Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was one of widely used per- and poly substances(PFAS) in the industrial field and its concentration in the surface and groundwater was found with relatively high concentration compared to other PFAS. Since various processes have been introduced to remove the PFOA, adsorption using GAC is well known as a useful and effective process in water and wastewater treatment. Surface modification for GAC was carried out using Cu and Fe to enhance the adsorption capacity and four different adsorbents, such as GAC-Cu, GAC-Fe, GAC-Cu(OH)2, GAC-Fe(OH)3 were prepared and compared with GAC. According to SEM-EDS, the increase of Cu or Fe was confirmed after surface modification and higher weight was observed for Cu and Fe hydroxide(GAC-Cu(OH)2 and GAC-Fe(OH)3, respectively). BET analysis showed that the surface modification reduced specific surface area and total pore volumes. The highest removal efficiency(71.4%) was obtained in GAC-Cu which is improved by 17.9% whereas the use of Fe showed lower removal efficiency compared to GAC. PFOA removal was decreased with increase of solution pH indicating electrostatic interaction governs at low pH and its effect was decreased when the point of zero charges(pzc) was negatively increased with an increase of pH. The enhanced removal of PFOA was clearly observed in solution pH 7, confirming the Cu in the surface of GAC plays a role on the PFOA adsorption. The maximum uptake was calculated as 257 and 345 μg/g for GAC and GAC-Cu using Langmuir isotherm. 40% and 80% of removal were accomplished within 1 h and 48 h. According to R2, only the linear pseudo-second-order(pso) kinetic model showed 0.98 whereas the others obtained less than 0.870.

In this study, the adsorption/desorption performance of toluene was evaluated using zeolite adsorbent to replace activated carbon with one-off and ignition characteristics. For the proper operation of the VOCs adsorption/desorption and condensate recovery steps, the operating range by various adsorption/desorption temperatures was selected. The adsorbent is a bead-type zeolite, which was put into an adsorption tower of 10 LPM scale. As a result, it was demonstrated that 0.079 mg/g was adsorbed at a low temperature (20°C) during adsorption. In the case of desorption, it was found that VOCs adsorbed on the adsorbent were completely recovered after the desorption operation at 220°C for about 160 minutes. However, in the heating rate step for desorption, it was not possible to maintain an appropriate heating rate by filling the tower with zeolite. This was complemented by applying a copper plate with high thermal conductivity, and it was shown that the time was shortened by about 10 minutes or more. When VOCs are emitted at high concentrations during the desorption process, they can be reused as energy resources through low-temperature maintenance, and a condensation method was attempted. The efficiency of condensing chiller (cooler) with temperature control and liquid nitrogen condensing was compared. It was found that the chiller condensing efficiency increased as the temperature decreased. In the case of liquid nitrogen condensation, the liquid nitrogen temperature was maintained at -196°C, showing a stable efficiency of 90%.

In this study, the removal efficiency of PFCs(perfluorinated compounds) in the GAC(granule activated carbon) process based on the superheated steam automatic regeneration system was investigated in laboratory scale and pilot-scale reactor. Among PFCs, PFHxS(perfluorohexyl sulfonate) was most effectively removed. The removal efficiency of PFCs was found to be closely related to the EBCT, and the removal efficiencies of PFOA(perfluorooctanoic acid), PFOS(perfluorooctyl sulfonate), and PFHxS were 43.7, 75, and 100%, respectively, under the condition of EBCT of 6 min. Afterward, PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS exhibited the earlier breakthrough time in the order. After that, GAC was regenerated, and the removal efficiency of the PFCs before and after regeneration was compared. As a result, it was shown that the PFCs removal efficiency in the regenerated GAC process were higher, and that of PFOA was improved to 75%. The findings of this study indicate the feasibility of the superheated steam automatic regeneration system for the stable removal of the PFCs, and it was verified that this technology can be applied stably enough even in field conditions.

In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from printing industries were analyzed, and an inorganic adsorbent, γ-alumina, was selected for the effective control of the VOC emissions. Printing processes commonly require inks, thinners, and cleaners, and they were mixed organic solvents containing aromatic compounds, ketones, and alcohols. Therefore, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were selected as model compounds for this study. The adsorptive properties using γ-alumina were determined for the model compounds. Both batch isotherm and continuous flow column tests demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of MEK and IPA was 3~4 times higher than that of toluene. The column test performed at an inlet toluene concentration of 100 ppm showed that an 80% breakthrough for toluene was observed after 3 hours, but both MEK and IPA were continuously adsorbed during the same time period. A numerical model simulated that the γ-alumina could remove toluene at a loading rate of 0.4 mg/min only for a 4-hour period, which might be too short of a duration for real applications. Consequently, lifetime enhancement for γ-alumina must be implemented, and ozone oxidation and regeneration would be feasible options.

본 연구는 AgX (Ag-함침 X zeolite)에 의해 고방사성해수폐액 (HSW)의 발생초기에 함유되어 있는 고방사성 요오드(131I)의 흡착, 제거를 목표로 수행하였다. AgX에 의한 I의 흡착 (AgX-I 흡착)은 AgX 내 Ag-함침농도가 증가할수록 증가하며, 함침농 도 30wt% 정도가 적당하였다. AgX (Ag-함침 약 30~35wt%)로부터 Ag의 침출농도는 해수폐액에 함유되어 있는 chloride 이 온에 의한 AgCl 침전 등으로 증류수보다 덜 침출 (<1 mg/L) 되었다. AgX-I 흡착은 초기 I 농도 0.01~10 mg/L의 경우 m/V (흡착제량/용액부피의 비)=2.5 g/L에서 99% 이상 흡착제거 되어 I의 효율적 제거가 가능함을 알 수 있다. AgX-I 흡착제거 는 해수폐액 보다는 증류수에서 수행하는 것이 효과적이고, 온도의 영향은 미미한 것 같으며, 흡착평형등온선은 Languir 보 다는 Freundlich 등온선으로 표현하는 것이 양호하였다. 한편 AgX-I 흡착속도는 유사 2차 속도식을 만족하고 있으며, 속도 상수 (k2)는 Ci 증가에 따라 감소하고 있지만, m/V 비 및 온도 증가에 따라서는 증가하고 있다. 이때 흡착 활성화에너지는 약 6.3 kJ/mol 로 AgX-I 흡착은 약한 결합형태의 물리적흡착이 지배적일 것으로 보인다. 그리고 열역학적 매개변수를 평가 (음수 값의 Gibbs 자유에너지 및 양수 값의 엔탈피)에 의해 AgX-I 흡착이 자발반응(정반응)의 흡열반응이며, 고온에서 반응 이 양호함을 나타내었다.

본 연구는 고방사성해수폐액 (HSW)으로부터 Barium (Ba)이 함침된 4A 제올라이트 (BaA)에 의한 고방사성핵종 중에 하나인 Sr의 흡착 제거를 수행하였다. BaA에 의한 Sr의 흡착 (BaA-Sr)은 Ba의 함침농도 20.2wt% 이상에서 Ba의 함침농도가 증가 할수록 감소하며 Ba 함침농도는 20.2wt% 정도가 적당하였다. 그리고 BaA-Sr 흡착은 BaA 내 4A에 의한 Sr 흡착 (4A-Sr)에 BaSO4 침전에 따른 Sr 공침이 첨가되어, Sr의 농도가 0.2 mg/L 이하 (HSW 내 실제 Sr 농도 수준)에서 BaA는 m/V (흡착제 량/용액 부피)=5 g/L, 4A는 m/V >20 g/L에서 99% 이상의 Sr 제거가 가능하였다. 이는 흡착제 단위 g 당 Sr의 처리용량 및 2 차 고체폐기물 (폐흡착제 등) 발생량 저감화 차원에서 BaA-Sr 흡착이 4A-Sr 흡착보다 우수함을 나타낸다. 또한 BaA-Sr 흡 착이 증류수보다 해수폐액에서 Sr의 제거능이 우수하여 HSW로부터 직접 Sr을 제거하는 데 효과적일 것으로 보인다. 반면 에 BaA에 의한 Cs의 흡착 (BaA-Cs)은 주로 BaA 내 4A에 의해서 이루어지고 있어 함침 Ba의 영향은 거의 없는 것 같다. 한 편 BaA-Sr 흡착속도는 유사 2차 속도식으로 표현할 수 있으며, Sr의 초기농도 및 V/m 비 증가에 따라서 속도상수 (k2)는 감 소하지만 평형흡착량 (qe)은 증가하고 있다. 그러나 용액의 온도증가에 따라서는 반대로 k2는 증가하지만 qe는 감소하고 있 다. BaA-Sr 흡착 활성화에너지는 약 38 kJ/mol 로 강력한 결합 형태를 이룬 화학흡착은 아니더라도 물리적 흡착보다 화학적 흡착이 지배적일 것으로 보인다.

