Because of recent reports about phosphine resistance problem, development of effective fumigation method to control grain pests became very important. In this study, a chemical treatment, ethyl formate fumigant treatment, and a physical treatment, atmospheric control, were attempted as alternative solutions to this problem. In this study, for CA(Controlled atmosphere) treatment, 99.999% nitrogen was used to create a hypoxic condition with less than 5% oxygen, and for EF, the treatment concentration was 10 mg/L to 80 mg/L. As a result of the study, in CA single treatment, adult insects showed a mortality rate of less than 10% even after 2 weeks of treatment, and pupae and larvae showed a mortality rate 71% and 34%, but eggs showed a mortality rate of 100%. In EF single treatment, adults and larvae showed a 100% mortality rate at 80 mg/L, but eggs showed a 50% mortality rate and pupae were not affected. Considering the results, CA single treatment is not suitable for controlling Tribolium castaneum because of long treatment period, and in the case of EF single treatment, additional researches on longer treatment time is needed.

본 논문은 장아이링(張愛玲)의 소설에서 공통적으로 느껴지는 분위기, 즉 귀기(鬼 氣)를 통해 그의 작품 세계를 분석한다. 장아이링은 자신의 소설에 귀신을 등장시키 지 않으면서, 스산하고 무서운 분위기를 만들어냈다. 이것은 그의 소설, 특히 단편집 전기(傳奇)에 수록된 소설 전반에 나타나는 특징이다. 신전기(新傳奇)의 표지에 는 ‘귀신’이 직접 등장하기도 한다. 이 ‘귀신’은 이목구비가 없고, 신체 비례가 비현실 적이다. 그는 시대를 알 수 없는 옷을 입은 채 방 안-만청(晚晴) 시대의 풍경을 들여 다본다. 장아이링은 관련 글에서 이 ‘귀신’은 ‘현대인’이며, 독자들이 이를 통해 불안 을 느끼기를 바란다고 쓰기도 했다. 장아이링 소설을 관통하는 귀기는 이 ‘현대인’이 느끼는 불안이다. 그들은 ‘현대인’이라고 불리지만 과거로부터 분리되지 못한다. 대부 분 여성인 이들은 자신의 자리를 찾기 위해 노력하지만 계속 방황하고, 미래는 희망 적이지 않다. 장아이링은 ‘귀신’과 ‘귀기’라는 전기(傳奇)적 요소를 통해 독자에게 이 러한 현실을 환기시킨다.

작물 수분스트레스 지수(CWSI; Crop Water Stress Index)를 통해 관개 시기를 판단할 경우, 정확한 잎의 온도 및 대기 환경을 측정하는 것이 중요하다. 그리하여 본 연구에서는 실시간으로 작물의 생체정보(엽온) 및 대기 환경(대기온·습도, 일사량)을 측정하고 자동으로 CWSI 값이 산정되는 휴대용 수분스트레스 계측기기를 개발하였다. 또한 휴대용 수분스트레스 계측기기와 고정식 온도 측정 방법과의 비교 분석을 통해 휴대용 수분스트레스 계측기기의 성능을 평가하고자 하였다. 본 계측기기는 CWSI 산정을 위한 생체신호 및 기상 데이터를 측정하는 센싱부, 측정된 데이터를 저장하고 CWSI를 산정하는 데이터 수집부, 장치의 기능을 조작하고 측정값을 표시하는 시스템 제어부로 구성하였다. T-test를 실시하여 두 계측 방법에서 측정된 엽온, 일사량, CWSI 평균값의 유의 관계를 분석한 결과, 유의확률은 0.089, 0.318 그리고 0.028로 각각 나타났다. 엽온과 일사량은 유의수준 0.05보다 크므로 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았지만 CWSI는 유의확률이 유의수준보다 작으므로 두 측정 방법에 따라 유의미한 차이가 나타났다.

The present study analyzed the pore formation and development process in carbon black that was activated by CO2 gas and the effect of the burn-off (BO) ratio on the process, particularly based on changes in the surface shape and internal microstructure. The activation process was performed as follows. Carbon blacks were injected into a horizontal tube furnace when the inside temperature reached 1000 °C. Carbon black samples with different BOs, i.e., 7.2%, 15.4%, 30.4%, 48.2%, 59.9%, and 83.2%, were prepared by varying the activation time. The microstructure of the activated samples was observed and examined using SEM and TEM. The results showed that pore passages were first created on the surface of the primary particles of the carbon black, and then the inner portion of the carbon black with a lower degree of crystallinity started to be activated, thereby causing inner pores to be formed. These inner pores then started to grow and coalesce into larger pores, thereby causing the crystallite layers in the inner portion of the carbon black to be activated. The changes in the microstructure of the carbon black during the activation reaction were attributable to the carbon black manufacturing process, in which the nucleation and growth of the primary particles of the carbon black occurred within a very short period of time. