본 논문에서는 한국의 서남해상에 건설예정인 해상풍력발전타워의 지지구조물로 고려되고 있는 세발구조와 자켓구조의 선박충 돌 거동을 비선형동적해석을 통하여 비교‧분석하였다. 이 구조물은 3MW용량의 풍력타워를 지지하기 위하여 설계되었다. 두 지지구 조는 쉘요소를 이용하여 비선형 거동을 고려할 수 있도록 모델링하였고, 발전기를 포함하는 상부의 타워구조물은 탄성재료를 이용하 여 보요소와 집중질량으로 모델링하였다. 전체 질량은 세발구조가 자켓구조에 비하여 약 1.66배 정도였다. 바지선과 상선을 충돌선박 으로 선정하여 모델링하였다. 조수차의 조건을 고려하여 충돌선박의 충돌위치를 평균해수면의 상하로 3.5m변동하는 것으로 고려하 였다. 또한 각 선박의 최소충돌속도(=2.6m/s)에서의 충돌에너지를 각각 4배까지 증가시키면서 충돌거동을 산정하였다. 해석결과 지 지구조 충돌부위의 강성이 클수록 선박의 소성에너지 소산량이 상대적으로 증가하였다. 충돌조건에 따라 풍력타워의 변형은 진동에 서 붕괴까지 발생하였다. 세발구조가 자켓구조에 비하여 큰 충돌저항력을 보였다. 이는 중앙부에 강성이 집중된 구조적 특성과 상대 적으로 많은 강재의 사용량에 기인한 것으로 판단된다.

As the size of the wind turbine tower becomes larger and larger, research on assembled wind turbine tower that is advantageous for transportation and installation is continuing. Large wind turbine tower require door openings for maintenance. The opening of the tower has an irregular cross section, and an excessive stress is generated due to the door opening. The result is structural damage to the tower and many accidents. In this research, stress analysis was performed on a model with internal stiffener to prevent excessive stress. The stress was investigated around the openings where the tower was resonant and excessive stressed, and the shape of the openings was optimized. Through optimization, we confirmed that the maximum stress was reduced by about 6% with respect to the initial value.

All structures can not be perfect due to geometric or material initial imperfections. Initial imperfections are an important factor in determining the buckling mode and are known to be important factors in evaluating the actual buckling strength. The DNV-RP-C202 design standard limits the longitudinal stiffener spacing. However, the criteria for the stiffener spacing presented in DNV-RP-C202 is a guideline derived from the curved panel theory of perfect cross-sectional shape without initial imperfections. In this study, considering geometric initial imperfections, the transition point of stiffener spacing where longitudinal stiffeners affect the buckling strength of reinforced steel wind turbine tower is analyzed using finite element analysis program. The results of finite element analysis compared with theoretical results based on the perfect shape. As a result, a more reasonable stiffener spacing considering the initial imperfections was suggested.

Wind tower structure has relatively simple shape compared to other structures, but due to its characteristics, various and irregular environmental loads are applied. These loads cause vibrations at tower, and can cause failure of the structure if over vibration occurs. Vibration occurred at structures is gradually exhausted by damping of the structures, and if high damping is ensured, the failure of the structure due to over vibration can be prevented. In this study, the vibration reduction effects are to be analyzed through FEM analysis by examining the top displacement, bottom moment, and bottom fatigue damage of the structure depending on damping ratio of the wind tower structure.

Recently, for efficiency increase of the wind turbine tower, turbine has been enlarged and installation location has been transferring to offshore. The importance of the support structure is emphasized when a wind turbine tower is installed on offshore. The support structure is influenced not only by the system operating loads but also by various marine condition loads. Accurate and safe design is essential because the connection between the support structure and the wind tower can be relatively fragile. In particular, the type of foundation pile and sleeve grout connection were adapted from DNV, API, and ISO that are typically used for wind towers, and they have been continuously studied by many researchers. However, the experimental results by researchers are different from the design equations, and it needs to modify the formula according to connection properties and material. Therefore, this study investigates the design equation presented in existing design criteria and the results of research conducted by existing researchers, and analyzes ultimate strength and failure modes.

