Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) do not fully remove micropollutants. Enhanced treatment of sewage effluents is being considered or implemented in some countries to minimize the discharge of problematic micropollutants from WWTPs. Representative enhanced sewage treatment technologies for micropollutant removal were reviewed, including their current status of research and development. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ozonation and UV/H2O2 and adsorption processes using powdered (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) were mainly discussed with focusing on process principles for the micropollutant removal, effect of process operation and water matrix factors, and technical and economic feasibility. Pilot- and full-scale studies have shown that ozonation, PAC, and GAC can achieve significant elimination of various micropollutants at economically feasible costs(0.16-0.29 €/m3). Considering the current status of domestic WWTPs, ozonation and PAC were found to be the most feasible options for the enhanced sewage effluent treatment. Although ozonation and PAC are all mature technologies, a range of technical aspects should be considered for their successful application, such as energy consumption, CO2 emission, byproduct or waste generation, and ease of system construction/operation/maintenance. More feasibility studies considering domestic wastewater characteristics and WWTP conditions are required to apply ozonation or PAC/GAC adsorption process to enhance sewage effluent treatment in Korea.

The adsorption method that is widely used in the field of odor control generally utilizes activated carbon. However, the development of an economical and efficient adsorbent is required due to the increased use of activated carbon and the high cost of raw materials. Accordingly, the use of waste as a raw material for new adsorbents is attracting attention both in Korea and abroad. In this study, the current status of domestic and overseas waste generation, characteristics of adsorbents, and research trends were investigated, and through this, it was found that a waste-derived adsorbent was an adequate substitute in terms of adsorption capacity and price compared to activated carbon.

Carbonaceous materials have widely been used as sorbents. For advanced applications, fine-tuning porosity and polarity of carbonaceous materials is highly desired. Various control methods for porosity and polarity of carbonaceous materials are introduced and the designed carbonaceous materials are implemented for their intrinsic adsorption applications for various gas molecules (e.g., CO2, N2, H2), organic molecules, and metal ions.

An air cleaning unit(ACU) in a nuclear power plant plays a role on cooling the safety-related components whose function is involved in the reactor shutdown, and maintains the suitable temperature and humidity for work in the rooms where an operator is working on. To guarantee the performance of the unit the design of ACU should be subject to credible codes and standards, such as ASME, ANSI and ASHRAE, etc. On top of them, the desorption of the carbon adsorber is addressed in ASME N509 which causes the adsorber no longer to capture the iodine isotopes produced by the severe accident. In this study, the equations of the heat source were derived from the radioactive decay heat of each iodine isotopes. From the resultant equation, the maximum temperature below 300oF for the desorption was calculated under a proposed condition and analysed with the reference results.

The purpose of this study is to confirm the removal effect of odorous gas through the multi process. The combination of Scrubber, UV and Adsorption was analyzed using the odor gas of reservoir. Analysis was carried out for six times in total and collection was made once per each process. Sampling was performed in the afternoon during August (1:00 pm~4:00 pm). Multi process has been designed to facilitates the accessories exchange. The advantage is that it facilitates the replacement of the activated carbon and it is convenient to change the type of chemical according to the type of pollution materials. As a result, for odor gas removal efficiency, ammonia 91.8%, trimethylamine 72.0%, hydrogen sulfide 99.9%, methyl mercaptan 99.9% were removed respectively. Removal efficiency of the process is the scrubber (alkali), activated carbon adsorption, scrubber (acid) and UV procedure from the highest order. Further studies on the operating method and efficiency of multi process by the change of wind speed and chemical are recommended.

Recent studies have been reported the presence of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds, Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (EDC/PPCPs) in surface and wastewater, which could potentially affect to the complicate behavior in coupled presence of nano-colloid particles and surfactants (adsorption, dispersion, and partitioning). In this study, the adsorption of EDC/PPCPs by Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) as a representative of nano-particles in cationic surfactant solutions were investigated. Hydrophobic interactions (π-π Electron Donor-Acceptor) have been reported as a potential adsorption mechanisms for EDC/PPCPs onto SWNTs. Generally, the adsorptive capacity of the relatively hydrophobic EDC/PPCPs onto SWNTs decreased in the presence of cationic surfactant (Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Bromide, CTAB). This study revealed that the competitive adsorption occurred between CTAB cations and EDC/PPCPs by occupying the available SWNT surface (CTAB adsorption onto SWNTs shows five-regime and maximum adsorption capacity of 370.4 mg/g by applying the BET isotherm). The adsorption capacity of 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on SWNT showed the decrease of 48% in the presence of CTAB. However, the adsorbed naproxen (NAP) surely increased by forming hemimicelles and resulted in a favorable media formation for NAP partition to increase SWNTs adsorption capacity. The adsorbed NAP increased from 24 to 82.9 mg/g after the interaction of CTAB with NAP. The competitive adsorption for EDC/PPCPs onto SWNTs is likely to be a key factor in the presence of cationic surfactant, however, NAP adsorption showed a slight competition through CH3-CH3 interaction by forming hemimicelles on SWNT surface.

