This study examined the relationship between dinoflagellate cysts and vegetative cells, to a certain extent, by conducting a germination experiment on dinoflagellate cysts collected from a sediment trap and surface sediment. The germination experiment showed that 56.8%, 25 of the 44 species of dinoflagellate cysts seen in the sediment trap, germinated, which confirmed the relationship between cysts and vegetative cells. The germination experiment also found that Votadinium carvum showed different forms of vegetative cells in all three forms of cysts, which required an accurate identification of the species through a genetic analysis. Furthermore, the species known to be the cyst of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was determined to be Cochlodinium sp., and the cysts of C. polykrikoides did not appear.

양식업이 발달한 통영 오비도 주변해역에서 하계 해양환경요인의 변화 특성과 그에 따른 식물 플랑크톤의 변화양상을 파악하여, 가두리 양식 생물에 미칠 수 있는 잠재적인 환경요인을 분석 하였다. 조사는 2개의 정점에서 2016년 6월부터 9월까지 격주로 4개월간 수행되었다. 6월과 7월은 강한 수온 성층이 형성되었으며, 8월에는 특이적으로 강한 양쯔강 희석수의 영향으로 8월 10일 29℃ 전후로 고수온이 관찰되었다. 조사기간 동안 질산염+아질산염, 암모늄, 인산염, 규산염은 각각 0.08~5.11 μM, 0.08~34.62 μM, 0.01~ 1.15 μM, 1.46~31.79 μM의 범위를 보였다. Chlorophyll a 농도는 0.49~7.39 μg l-1의 범위를 보였다. 9월의 빈번한 잦은 강우 및 양식어장에 서 용출된 영양염류는 장시간 지속되지 못하고 빠르게 소비되거나 확산되었다. 이후 강우로 인한 영양염 유입과 함께 표층을 중심으로 Chaetoceros debilis, C. pseudocurvisetus, Pseudonitzschia delicatissima와 같은 규조류가 최대 4.74 × 109 cells l-1로 크게 증식하였다. 또한 용 존산소 변동은 4.52~7.62 μg l-1로 식물플랑크톤 대증식 이후 조사에서 유기물질이 분해됨에도 불구하고 빈산소 수괴(< 4.00 mg l-1)의 형성은 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서 본 해역은 하계의 식물 플랑크톤 증식 및 가두리양식장이 밀집됨에도 불구하고, 다른 반폐쇄적 만과 달리 해류 순환 이 원활한 특징으로 인해 빈산소 수괴는 나타나지 않았다.

In recent years there have been large increases in the hydraulic loading rates used to design dissolved air flotation (DAF) facilities for drinking water applications. High rate DAF processes are now available at loading rates of 20 to 40 m3/m2·h. This research evaluated dissolved air flotation as a separation method for algae and organic compounds from water treatment plants. During the service period of 2016. 5. to 2017. 6., DAF pilot plants (500 m3/day) process has shown a constantly sound performance for the treatment of raw water, yielding a significantly low level of turbidity (DAF treated water, 0.21～1.56 NTU). As a result of analyzing the algae cell counts in the influent source, it was expressed at 100-120 cells/mL. In DAF treated water, the removal efficient of alge cell counts was found to be upto 90%. The stable turbidity and algae removal were confirmed by operating the high rate DAF process under the condition of the surface loading rate of 30 m3/m2·hr.