This study investigates dynamic characteristics of a 2MW wind turbine structure by long-term response monitoring with accelerometers, tiltmeter and strain gauges. The object wind turbine structure is located in Jeju Island, Korea. The natural frequency and damping ratio were evaluated by least-square frequency domain decomposition and random decrement technique using acceleration response data. As a result, it was found that natural frequencies with 1st, 2nd and 3rd modes, and blade passing frequencies with 1P, 2P and 3P were clearly showed from power spectral densities of acceleration reponses. Furthermore, 1st model frequencies were almost constant with increase in standard deviations of acceleration responses. Another notable observation was that when standard deviations of acceleration responses were small, damping ratios showed to diverge. However, when standard deviations of acceleration responses had large values, damping ratios were converged to about 0.5%.

Cylindrical steel shell sections have been applied in various engineering fields particularly in recent installations of wind turbine towers. Hence, many researchers are interested in studying cylindrical steel shell structures. However, studies on the effect of the presence or absence of openings are insufficient. Thus, the design criteria for the opening as well as the behavior of wind turbine tower are not clearly presented. Therefore, this study examines the ultimate strength and the behavior of wind tower in consideration of openings, presence of stiffeners, changes in opening width, and thickness variation of stiffeners. ABAQUS, a universal finite element analysis program, was used in to conduct this research. Finally, the results of this study can be a reference for the design and production of wind towers with openings.

As the size of the wind power becomes larger, the development of the assembly type wind power which is advantageous in transportation and installation is active. This advantage comes from the economic point of view, and the stiffener is applied to the inner side, so that the safety is high. Large wind power require door openings for maintenance. The door opening has an irregular cross-section, and an excessive stress active due to the door opening. In this paper, the stresses occurring around the door opening was analyzed. As a result, small stress values were appeared in the tower, as the number of stiffeners were increased. Also, stress values were decreased a little in the tower as the opening shape become to ellipse was closer.

최근 신재생 에너지 중 하나인 풍력발전에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 풍력발전은 토지구입비, 소음문제에 자유로운 해상풍력으로 추세가 옮겨가고 있으며 이를 위한 연구개발이 전 세계적으로 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 해상에 위치한 풍력발전을 위한 설계기준은 국내, 국외 모두 없는 실정이다. 이 점을 고려하여 국내, 국외의 구조설계기준인 도로교 설계기준, 항만 및 어항 설계기준, DNV OS를 참고하여 다중 파일기초 콘크리트 지지구조물(MCF)의 내진해석을 수행하여 결과를 비교하였다. 또한 시간에 의한 효과를 확인하기 위하여 시간이력 해석 또한 수행되었다. 부가질량법(Added-mass method)을 사용하여 물과 구조의 상호작용을 고려하였고 물의 유무에 따라 구조물의 반응을 비교하였다.

The initial production scale of wind tower is very few. But recently, the production scale of wind tower structure has increased gradually because it maximizes the efficiency in green energy. Many researchers are studying the wind tower, but there is no study about the difference of allowable buckling stress of the wind tower with and without opening. Guideline of codes and standards are very limited when designing a wind tower with an opening. It is also rarely that a study considers the design of the wind tower to be a tubular shell with or without an opening. ABAQUS, a general purpose finite element program, which provides safety evaluation and economical standards for the design and behavior of the wind tower considering the effect of opening was used in the study. Finally, results from this study can serve as reference for structural engineers, manufacturers and further studies of wind turbine when designing a tubular shell wind tower with an opening.

Recently, wind power has received attention as one of remarkable renewable energy resources, and worldwide researches about wind power are actively being proceeded. Wind turbine tower has a major role for safety in the wind turbine systems. It is necessary for design tower structure to consider various environmental conditions. Earthquake, as one of the such environmental loads, is ground motion that applied to bottom of the tower structure and has a possibility of critical effect to the wind tower structure. There are various ways for seismic analysis, but design specifications that are in use do not suggest detailed method for seismic analysis. In this study, seismic responses are analyzed through different ways and the adequacy of seismic design methods is examined.

This study analyzes buckling in the lower segment of a tubular steel shell that exhibits the characteristics of a 3MW wind tower with opening and reinforcement. Analytical method using parametric equations based on Eurocode 3 - Design of Steel Structures and numerical method of finite element are used to analyze the critical meridional buckling stress. ABAQUS, a finite element program, is used for the numerical method analysis. Four different cases of tubular steel tower is modeled: without door opening and without reinforcement; with door opening and without reinforcement; without door opening and with reinforcement; and with door opening and with reinforcement. Using the ABAQUS, a linear buckling analysis is done for all cases to recognize five of its buckling mode shapes and its corresponding eigenvalues. Mode shapes from the previous analysis are considered in performing the non-linear analysis using Static Riks. Buckling capacity and its trends in the localized area near the opening is investigated, tabulated and shown in illustrative charts. Moreover, comparison is made between the parametric and finite element analyses.