본 연구는 고방사성해수폐액에 함유되어 있는 주요 고방사성 핵종인 Cs을 제거하기 위하여 IE911 (crystalline silicotitanate) 에 의한 흡착 제거를 수행하였다. Cs의 효율적 흡착제거 및 2차 고체폐기물의 발생량을 최소화하기 위하여 IE911-Cs 흡착 은 m/V (흡착제 질량/용액 부피) 비=2.5 g/L, 흡착시간은 1 시간 정도가 효과적이었다. 이때 Cs은 약 99%, Sr은 5% 이하가 각각 흡착되었다. 또한 IE911-Cs 흡착은 Langmuir 등온식 및 유사 (pseudo) 2차 속도 식으로 표현할 수 있으며, 흡착속도상 수(k2)는 Cs의 초기농도 및 입자크기 증가에 따라 감소하는데 반하여, m/V 비, 온도 및 교반속도 증가에 따라서는 증가하고 있다. IE911-Cs 흡착의 활성화에너지는 약 79.9 kJ/mol 로, IE911-Cs 흡착이 보다 강력한 결합 형태를 이룬 화학적 흡착임 을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 음수 값의 Gibbs 자유에너지 및 엔탈피는 IE911-Cs의 흡착반응이 정반응의 발열반응이고, 저온에 서 반응이 상대적으로 활발함을 의미하며, 음수 값의 엔트로피는 흡착된 Cs이 IE911에 균일하게 정렬되어 있음을 나타낸다.

Activated carbon was prepared from pre-carbonized petroleum coke. Textural properties were determined from studies of the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K and the surface chemistry was obtained using the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer technique and the Boehm titration process. The adsorption of three aromatic compounds, namely phenol (P), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and benzoic acid (BA) onto APC in aqueous solution was studied in a batch system with respect to contact time, pH, initial concentration of solutes and temperature. Active carbon APC obtained was found to possess a high surface area and a predominantly microporous structure; it also had an acidic surface character. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well; also, the intraparticle diffusion was the only controlling process in determining the adsorption of the three pollutants investigated. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The uptake of the three pollutants was found to be strongly dependent on the pH value and the temperature of the solution. Most of the experiments were conducted at pH 7; the pH(PZC) of the active carbon under study was 5.0; the surface of the active carbon was negatively charged. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated for APC revealed that the adsorption of P was spontaneous and exothermic in nature, while PNP and BA showed no-spontaneity of the adsorption process and that process was endothermic in nature.

The adsorption of Acid Blue 92 onto three low cost and ecofriendly biosorbents viz., cow dung ash, mango stone ash and parthenium leaves ash and commercial activated carbon have discussed in this work. The ash of all the mentioned bio-wastes was prepared in the muffle furnace at 500℃ and all the adsorbents were stored in an air thermostat. Experiments at total dye concentrations of 10~100 mg/L were carried out with a synthetic effluent prepared in the laboratory. The parameters such as pH and dye concentration were varied. Equilibrium adsorption data followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The results indicate that cow dung ash, mango stone ash and parthenium leaves ash could be employed as low-cost alternatives to commercial activated carbon in wastewater treatment for the removal of dye.