Thermal effluent of the hot spring has long been a field of interest in the relationship between temperature gradient and freshwater algae in geology, limnology and aquatic ecology throughout the world. On the other hand, many artificial hot springs have been developed in Korea, but the research on them has not been still active. This study was performed every month from December 2015 to September 2016, to elucidate the spatiotemporal effects of thermal wastewater effluent (TWE) on the ecosystem of benthic algal assemblage in four stations (BSU (upstream), HSW (hot spring wastewater outlet), BSD1~2 (downstream)) of the upstream reach of the Buso Stream, a tributary located in the Hantan River basin. During the survey, the influencing distance of temperature on TWE was <1.0 km, and it was the main source of N·P nutrients at the same time. The effects of TWE were dominant at low temperature and dry season (December~March), but it was weak at high temperature and wet season (July~September), reflecting some seasonal characteristics. Under these circumstances, the attached algal communities were identified to 59 genera and 143 species. Of these, the major phylum included 21 genera 83 species of diatoms (58.0%), 9 genera 21 species of blue-green algae (14.7%) and 25 genera 32 species of green algae (22.4%), respectively. The spatiotemporal distribution of them was closely related to water temperature (5℃ and 15℃) and current (0.2 m s-1 and 0.8 m s-1). In the basic environment maintaining a high water temperature throughout the year round, the flora favoring high affinity to PO4 in the water body or preferring stream habitat of abundant NO3-PO4 was dominant. As a result, when compared with the outcomes of previous algal ecology studies conducted in Korea, the Buso Stream was evaluated as a serious polluted state due to persistent excess nutrient supply and high thermal pollution throughout the year round by TWE. It can be regarded as a dynamic ecosystem in which homogeneity (Summer~Autumn) and heterogeneity (Winter~Spring) are repeated between upstream and downstream.

This study was intended to evaluate the removal efficiency of nutrients in effluents of wastewater using microalgae. Microalgae used in the culture experiment collected in stream and reservoir located in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Dominant species in prior-culture tank were Monoraphidium contortum, Scenedesmus acutus, Coelastrum microporum and Chlorella sp. Dominant species in synthetic wastewater culture under the 4000 Lux and 8000 Lux were Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus. The removal efficiency of NO3-N under the 4000 Lux and 8000 Lux were 27.2%~88.1% and 63.0%~83.6% respectively. The removal efficiency of PO4-P under the 4000 Lux and 8000 Lux showed above 93%. Removal efficiency of nutrients of 1.0×106 cells mL-1 inoculation concentration was more higher than that of nutrients of 1.0×105 cells mL-1 and 1.0×107 cells mL-1 inoculation concentration. Microalgae cultured in synthetic wastewater removed 94.9% of TN and 90.0% of TP. The removal rate of TN and TP in synthetic wastewater were 1.961 mg L-1 day-1 and 0.200 mg L-1 day-1 respectively. Nutrient removal efficiency of microalgae according to kinds of wastewater showed the highest in the private sewage.

본 연구는 전남 서남해안 우이도 주변해역의 조류흐름 특성에 따른 조류에너지 자원을 평가하였다. 먼저 대상해역의 조류특성에 관한 정보 수집을 통한 타당성 조사와 유한요소법을 적용한 수심평균 2차원 ADCIRC(Advanced Circulation) 수치모델로 조석과 조류속의 변화에 대한 모의실험을 수행하였다. 조석분조는 우리나라 해역에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 4대 분조(M2, S2, K1, O1)를 기본으로 설정하였다. 실제 평균 수심이 반영된 수치모형의 4곳을 관측점으로 설정하여 분석한 결과, 대조기 때 고고조 2.2m, 최강조류속 1.33 m/s를 나타냈다. ADCIRC Model의 결과값은 국립해양조사원(KHOA) 실제 관측 자료와 비교 및 분석하여 검증하였다. 또한 대상해역의 수치모델 조류속값에 지형적 특성을 반영한 조류속기법(Tidal Flux Method)을 이용하여 조류에너지 밀도 분포에 대해 평가하였다. 우이도 해역의 5개 평가 영역 중 최대 1.75 kW/m²의 조류에너지 분포를 보였으며, 조위 및 조류속뿐만 아니라 해역의 지형적 특성을 고려한 조류에너지 밀도 분포도를 작성하여 최적의 조류발전단지 후보지를 선정하였다.

Understanding effects of thermal pollution and acidification has long been a concern of aquatic ecologists, but it remains largely unknown in Korea. This study was performed to elucidate the effects of thermal wastewater effluent (TWE) and acid rain on water quality and attached algae in a small mountain stream, the Buso Stream, a tributary located in the Hantan River basin. A total of five study sites were selected in the upstream area including the inflowing point of hot-spring wastewater (HSW), one upstream site (BSU), and three sites below thermal effluent merged into the stream (1 m, 10 m and 300 m for BSD1, BSD2, and BSD3, respectively). Field surveys and laboratory analyses were carried out every month from December 2015 to September 2016. Water temperature ranged 1.7~28.8°C with a mean of 15.0°C among all sites. Due to the effect of thermal effluent, water temperature at HSW site was sustained at high level during the study period from 17.5°C (January) to 28.8°C (September) with a mean of 24.2±3.7°C, which was significantly higher than other sites. Thermal wastewater effluent also brought in high concentration of nutrients (N, P). The effect of TWE was particularly apparent during dry season and low temperature period (December~March). Temperature effect of TWE did not last toward downstream, while nutrient effect seemed to maintain in longer distance. pH ranged 5.1~8.4 with a mean of 6.9 among all sites during the study period. The pH decrease was attributed to seasonal acid rain and snow fall, and their effects was identified by acidophilic diatoms dominated mainly by Eunotia pectinalis and Tabellaria flocculosa during March and August. These findings indicated that water quality and periphyton assemblages in the upstream region of Buso Stream were affected by thermal pollution, eutrophication, and acidification, and their confounding effects were seasonally variable.

In the coagulation/sedimentation (C/S) process of the water treatment process, the inflow of massive algal bloom causes many problems including fouling of filter media. This study was conducted to find out the way to remove the algae’s harmful effects by addition of pre-treatment prior to C/S process. Many Jar-tests were conducted such as ① ACF (Algae Coagulation·Flotation) process using natural algae coagulant (Water Health®), ② ACF + C/S process and ③ C/S process with a variety of conditions using cultured algae. The average values of turbidity were ① 0.42 NTU for ACF process, ② 0.13 NTU for ACF + C/S process and ③ 0.25 NTU for C/S process. It was shown that the treatment efficiency of ACF process could get low turbidity results, and ACF + C/S process could achieve more efficient results than those of C/S process. Any negative effects of ACF process to the efficiency of C/S process were not observed in ACF + C/S process. In order to reduce the unfavorable effects of algae, it was found out that the introduction of ACF process in the forms of ① ACF or ② ACF + C/S could be one of the effective and alternative solutions.

This study investigated the effect of high concentration of free ammonia on microalgal growth and substrate removal by applying real wastewater nitrogen ratio. To test of this, the conditions of free ammonia 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 mg-N/L are compared. After 3 days of incubation, algal growth of Chlorella vulgaris and carbon removal rate are respectively lower in the reactors of FA 12, 15 mg-N/L compared to the others. This indicates that the high concentration of free ammonia, in this case, above 12 mg-N/L, has negative effect on algal growth and metabolic activity. Also, high concentration of free ammonia causes the proton imbalance, ammonium accumulation in algae and has toxicity for these reasons. So, we have to consider free ammonia in applying the microalgae to wastewater treatment system by the way of diluting wastewater or controlling pH and temperature.

This study was carried out to elucidate the development of unprecedented water-bloom caused by a single species of colonial green algae Eudorina elegans in the upstream area of the Seungchon weir located in the Yeongsan River from late April to May 2013. The Yeongsan River is typically regulated system and the waterbody is seriously enriched by both external and internal sources of nutrients. Seasonal algal outbreaks were highly probable due to various potential factors, such as the excessive nutrients contained in treated wastewater, slow current, high irradiation and temperature, in diatom (winter), green algae (spring) and bluegreen algae (summer). Spring green-tide was attributed to E. elegans with level up to 1,000 mg m-3 (>50×104 cells mL-1). The bloom was exploded in the initial period of the algal development and after then gradually diminished with transporting to the downstream by the intermittent rainfall, resulting in rapid expansion of the distribution range. Although the pulsed-flows by the weir manipulation was applied to control algal bloom, they were not the countermeasures to solve the underlying problem, but rather there still was a remaining problem related to the impact of pulsed-flows on the downstream. The green-tide of E. elegans in this particular region of the Yeongsan River revealed the blooming characteristics of a colonial motile microalga, and fate of vanishing away by the succeeding episodic events of mesoscale rainfall. We believe that the results of the present study contribute to limno-ecological understanding of the green-tide caused by blue-green algae in the four major rivers, Korea.

The buffer green space of Sihwa industrial complex is located on the boundary of residential areas and industrial areas, and this regions have been the ability to mitigate environmental impact of noise, vibration, atmospheric. In this area, the survey of vegetation and bird was conducted to understand the biology structures and function of buffer green space from biology habitats and natural recovery for ecology restoration. The survey was performed four times according to the season. As a result, vegetation were distributed to the most widely Pinus thunbergii community (72.2%) in the whole survey area (approximately 0.32 km2), and grasslands (6.6%), Amorpha fruticosa community (4.1%), Koelreuteria paniculata community (4.0%), Acer buergerianum community (3.9%) in the order of distribution. The characteristics of vegetation distribution were mainly planted Pinus thunbergii in outlying areas, and Koelreuteria paniculata, Acer buergerianum, Sophora japonica, Quercus acutissima were planted in the middle areas. The birds observed in this area were a total of 37 species, 912 individuals, the species of legal protection were observed Falco tinnunculus 1 individuals. The most of birds observed in this area were the resident that can be observed easily in the park and greenland surrounding urban. The waterfowl almost were not observed because of lacking water space. Thus, as providing safe habitats and movement passageway of wildlife, the connection of ecological green areas will be strengthened.

기후 변화 및 상수원 오염 등으로 원수 내 조류 증식의 빈도가 높아짐에 따라 모래여과와 마찬가지로 막여과 정수처리 공정 운영에서도 문제를 유발할 수 있기 때문에 이에 대한 기술적 대응 방안이 수립되어야 한다. 특히 우리나라와 같이 계절적 구분이 뚜렷한 지역에서 조류는 수온에 따라 우점하는 조류의 종이 변화하여, 외형 적 형태 및 성상이 종별로 다른 조류의 특성을 감안한 대처 방안이 검토되어야 한 다. 본 연구는 낙동강 수계를 원수로 하는 500m3/d 규모의 파일럿 플랜트를 이용하여 계절별로 상이하게 유입되는 조류의 분류에 따라 겨울철 저수온 시기에 규조류가 번성할 경우 염기 역세정 방법을 적용하고, 여름철 시기에 남조류가 번성할 경우에는 분말활성탄으로 처리하는 조류 대응 막여과 운전 방법과 전처리 공정에 대해 검토하였다.

Daecheong Reservoir has suffered eutrophication and water-blooms by blue-green algae from initial impoundment, and algae alert system (AAS) was introduced in 1997. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rainfall and hydrological factors in increase or decrease variability of green-tide and prolonged AAS, studied and analyzed the current situation of AAS has been operating for 19 years(1997~2015) in Daecheong Reservoir. The total issued number of AAS was 46 times, the most frequent period in August and September were 22 times (752 days) and 16 times (431 days), respectively, it accounted for 82.6%. Many number and frequency during this period were significantly associated with rainfall, various discharge and water level. Rainfall and hydrological events are associated with the rainy season of monsoon-Changma and the typhoon, it was concentrated in June~September, total rainfall in this period accounted for 69.9% of the annual rainfall. An increase in inflows was dependent on the intensity, frequency and the amount of rainfall. Accounted for 68.4% of the total annual inflow, it was a time when the most rapidly changing hydrological variability in the reservoir. The total outflow was closely related to rainfall, and compared the distinctive characteristics of hydropower generation and watergate-spillway discharge. In addition, the upreservoir zone of Daecheong Reservoir could be vulnerable to green-tide by regulating discharge of the upstream dam. The issue of AAS was strongly related to the with and without of watergate-spillway discharge. The watergate-spillway discharge had a total of 25 times, it was maximum 17 days from July to September in the year. And the opening times and each duration of the watergate were 1~4 times and the range of 3~37 days, respectively. When the watergate opened, the issue of AAS was maintained to 13 years and the movement of water bodies and green-tide was great about five times than that of non-open, had a profound effect on prolonged AAS within reservoir. In Daecheong Reservoir, Chusori (CHU) area of the So-ok Stream was still showing serious symptoms green-tide levels in the summer, but Janggye (JAN) waters of the main reservoir was pointed out that more important. AAS will be operated by an absolutely consider the rainfall and hydrological effects around the watergate-spillway discharge. The measures of green-tide will be included in the limnological studies more suited to the characteristics of the watershed and reservoir of the our country. Finally, from now on, we will prepare the systematic management and guidelines for vulnerable zone water-blooms that are the source within the reservoir before the monsoon rather than waiting for the arrival of green-tide on the operating stations of AAS.