In this work, pellet type sorbents were prepared to control the low level indoor carbon dioxide with various physical compositions. In order to enhance the adsorption capacity, a few additives including alkali hydroxides were added to a commercial zeolitic sorbent by impregnation of alkali cation - Ca²⁺ through physical mixing and ion exchange. It was found that the binding materials such as dextrin or bentonite facilitating to form the granular sorbents would assist the adsorption capacity of sorbents. The ion exchange was more efficient for impregnation of alkalies, which showed better adsorption of gaseous CO₂.

터널 내 축적된 다양한 오염원들은 간헐적으로 수행되는 세척과정 중에 폐수로 배출되게 되며, 서울 시내 3개 터널 지점에서 수행된 수질분석결과 SS, CODCr, T-N, NH3-N, NO3-N, Zn, Cu, Cr(+6). Mn, Mg, Phenol. CN-, E-Coli 등이 고농도 형태로 배출되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 이러한 오염수질의 배출농도 특성은 터널 세척 폐수의 채취 방법, 세척횟수, 세척수량, 터널내벽 특성, 통행량, 배수 특성 등에 따라 다양한 농도범위를 보여주는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 수집된 터널 세척폐수를 단순 중력침전을 이용하여 저감실험을 수행한 결과, CODCr는 80%, T-N, T-P는 각각 30, 90% 제거됨을 확인하였고, 중력침전 분리를 통하여 제거되지 않은 잔여 오염물질에 대하여 GAC 소재를 통한 흡착실험(터널 세척폐수 1l에 대하여 GAC를 50g을 투입) 결과, CODCr, T-N, Zn, Cu, Mn, Phenol, CN 항목에서 80% 이상 제거됨을 확인하였다.

The occurrence of objectionable tastes and odors in drinking water is a common and widespread problem. The most troublesome odors are usually those described as muddy or earthy-musty. Two organic compounds which have been implicated as the cause of earthy-musty odor problems in water are geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol. These earthy-musty organics have been shown to be metabolites of actinomycetes and blue green algae. The purpose of this paper is to describe adsorbability in removing these two oder causing compounds(geosmin and 2-MIB) upon various conditions like pH variation, adding humic acid and different activated carbon. The conclusion of this study are as followings. In batch test, carbon dosage is 10mg/100ml for geosmin and 15mg/100ml for 2-MIB. Both were in equilibrium state after 60 hours. In model simulation, F-P model described experiment data and modelling data appropriately in geosmin but F-S model not. In case of 2-MIB, models didn't describe relation between experiment and modelling data well. Two causative agents of earthy-musty odor compounds, geosmin and 2-MIB, are strongly adsorbed by activated carbon either coconut or brown. There appears to be no effect of pH (3,7,9) on adsorption of these two organics. Activated carbon proved to be more effective for removing geosmin than for removing 2-MIB. When activated carbon is. used in removing these two organics, the removal of these appeared to be adversely affected by back ground organic compounds, such as humic substances, due to competitive adsorption.

A zeolite material (ZCH) was synthesized from coal fly ash in an HD thermal power plant using a fusion/hydrothermal method. ZCH with high crystallinity could be synthesized at the NaOH/CFA ratio of 0.9. Ion-exchanged ZCH adsorbents for ammonia removal were prepared by ion-exchanging various cation (Cu2+, Co2+, Fe3+, and Mn2+) on the ZCH. They were used to evaluate the ammonia adsorption breakthrough curves and adsorption capacities. The ammonia adsorption capacities of the ZCH and ion-exchanged ZCHs were high in the order of Mn-ZCH > Cu-ZCH ≅ Co-ZCH > Fe-ZCH > ZCH according to NH3-TPD measurements. Mn-ZCH ion-exchanged with Mn has more Brønsted acid sites than other adsorbents. The ion-exchanged Cu2+, Co2+, Fe3+, or Mn2+ ions uniformly distributed on the surface or in the pores of the ZCH, and the number of acidic sites increased on the alumina sites to form the crystal structure of zeolite material. Therefore, when the ion-exchanged ZCH was used, the adsorption capacity for ammonia gas increased.

Zeolitic material, Z-Y3, was synthesized from coal fly ash (CFA) under low-alkaline conditions (NaOH/CFA ratio = 0.3 and NaOH solution concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0 M) using a fusion/hydrothermal method. The adsorption capacities of the fabricated Z-Y3 samples for Cs and Sr ions and the desorption capacity of Na ions were evaluated. The XRD patterns of the Z-Y3 sample fabricated using a 1.0 M NaOH solution (Z-Y3 (1.0 M)) indicated the successful synthesis of a zeolitic material, because the diffraction peaks of Z-Y3 coincided with those of the Na-A zeolite in the 2θ range of 7.18-34.18. Moreover, the SEM images revealed that morphology of the Z-Y3 (1.0 M) sample, which presented zeolitic materials characteristics, consisted of sharp-edged cubes. The adsorption isotherms of Cs and Sr ions on all the fabricated Z-Y3 samples were described using the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacities of Cs and Sr were calculated to be 0.14-0.94 mmol/g and 0.19-0.78 mmol/g, respectively. The desorption of Na ions from the Cs and Sr ions adsorbed Z-Y3 samples followed the Langmuir desorption model. The maximum desorption capacities of Na ions from the Cs and Sr ions adsorbed Z-Y3 (1.0 M) samples were 1.28 and 1.49 mmol/g, respectively.