In this study, the adsorption of toxic pollutants onto cetyltrimethylammonium kaolin (CTAB-Kaolin) is investigated. The organo-kaolin is synthesized by exchanging cetyltrimethylammonium cations (CTAB) with inorganic ions on the surface of kaolin. The chemical analysis, the structural and textural properties of kaolin and CTAB-kaolin were investigated using elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM and adsorption of nitrogen at -196℃. The kinetic adsorption and adsorption capacity of the organo-kaolin towards o-xylene, phenol and Cu(II) ion from aqueous solution was investigated. The kinetic adsorption data of o-xylene, phenol and Cu(II) are in agreement with a second order model. The equilibrium adsorption data were found to fit Langmuir equation. The uptake of o-xylene and phenol from their aqueous solution by kaolin, CTAB-kaolin and activated carbon proceed via physisorption. The removal of Cu(II) ion from water depends on the surface properties of the adsorbent. Onto kaolin, the Cu(II) ions are adsorbed through cation exchange with Na+. For CTAB-kaolin, Cu(II) ions are mainly adsorbed via electrostatic attraction with the counter ions in the electric double layer (Br-), via ion pairing, Cu(II) ions removal by the activated carbon is probably related to the carbon-oxygen groups particularly those of acid type. The adsorption capacities of CTAB-kaolin for the investigated adsorbates are considerably higher compared with those of unmodified kaolin. However, the adsorption capacities of the activated carbons are by far higher than those determined for CTAB-kaolin.

터널 내 축적된 다양한 오염원들은 간헐적으로 수행되는 세척과정 중에 폐수로 배출되게 되며, 서울 시내 3개 터널 지점에서 수행된 수질분석결과 SS, CODCr, T-N, NH3-N, NO3-N, Zn, Cu, Cr(+6). Mn, Mg, Phenol. CN-, E-Coli 등이 고농도 형태로 배출되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 이러한 오염수질의 배출농도 특성은 터널 세척 폐수의 채취 방법, 세척횟수, 세척수량, 터널내벽 특성, 통행량, 배수 특성 등에 따라 다양한 농도범위를 보여주는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 수집된 터널 세척폐수를 단순 중력침전을 이용하여 저감실험을 수행한 결과, CODCr는 80%, T-N, T-P는 각각 30, 90% 제거됨을 확인하였고, 중력침전 분리를 통하여 제거되지 않은 잔여 오염물질에 대하여 GAC 소재를 통한 흡착실험(터널 세척폐수 1l에 대하여 GAC를 50g을 투입) 결과, CODCr, T-N, Zn, Cu, Mn, Phenol, CN 항목에서 80% 이상 제거됨을 확인하였다.

Activated carbons were prepared by impregnation of crushed clean date pits in concentrated solutions of phosphoric acid or zinc chloride followed by carbonization in absence of air at 600℃. Steam-activated carbon was prepared by gasifying 600℃-carbonization product at 950℃ to a burn-off = 50%. KOH- activated carbon was prepared by impregnating date pitscarbonization product obtained at 450℃ in concentrated KOH solution followed by carbonization at 840℃. Textural properties of these carbons were determined from nitrogen adsorption at -196℃ and the chemistry of the carbon surface was investigated by determination and of the surface carbon-oxygen (C-O) groups using bases of variable strength and dilute HCl. The adsorption of endosulphan at 27℃ on all the carbons prepared was undertaken. Adsorption of this pesticide at 32 and 37℃ was also undertaken for steam-activated and KOH-activated carbons. Phosphoric acid-activated carbons and steamactivated carbons are mainly microporous and have high surface concentration of C-O groups of acidic nature. Steamactivated and KOH-activated carbons exhibited surface areas 〉 1000 m2/g and contain micro and non-micrpores. The adsorption of endosulphan was related to the surface area of non-micropores and was retarded by the high concentration of surface C-O groups. The thermodynamic properties indicated the feasibility of the adsorption process and the possible regeneration of the carbon for further use.

