무만족도 수준을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 한국 종업원들의 경우에는 네 집단 중 자신의 상사의 리더십 유형이 변혁적 리더십과 거래적 리더십 모두 높다고 느끼는 집단 내 종업원들의 조직몰입과 직무만족도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 반면 미국 종업원들의 경우에는 자신의 상사의 리더십 유형이 변혁적 리더십은 높고 거래적 리더십이 낮다고 느끼는 집단 내 종업원들의 조직몰입과 직무만족도 가 가장 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 좀 더 명확히 살펴보기 위해 변혁적 리더십과 거래적 리더 십의 다양한 하위차원들 간의 조절효과를 살펴보았다. 한국 종업원들에 대한 분석결과는 조직몰입 과 직무만족도에 대해 그러한 하위차원들은 대부분이 상호 정의 조절효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났 다. 반면 미국 종업원들에 대한 분석 결과는 하위차원들 간의 조절효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 실증분석결과는 한국과 미국 종업원들이 선호하는 리더십 유형에 따라 관리자들이 어떻 게 효과적으로 리더십을 사용해야 하는지에 대한 중요한 실무적 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

Both employee satisfaction and loyalty play an important role in increasing the business performances of organizations in the service industry. However, the influence of TQM practices on employee satisfaction and employee loyalty has not been examined in the ICT service supply chain. This study aimed to investigate the impact of five total quality management (TQM) practices on employee satisfaction and employee loyalty in Korean ICT customer service and retail distribution organizations. Based on an empirical study of 578 respondents in a Korean ICT service company, the study examined the hypothesized relationships among TQM practices, employee satisfaction, and employee loyalty. Using structural equations modeling, it is found that TQM practices are significantly related to employee satisfaction, whereas the latter in turn influences employee loyalty. The results of analysis suggest that the ICT customer service and retail distribution organizations should concentrate on enhancing employee satisfaction of their TQM practices and creating a people-satisfied job environment.

본 연구는 호텔기업의 내부고객인 종업원을 대상으로 종업원만족과 고객만족활동 간의 비선형적 관계의 가능성과 이들 관계가 고용형태와 교육훈련 수준에 따른 세분집단 간에는 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 밝히고자 한다.이를 위하여 부산지역에 위치한 특1급 호텔의 종업원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고 236개의 표본 자료를 수집하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다.실증분석 결과 첫째,종업원만족과 고객만족활동 간의 관계에서 수확체증 형태의 비선형성을 확인하였다.둘째,이들 간의 관계가 고용형태에 따른 세분집단 간의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.정규직의 경우 종업원만족과 고객만족활동 간에 비선형적 관계가 나타났으나,비정규직의 경우 종업원만족과 고객만족활동 간에 선형적 관계가 나타났다.셋째,교육훈련 수준 세분집단에 따라 종업원만족이 고객만족활동에 미치는 영향도 집단 간 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.즉 교육훈련이 높은 집단의 경우 종업원만족과 고객만족활동 간에 선형적 관계가 나타났으나, 교육훈련이 낮은 집단의 경우 수확체증 형태의 비선형적 관계가 나타났다.이러한 결과는 결국 전체 집단 수준에서의 접근보다는 내부고객인 종업원의 세분시장별로 바람직한 전략과 전술을 계획하고 실행하는 것이 더 바람직하다고 할 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.마지막으로 이러한 실증분석 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점 및 향후과제를 간략하게 논의하였다.

Competition to attract customers to the increase of the golf club, but the less people enjoying golf for a variety of issues, including the economic downturn, so golf is going deepened. Therefore, the local golf club is faced with the difficulty of management. In the case of the golf club human resource is the most important factor, because it has a high labor intensive nature of the industry as a type of facilities and services on the basis of intangible human resources. In this paper, to confirm the internal marketing activities and internal service quality, basic premise is that for an external customer satisfaction, internal customer satisfaction should be preceded, and try to analyze these execution factors on job satisfaction and customer orientation, either directly or indirectly affected. The empirical results, the management support in the internal marketing activities were the factors affecting the intrinsic job satisfaction, and the internal service quality were factors affecting employees of the intrinsic job satisfaction and extrinsic job satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management practices and to measure the degree of job satisfaction of employees of hamburger chain restaurants in Seoul. Management practices were evaluated in terms of service, quality, cleanliness and shift management in 30 hamburger restaurants of 3 domestic and 3 foreign chain brands. Employee job satisfaction was measured by using questionnaires of Job Descriptive Index. 200 employees from the same 30 restaurants were participated in the survey. Results were analyzed by using SAS program in terms of t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. The results are as follows: 1. The factor of quality got the highest score and cleanliness the second, service the third, and shift management got the lowest score in the evaluation of management practiecs of hamburger chain restaurant. The foreign brands showed significantly higher scores than the domestic ones in every measured factors. 2. The factor of coworkers got the highest score and then supervision, the work-itself, promotion and pay got the next highest scores in descending order in measured Job satisfaction. The foreign brands showed significantly higher scores than domestic ones in JDI. 3. The foodservice employees rated work-itself was considered by employees the most important job satisfaction factor, and the next important factor was pay and then coworkers, supervision, and promotion. 4. The significant positive relationship between management practice factor of shift management and all the factors of job satisfaction except the factor of pay were found.

Purpose - Most past studies related to this focused on the physical attractiveness of service employees, but this study emphasizes the social attractiveness and not just the physical attractiveness of employees. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to first categorize attractiveness as physical attractiveness and social attractiveness and to examine the impact of physical attractiveness on social attractiveness for service industry employees. Secondly, this study aimed at verifying the impact of physical attractiveness and social attractiveness on interpersonal trust. Third, it aimed at revealing the impact of interpersonal trust on customer satisfaction, as well as satisfaction on loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology - Questionnaires were distributed to customers that used beauty salon services, among the various service industries, to verify the hypothesis of this study. Also, hypothesis was analyzed with the structural equation method using Amos 20.0. Results - When presenting the results on verifying the research hypothesis, it was found that physical attractiveness had a positive impact on social attractiveness. Second, while physical attractiveness did not have a positive impact on interpersonal trust, social attractiveness was found to have a positive impact on interpersonal trust. Such results show that in forming interpersonal trust, social attractiveness was more important than physical attractiveness for service industry employees. This result is in contrast with the results of past studies, but it is different in that previous studies suggested only physical attractiveness and did not present social attractiveness in the hypothesis. Third, it was found that interpersonal trust had a positive impact on satisfaction, while satisfaction did not have a positive impact on loyalty. Conclusions - The biggest implication of this study is that it presented social attractiveness, which was rarely dealt with in past studies. Also, this study is significant in that it examined the relationship of physical attractiveness and social attractiveness. The results of this study show that in the service industry, the role of human elements such as service employees is important and that in addition to physical attractiveness, social attractiveness in the course of interaction such as communication with customers can also be an important strategic element.