도시공원에서 발생하는 생물음향은 도시의 전반적인 소리 다양성을 높여 조화로운 음환경을 조성하고 사운드스케이 프의 균형을 유지시킨다. 그러나 현대 사회의 급속한 도시화 과정으로 인해 소음이 증가하면서 도시공원의 음환경이 지속적으로 악화되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 남산 도시자연공원을 대상으로 사운드스케이프를 분석함으로써 도시공원의 음환경을 모니터링할 수 있는 접근법을 제시하고자 하였다. 음향자료는 자율형 녹음장비를 이용하여 서울 남산도시공원 의 4개 시설지구에서 2021년 8월부터 1달간 연속으로 수집하여 총 2,784시간의 자료를 획득하였다. 또한 사운드스케이 프 변동성, 음향 다양성, 생물음향 발생정도, 그리고 인위적 소리에 의한 교란을 나타내는 음향지수(ACI, ADI, BI, NDSI)를 이용하여 각 지구에서 시간 흐름에 따른 사운드스케이프 특징을 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 생물음향 발생과 관련된 음향지수는 지역 간 차이를 보였으나 그 외 대부분의 지수는 인위적 소리의 영향으로 인해 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 특히, 생물활동이 높은 시간이라도 인간의 활동 또한 많은 시간대에는 지역별 차이가 좁혀졌다. 이를 통해 도시공원의 사운드스케이프 특징 분석을 위해서는 음향지수의 소리 반영 특성을 고려하고, 여러 지수를 함께 활용하는 복합적 접근법이 필요함을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과는 사운드스케이프 기반의 도시생태계 건강성을 평가하는 기초자료 를 제공하고 나아가 복잡한 도시공원의 음환경을 모니터링하는 데 활용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (“KAERI”) has been developing various studies related to the nuclear fuel cycle. Among them, KAERI was focusing on the pyroprocess, which recycles some useful elements white reducing the volume and toxicity of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Pyroprocess involves the handling of SNF, which cannot be handled directly by the facility worker. Therefore, SNF is handled and processed through remote handling device within a shielded facility such as a hot cell. Nuclear Facilities with such hot cells are called nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and unlike other facilities, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system are particularly important in nuclear fuel cycle facilities to maintain the atmosphere in the hot cell and remove radioactive materials. In addition, due to the nature of the pyroprocess, which uses molten salt, corrosion is a problem in air atmosphere, so the process can only be carried out in an inert gas atmosphere. KAERI has a nuclear fuel cycle facility called the Irradiation Material Examination Facility (IMEF), and has built and operated the ACPF inside the IMEF, which operates an inert atmosphere hot cell for the demonstration of the pyroprocess. For efficient process development of the pyroprocess, it is necessary to put the developed equipment into the hot cell, which is a radiationcontrolled area, after sufficient verification in a mock-up facility. For this purpose, the ACPF mock-up facility, which simulates the system, space, and remote handling equipment of the ACPF, is operated separately in the general laboratory area. The inert gas conditioning system of the ACPF consists of very complex piping, blowers, and valves, requires special attention to maintenance. In addition, if there is a small leak in the piping within these valves or piping, radioactive materials can be directly exposed to facility workers, so continuous monitoring and maintenance are required to prevent accident. In this study, the applicability of acoustic emission technology and ultrasonic technology for leak detection in the inert gas conditioning system of ACPF mock-up facility was investigated. For this purpose, new bypass pipes and valves were installed in the existing system to simulate the leakage of pipes and valves. Acoustic emission sensors are attached directly to pipes or valves to detect signals, while ultrasonic sensors are installed at a distance to detect signals. The optimal parameters of each technology to effectively suppress background noise were derived and, and the feasibility of identifying normal and abnormal scenarios in the system was analyzed.

The objective of this study was the acoustic analysis of vocalizations of domestic dogs when they want to play with humans. Using a digital camcorder and microphone, we recorded and acoustically analyzed the vocalizations of six 7-month-old dogs (beagle) when they wanted to play with humans. The vocalizations were classified into five types, namely, barking (type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ), whining (type Ⅰ, type Ⅱ), and howling, based on the shapes of waveforms and spectrograms. There was a significant difference in the fundamental frequency (p<0.01), intensity (p<0.0001), 1st formant (p<0.001), 2nd formant (p<0.0001), 3rd formant (p<0.001), and 4th formant (p<0.05) among the vocalizations, whereas the duration was not different (p<0.05). Whining type I showed high values in the fundamental frequency and 3rd formant, while whining type II showed high values in the fundamental frequency and 1st, 2nd, and 4th formant. Further, bark types I and II showed high intensity values, with bark type II having a high value in the 1st formant. Finally, whining showed high values in the 4th formant only and significantly lower values in the 1st and 2nd formants than other vocalizations. Domestic dogs mainly exhibited barking and whining with differences in characteristics of fundamental frequency, intensity, and formant dispersion when they wanted to play with humans during the experiment. Accordingly, we suggest that vocalization could be a useful method for identifying dogs’ intentions or emotional state in a non-invasive manner.

Noises in each construction field cause residents in the neighborhood to make complaints due to their high sound pressure level and repetitive, shocking sound. While South Korea regulates construction noises on the basis of legal criteria to minimize the damage from the noises, the regulation only involves a weighted sound level (dB(A)), which is loudness, like other types of noises. It is therefore necessary to make typology of construction noise sources and evaluation vocabularies with the objective of making criteria for regulating construction noises suitable for the South Korean situation. While research based on a survey has been conducted to make typology of construction noise sources and evaluation vocabularies, there have been lots of difficulties in using it to make criteria for regulation because no consideration was given to psychological responses of people. On the basis of the findings from literature review, this study aimed to make typology of construction noise sources and vocabularies through a psycho-acoustic experiment and analyze the psychological characteristics and meanings of construction noises more accurately. The respondents’ psychological responses to construction noise sources were grouped into three factors ‘normal, shocking, and fluctuating noises’ and into ― ― six factors ‘annoying,’ ‘loud,’ ‘confusing,’ ‘noisy,’ ‘alarming,’ and ‘boisterous’ in terms of evaluation ― ― vocabularies. Since the factor with the biggest eigenvalue drawn from the respondents’ psychological responses is most important, the most important influential factor in evaluating construction noises was ‘normal noises’ for construction noise sources and ‘annoyance’ for evaluation vocabularies. This typology is expected to be useful to make and revise criteria for regulating construction noises.

This paper is a study to estimate the noise generated by fluid around each machine in the basement and basement facilities that accept major noise factor, pump fluid mechanical equipment installed to evaluate the impact on the real working environment. In particular, the review of the reliability of complementary information and reliability predict the natural frequency for generating a maximum strain when the vibration analysis, and intended to ensure that the design to avoid a natural frequency of the structure, on the basis of the this analysis result to the subject a real building.

음향 표적강도는 잠수함의 생존성을 보장하기 위한 중요한 설계 고려 요소이다. 잠수함이 대형화 됨에 따라 음향 표적강도 저감을 위한 대표적인 방법으로 알베리히 무반향 코팅재가 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 규칙적으로 배열된 알베리히 무반향 코팅재 단위 셀에 대해 유한요소법을 이용하여 음압 투과반사 계수를 해석하였다. 해석 결과는 문헌의 실험결과와 비교 검증하였다. 또한, 잠수함의 음향 표적강도 계산시 해석된 코팅재의 입력 임피던스를 이용하여 반사계수를 고려하였다. 마지막으로 알베리히 무반향 코팅재 적용에 따른 음향 표적강도 감소 효과(Case 1: 10dB, Case 2: 6dB)를 확인하였다.

This study deals with the high frequency induction hardening (HF at 850℃, 120kHz & 50kW condition) SM45C steel. (1) The HF specimen, which was tempered at 150℃, did not show any tempering effect. A brittle fracture occurred at rounded area of the tensile specimen. AE (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution showed between 45dB and 60dB. (2) A slip and fracture occurred at the hole area of the HF specimen which was tempered at 300℃. As they pass the yield point, the AE energy is increased intermittently and AE amplitude distribution exists between 70dB and 85dB. In addition, after imposing the maximum tensile load, AE signals showed high amplitude and energy distribution. The AE amplitude showed between 45dB and 70dB. (3) A brittle fracture occurred at HF specimen which was tempered at 450℃ as if it is torn in the direction of 45° on parallel area over the both sides of the tensile specimen, which lead to several peak appeared in AE energy. It was found that the AE amplitude was relatively low and the AE energy was high.

The EAG (Electroantennogram) has been used to find out chemical substance effective to insect. We tried to use EAG recording for catching of responsible acoustic signals to Lirimyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromizidae). In fly auditory organ known as Johnston's organ located on antenna. Pure tone sounds (sine wave) and courtship songs of several kinds of species were broadcasted to excised head of the fly. Significant EAG signals were detected when released the 20 Hz pure tone sound and long pulse train patterns, which were courtship songs of Cryptonevra inquilina and Lipara japonica (Chloropidae). For conformation of it's effectiveness, we further analyzed movement behavior with the signal got from the EAG recording. Information entropy could represent the specimens activities of movement tracks. The entropy with sound was relatively lower than without sound. The combination of EAG responding and behavioral observation would be useful to analyze the response of insect pest against acoustic signals and develop acoustic pest managing tool in agriculture.

This study investigated tensile deformation of the stress aging heat-treated SM45C steel which are aging temperature at 250℃ and 300℃; aging time at 1 hour and, 3 hours; applied load at 300N and 400N by using an acoustic emission techniques (AEs). A signal processing technology is applied to evaluate an AE source characterization of different AE measurement systems DiSP & PCI-2. In this study, most suitable aging condition appeared at 250℃, 3 hours and 300N. But in cases of 250℃, 3 hours, 400N and 300℃, 3 hours, 400N conditions, yield load decreased compare to other conditions according to the over-aging phenomena. On the other hand, when arranged via AE amplitude results by K-means clustering pattern recognition of AE raw signals, tendency of signal strength appeared non-heat treatment condition, 'Class 1 < Class 2 < Class 3'; optimal condition, 'Class 3 < Class 2'; over-aging condition, 'Class 3 < Class 2 < Class 1'. This is judged by emitting a lot of AE energy when material causes plastic deformation because ductility increases on factor by over-aging phenomenon.

An experiment to acoustically analyze the shape of gill-net in the current was conducted in Jaran Bay, Gosung, Korea on the 9th to 10th September(spring tide) and 28th to 29th September(neap tide) 2006. It was measured by a 3D underwater positioning system with a radio-acoustic linked positioning buoys. Six of 7 acoustic transmitters used in the experiment were attached on the float line of the gill-net and the other was fixed on the sea bed. During spring tide, the maximum movement of the gill-net was 27.0m(22:00) in the west(4.4cm/s, 311.9˚) and 20.6m(04:00) in the east(3.9cm/s, 66.5˚). The maximum extension of the gill-net(the distance between P1 and P6) was 119.8m(21:00, 11.6cm/s, 321.9˚) and the minimum was 109.9m(23:00, 16.1cm/s, 88.5˚). During neap tide, the maximum movement was 38.0m(20:00) in the east(9.6cm/s, 278.2˚) and 11.0m(12:00) in the west(1.9cm/s, 232.1˚). The maximum extension was 99.6m(14:00, 12.5cm/s, 94.7˚) and the minimum was 85.0m(06:00, 9.0cm/s, 265.8˚). During spring tide, the maximum height of the gill-net from the sea bed was 3.7m(02:00, 7.4cm/s, 151.6˚) and the minimum was produced the three times as 1.5m. At that time, the current speed and direction was 17.9cm/s and 85.3˚(23:30), 16.1cm/s and 249.4˚(05:00), and 13.7cm/s and 291.4˚(06:30), respectively. During neap tide, the maximum height was 3.6m(12:30, 2.1cm/s, 242.3˚) and the minimum was 1.5m(14:00, 12.5cm/s, 94.7˚).

장기선 방식의 무선부이식 3차원 수중 위치 측정 시스템을 적용하여, 유향 및 유속에 따른 정치망 원통의 체적 변화를 구명하기 위한 현장실험을 2003년 4월 10일부터 4월 23일까지 자란만의 정치망에 대해서 실시하였다. 현장 실험에서 사용한 총 7개의 핑거 중 6개는 원통의 길이 방향에 부착하였고, 나머지 1개는 해저에 고정시켰다. 그리고, 유향 및 유속을 측정하여 정치망 원통의 체적변화를 조석 주기에 따라 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 소형 가두리의 고정점에서 핑거의 x축, y축, Z축에 대한 위치오차는 0.2m, 0.4m, 0.1m로 나타났고, 평면상의 위치를 나타내는 y축 방향의 오차가 가장 크게 나타났다. 핑거의 위치가 수파기를 잇는 기선 혹은 내부에 있기 때문에 위치오차가 작았고, 따라서 체적계산에 적용한 오차도 작았다. 2. 소조기 2003년 4월 11일(음력 3월 10일) 원통 의 체적 최소, 최대는 각각 4,173m3, 4,757m3으로 나타났고, 이 때의 유향 및 유속은 99.9˚, 12.9cm/s, 104.0˚, 2.4cm/s이었다. 원통 체적의 최대 변화폭은 584m3으로 나타났다. 3. 대조기 2003년 4월 17일(음력 3월 16일) 원통의 체적 최소, 최대는 각각 2,016m3, 4,454m3으로 나타났고, 이 때의 유향 및 유속은 315.6˚, 16.1cm/s, 289.0˚, 5.7cm/s이었다. 원통 체적의 최대 변화폭은 2,438m3으로 나타났다. 4. 조석주기에 따른 원통의 최대 변화폭은 소조에서 대조로 변하는 4월 11일부터 16일(2,579m3)에 비하여 대조에서 소조로 변하는 4월 17일부터 20일 (3,552m3)이 약 1.4배 이상이었다.

유리 원형 평판에서 힘의 세기가 1 dyne이고 면에 수직하게 작용하는 Heaviside계단 함수의 시간 의존성을 갖는 점 하중에 의한 진앙점에서 수직 변위를 이론적으로 계산하였다. 연필심 파괴시 방출되는 음향방출신호를 안정화회로가 부착된 Michelson 간섭계로 측정하여, 음향방출 발생원함수를 deconvolution방법을 이용하여 해석하였다. 연필심 파괴시 방출되는 음향방출 발생원을 파 전면에 약 0.7μsec의 지속시간이 갖는 dip부분과 약 0.5μsec인 계단 상승시간과 약 4.5N의 힘의 크기를 갖는 계단함수의 형태였다.

The passive acoustic system only has generally used in fish detection. But the passive acoustic system has not been tried in fishing since Freytag has proposed a possibilities of the passive detection of fishes in 1963. This paper describes the .feasible aspects of fish detection by listening of the sound they make. The passive acoustic system accompanied the active acoustic system may expand the range of detection and compensate for lack of capabilities each other, but there are some difficulties in noise rejection because the fre9uency range of ship noises covers the whole range vf biological sounds. The attempt to collect useful informations from underwater would be greatly contributed in fisheries.

수중 음향 통신은 과거 군사적 목적을 위해 제한적으로 사용되어졌으나, 수중 탐지, 운동체 추적, 잠수함, 부이를 이용한 해양의 날씨 변화 등 해양에서의 통신에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지며 활용 분야가 확대되고 있는 추세이다. 수중음향통신은 다중경로로 인한 신 호간의 간섭으로 성능 및 전송율이 열약한 실정이다. 따라서 다중 경로 전달 환경인 수중음향통신에서 원활한 통신과 함께 수신 신호의 성능 을 향상시키기 위하여 낮은 SNR에서도 우수한 성능을 보이는 채널 부호화 기법에 대해 연구하였다. 본 논문에서는 데이터 길이의 가변성이 좋은 BCJR기반 (2,1,7) 컨볼루션 부호를 적용하였으며, 다중 경로 전달로 인해 왜곡된 데이터를 보상하기 위해 결정 궤환 등화기가 결합된 터 보 등화기 구조를 적용하였다. 문경시 경천호에서의 실제 수중 실험을 통하여 BCJR 기반의 터보 등화 구조가 다른 비터비 복호방식의 경판 정, 연판정 기법에 비해 성능이 우수함을 검증하였다. 이러한 BCJR 복호의 성능은 반복횟수는 평균 1회에서 3회 정도에 오류가 정정되고, 복 호기 입력단의 오류율이  이하이면 모두 복호가 가능함을 볼 수 있으며, 16번의 수중통신 실험은 약 83%의 성공률을 획득하였다.