중수로 원전내 여러 계통으로 부터 발생된 폐수지내에는 핵종이 다량 함유되어 있으며, Class A 및 C 폐기물로 분류되는 폐수지의 적정 처리 기술 개발을 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. IRN-150 혼상 이온교환수지를 이용하여 비방사성 이온과 양이온의 흡착 특성 및 탈차용액을 이용한 이온의 제거 특성을 고찰하였다. IRN-150 수지의 이온의 흡착능은 이론값에 근접한 11 mg-C/g-IRN-150을 나타내었고, 양이온의 흡착 친화도를 단일성분 및 복합성분 시스템을 이용하여 분석하였다. 여러 가지 탈착용액을 이용한 폐수지로부터 이온의 제거 특성을 평가한 결과, 핵종을 전량 효과적으로 제거하기 위해서는 보다도 용액이 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 흡착과 막분리를 결합시킨 혼성 시스템을 폐수처리에 응용하기 위한 기초 연구로서, 페놀을 분말활성탄에 의해 흡착하고, 흡착된 페놀을 활성탄과 함께 정밀여과에 의해 분리하였다. 분말활성탄의 입자크기가 클수록 여과저항은 감소하였으며, 활성탄의 양이 적을수록 단절점(break point) 이전의 투과농도 변화율과 페놀 부하 변화율은 증가하였다. 분말활성탄의 입자크기가 작을수록 활성탄의 외표면적과 경막물질전달계수의 증가로 인해 단절점 전의 투과농도는 감소하였다.

The occurrence of objectionable tastes and odors in drinking water is a common and widespread problem. The most troublesome odors are usually those described as muddy or earthy-musty. Two organic compounds which have been implicated as the cause of earthy-musty odor problems in water are geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol. These earthy-musty organics have been shown to be metabolites of actinomycetes and blue green algae. The purpose of this paper is to describe adsorbability in removing these two oder causing compounds(geosmin and 2-MIB) upon various conditions like pH variation, adding humic acid and different activated carbon. The conclusion of this study are as followings. In batch test, carbon dosage is 10mg/100ml for geosmin and 15mg/100ml for 2-MIB. Both were in equilibrium state after 60 hours. In model simulation, F-P model described experiment data and modelling data appropriately in geosmin but F-S model not. In case of 2-MIB, models didn't describe relation between experiment and modelling data well. Two causative agents of earthy-musty odor compounds, geosmin and 2-MIB, are strongly adsorbed by activated carbon either coconut or brown. There appears to be no effect of pH (3,7,9) on adsorption of these two organics. Activated carbon proved to be more effective for removing geosmin than for removing 2-MIB. When activated carbon is. used in removing these two organics, the removal of these appeared to be adversely affected by back ground organic compounds, such as humic substances, due to competitive adsorption.

This study examined the adsorption effect of aromatic pesticides by hollow fiber NF membrane on rejection and removal properties. Batch type adsorption test and hollow fiber NF membrane filtration were conducted with 5 different kinds of aromatic pesticides. 3 to 15 days were required to reach the equilibrium concentration and 0.3181∼0.8094 ㎍/㎠ were adsorbed to hollow fiber NF membrane. Since 5 hours of separation test were too short to keep steady state for permeate due to the repetition of sorption and desorption, longer times were required to evaluate the rejection performance of NF membrane. Sorption and desorption were confirmed by the separation test equipped with membrane and without membrane. Adsorption contribution of aromatic pesticides to hollow fiber membranes were shown to be ranged from 16.1% to 36.3% and indicated the difference considering sorption effect.