풍력발전 타워는 높은 세장비를 갖는 형상으로 인해 바람에 의해 발생하는 횡하중에 취약한 구조를 가지고 있기 때문에 바람은 풍력발전 타워를 설계하는데 있어서 중요한 설계요소 중 하나라고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 타워 운송 편의성 향상을 위해 설계된 8각 및 6각 단면형상을 가지는 조립식 강관 타워 및 일반 원형 강관 타워의 일정 높이 이상에서부터 4개의 작은 기둥으로 분리되는 형상을 가지는 멀티기둥 강관 타워에 대한 2차원 단면모형 풍동실험과 3차원 모형 풍동실험을 수행하여 각 형상별 풍력계수를 산정하여 그 특성을 비교하였다. 또한 풍동실험 축소모형에 대한 CFD 해석을 수행하여 산정된 풍력계수값의 신뢰성을 확인하였으며, 마지막으로 실제스케일 풍력타워에 대한 CFD 해석을 수행하여 각 형상별 특성을 분석하였다.

Wind turbine tower has a very important role in wind turbine system as one of the renewable energy that has been attracting attention worldwide recently. Due to the growth of wind power market, advance and development of offshore wind system and getting huger capacity is inevitable. As a result, the vibration is generated at wind turbine tower by receiving constantly dynamic loads such as wind load and wave load. Among these dynamic loads, the mechanical load caused by the rotation of the blade is able to make relatively periodic load to the wind turbine tower. So natural frequency of the wind turbine tower should be designed to avoid the rotation frequency of the rotor according to the design criteria to avoid resonance. Currently research of the wind turbine tower, the precise research does not be carried out because of simplifying the structure of the other upper and lower. In this study, the effect of blade modeling differences are to be analyzed in natural frequency of wind turbine tower.

As an offshore wind power turbine is bigger, a new-type supporting structure is required reduce any probability of risk such as its buckling failure. In this study, we analyzed free oscillation of ICH RC wind power tower based on the design sections in the previous study. Also, we checked the safety by resonance between designed ICH RC wind power towers and various commercial wind power turbines. The eigenvalue analysis results showed that the designed ICH RC wind power towers were free from the resonance by turbines.

In the case of the current ICH RC wind power tower, the design method is getting quite complicated especially if it gets higher. So we, based on the previous basic cross section designs of ICH RC wind power tower, have mapped out the tower structures considering the correlation between their heights and diameters in this research. The cross section dimensions along the tower height were designed according to recommendations of ‘Design Criteria for Concrete design (2012).’ The cross sectional diameter of the wind tower decreases as its location is higher, and this decreasing diameter accorded with the decreasing bending moment. All designed cross sections and tower modules were evaluated of their bending moment capacities and compared with the design moment. The analysis results and comparisons showed that all designed modules satisfied their required capacities.

Internally confined hollow reinforced concrete (ICH RC) wind power towers were designed for various turbines sizes. Their cross sections were designed to have equal diameters to those of general steel wind power towers corresponding 3.6MW and 5.0MW turbines. And also, the sections with the average diameter of 3.6MW and 5.0MW turbines were designed. For the determined diameters, several cross sections were designed for various hollow ratios. The designed sections were set to have almost equal longitudinal reinforcement ratios. The performance analyses for the designed cross sections were carried out and the analysis results showed that the ICH RC wind power tower had enough strength for the required design loads.

In this study, a circular tower, a modular tower and a multi-column tower were subjected to wind tunnel test and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) simulation. A modular tower with an octagonal cross-section is designed for easy transportation during construction. A multi-column tower with four secondary columns, which have smaller cross-sectional area relative to the main column, is designed for mitigating wind load. Their mean wind force coefficients were obtained through wind tunnel test and CFD simulation, which were carried out by Daewoo Institute of Construction Technology. Their results are compared to each other to verify the reliability of calculated mean wind force coefficient. Difference between mean wind force coefficient values obtained from wind tunnel test and CFD simulation is shown to be within 10% for a circular tower and a multi-column tower, and slightly above 10% for a modular tower.

The research team is developing design and construction technologies for 10Mw steel and 3Mw composite wind towers. Regulations related to land transport of wind towers significantly affect the constructability and economical efficiency of wind tower construction projects. Therefore, it is important to develop guidelines for wind tower construction which consider the regulations. This study investigates regulations and practices of land transport of wind towers as a basic study for the construction guidelines of wind towers.