The characteristics of ammonia-nitrogen (NH4 +-N) adsorption by a zeolitic material synthesized from Jeju scoria using the fusion and hydrothermal method was studied. The synthetic zeolitic material (Z-SA) was identified as a Na-A zeolite by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence analysis and scanning electron microscopy images. The adsorption of NH4 +-N using Jeju scoria and different types of zeolite such as the Z-SA, natural zeolite, and commercial pure zeolite (Na-A zeolite, Z-CS) was compared. The equilibrium of NH4 +-N adsorption was reached within 30 min for Z-SA and Z-CS, and after 60 min for Jeju scoria and natural zeolite. The adsorption capacity of NH4 +-N increased with approaching to neutral when pH was in the range of 3-7, but decreased above 7. The removal efficiency of NH4 +-N increased with increasing Z-SA dosage, however, its adsorption capacity decreased. For initial NH4 +-N concentrations of 10-200 mg/L at pH 7, the adsorption rate of NH4 +-N was well described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model than the pseudo first-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm was well fitted by the Langmuir model. The maximum uptake of NH4 +-N obtained from the Langmuir model decreased in the order of Z-CS (46.8 mg/g) > Z-SA (31.3 mg/g) > natural zeolite (5.6 mg/g) > Jeju scoria (0.2 mg/g).

Zeolite material having XRD peaks of Na-A zeolite in the 2θ range of 7.18 to 34.18 can be synthesized from the waste catalyst using a fusion/hydrothermal method. The adsorption rate of Mn ions by a commercial Na-A zeolite and the synthesized zeolitic material increased as the adsorption temperature increased in the range of 10 ~ 40℃. The adsorption of Mn ion were very rapid in the first 30 min and then reached to the equilibrium state after approximately 60 min. The adsorption kinetics of Mn ions by the commercial Na-A zeolite and the zeolitic material were found to be well fitted to the pseudo-2nd order kinetic model. Equilibrium data by the commercial Na-A zeolite and the zeolitic material fit the Langmuir, Koble-Corrigan, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models well rather than Freundlich isotherm model. The removal capacity of the Mn ions by the commercial Na-A zeolite and the zeolitic material obtained from the Langmuir model was 135.2 mg/g and 128.9 mg/g at 30℃, respectively. The adsorption capacity of Mn ions by the synthesized zeolitic material was almost similar to that of commercial Na-A zeolite. The synthesized zeolitic material could be applied as an economically feasible commercial adsorbent.

The rapid development of some industries generates a huge amount of useless biowastes. Recently, biosorption, which can use biowastes as biosorbents, has attracted attention as an environmentally friendly method for the removal of ionic pollutants from wastewaters. For this reason, many researchers have investigated the biosorption capacities of various biowastes. In this study, fermentation waste (Escherichia coli) was used as a biosorbent for the removal of various organic and inorganic pollutants: i.e., cationic dye (methylene blue (MB)), anionic dye (Reactive Red 4 (RR4)), cationic metal (cadmium (II)), and anionic metal (arsenic (V)). The uptake of the cationic pollutants by the biosorbent increased as solution pH was increased. The RR4 uptake increased with a decrease in solution pH. In the case of the anionic metal (As (V)), it was not well removed in the range of pH 2-7. To examine adsorption rates and mechanisms, kinetic and isotherm experiments were conducted, and various kinetic and isotherm models were used to fit the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB and RR4 were predicted to be 231.3 mg/g and 257.6 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, fermentation waste (E. coli) is a cheap and abundant resource for the manufacture of effective biosorbents capable of removing both cationic and anionic (in) organic pollutants from wastewaters.

Adsorption and biodegradation performance of tetracycline antibiotic compounds such as ttetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), minocycline (MNC), chlortetracycline (CTC), doxycycline (DXC), meclocycline (MCC), demeclocycline (DMC) on granular activated carbon (GAC) and anthracite-biofilter were evaluated in this study. Removal efficiency of seven tetracycline antibiotic compounds showed 54%∼97% by GAC adsorption process (EBCT: 5∼30 min). The orders of removal efficiency by GAC adsorption were tetracycline, demeclocycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxytetracycline, meclocycline and minocycline. Removal efficiencies of seven tetracycline antibiotic compounds showed 1%∼61% by anthracite biofiltration process (EBCT: 5∼30 min). The highest biodegradable tetracycline antibiotic compound was minocycline, and the worst biodegradable tetracycline antibiotic compounds were oxytetracycline and demeclocycline.