In this study, the deformation of friction stir welding on the aluminum battery housing material(AL6063-T5) applied to the electric vehicle was effectively predicted through experiments and numerical simulations. The temperature data were measured during the friction stir welding experiment, and the numerical simulation was carried out using the experimental temperature data. In the heat transfer analysis, the temperature distribution of the structure over time was calculated using the Reynolds equation. The final friction stir welding deformation was calculated by performing the structural analysis using the calculated temperature distribution data over time. The thermal elasto-plastic analysis was performed according to the friction stir welding process conditions and the welding sequences. Finally, the optimum welding condition was derived that the welding speed is 1000 mm/min and the rotation speed of the tool is 2000 RPM.

In this study, the thermal behavior of adaptor housing was analyzed by the numerical method. The boundary conditions used to die casting process were the temperature of molten metal and injection time. As the temperature of the molten metal increased, the tensile strength of the product decreased by the blow hole generated in the molten metal, and the decreasing tendency was gradually decreased. As the injection time of the molten metal increased, the heat flux rose, but the degree of the increase was very small. So, the injection time of the molten metal had little effect on the thermal behavior and diffusion of the adapter housing. As a result, the heat of the molten metal was transferred into the housing and the thermal behavior spread widely.

In this study, the performance experiment was conducted to compare the permeate flux of hollow fiber Vacuum Membrane Distillation module according to leak problem between module housing and membrane bundle. For the permeate flux performance experiment of the two Vacuum Membrane Distillation modules, the Lab-scale experimental equipment was built in the capacity of 1㎥/day. The performance test of the two Vacuum Membrane Distillation modules were analyzed according to the feed water conditions. As a result, it was analyzed that the leak VMD module decreased about 14% of permeate flux than normal VMD module.

분리막 시스템은 기존의 분리공정과 비교하여 우수한 효율과 낮은 가격으로 인하여 빠르게 성장하고 있다. 분리막 공정은 분리막, 모듈, 그리고 기계적 요소로 구성되어 있으며 향상된 효율을 얻기 위하여 분리막 공정에 사용되는 소재의 요 구사항 또한 증가가 되고 있다. 분리막 모듈은 분리막 시스템의 핵심 요소 중 하나로써 최근 들어 복합 소재들이 스테인레스 강 모듈과 비교하여 우수한 물성과 낮은 가격으로 인해 분리막 하우징에 적용되어 왔다. 본 리뷰에서는 다양한 종류의 유리 섬유와 이를 이용한 복합소재들에 대하여 정리하였으며 분리막 시스템에 적용을 위한 잠재성에 대하여 논의하였다.

When manufacturing die casting mold, generally, the casting layout design should be considered based on the relations of injection system, casting condition, gate system, and cooling system. According to the various relations of the conditions, the location of product defects was differentiated. High-qualified products can be manufactured as those defects are controlled by the proper modifications of die casting mold with keeping the same conditions. In this research, Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulation was performed with the several layout designs in order to optimize the casting layout design of an automotive part (Housing). In order to apply them into the production die-casting mold, the simulation results were analyzed and compared carefully. With the filling process, internal porosities caused by air entrapments were predicted and also compared with the modification of the gate system and overflow. With the solidification analysis, internal porosities occurring during the solidification process were predicted and also compared with the modified gate system. The simulation results were also applied into the production die-casting mold in order to compare the results and verify them with the real casting samples.

This paper presents a method for the assesment of thermal and vibration fatigues in integral exhaust manifold/turbine housing system. Most of failures on turbine housing are observed by thermal cyclic loads. In order to predict thermal failures by finite element analysis, we considered the temperature-dependent inelastic materials and transient temperature histories based on the thermal shock test. The results showed that the plastic strains of localized critical regions such as valve seat coincided well with crack locations from an endurance test. But, some failures around neck areas of turbine housing could not predict from thermal stress analysis. These cracks were originated due to the vibration excitations near resonance frequencies within engine operating ranges. The stress results of neck areas, which divided by temperature dependent yield stresses, from harmonic analysis showd a good agreement with experimental results.

Housing system of MMORPG is value-gaining system introduced to maximize the accumulation of wealth and means of ownership that emerged in 2000 from the game named Ultima Online. Degree of application is determined by techincal elements and the skills of the player. MMORPG game is the one which accumulate the value, own and show-off. Players build house and inivite other players to show their influences, social standings and powers. Housing systems, but until now, there are several problems. Proper management such as protecting house or livestock raising is required while player leave the house for hunting or collecting resources. Like the real world's real estate, housing system require proper area to build the house and huge server to solve the process technically. In case of relocation, there could be several problems to resolute by applying theories of real estate and architecture. In this study, we proposed future housing system that complements a variety of problems of present housing system through customization of housing, the introduction of various applications and applying partner characters. Which will provide higher lever of entertainment while enjoying games. Future housing system should get out of existing uniform structure, develop with artistic value and eventually transform to higher and more diverse lever.

5MW급 풍력발전용 기어박스의 효율적인 구조해석과 근사모델을 생성하여 경량화를 위한 형상 최적설계를 수행하였다. 풍력발전용 기어박스의 구조는 기어 트레인, 축, 베어링, 하우징과 같이 복잡한 구성요소로 이루어져 있어 구조해석에 많은 요소 수를 요구하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 헬리컬 기어의 치강성 계수를 고려한 효과적인 기어박스의 구조해석 모델을 생성 하였다. 치강성 계수를 사용한 유성 기어열은 상대적으로 적은 요소 수와 해석시간으로도 전체 기어박스 시스템의 구조해 석과 형상 최적화를 가능케 한다. 치강성을 이용한 단순화된 해석모델과 근사모델을 적용하여 하우징 무게에 영향이 큰 부 위의 두께를 설계변수로 설정하여 케이스 최적설계안을 도출하였으며, 최적설계를 위해 사용된 근사모델의 신뢰성과 최적 기어박스 하우징 형상의 수치해석을 통해 타당성을 검증하였다.

The $18^{th}$ century's Industrial Revolution brought about influx of commerce, industry, and agricultural population into the urban areas, entering the $19^{th}$ century. Quality of rural communities declined, and the exploding population in the cities gave rise to various problems. 'Mietskaserne' Blockhousing was constructed by the 'Hobrechtplan', but led to social problems such as poor living conditions, insufficient sunshine due to overcrowding, slums due to incomplete urban infrastructure, epidemics, and so on. Starting in the early $20^{th}$ century, Berlin has driven forward a remodeling plan under the motto of 'critical reconstruction (kritische Rekonstruktion)'. It is performed in the place, which represents the vicissitudinous history of Berlin with site plans coexisting past with presence, using modern vocabulary of architectural forms. Reconstructing a city is a process which not only raises the economic value of each building consisting a city, but also a redevelopment process that brings out cultural value of an era. When a new era emerges buildings get reconstructed or rebuilt, and thereby form the identity of a city by reflecting its society, culture, politics, economy, and history. Old German architecture were not destroyed or rebuilt recklessly just by the fact that they are functionally or aesthetically outdated. Each building is treated as precious cultural heritage reflecting the history. This is how Berlin is being transformed today.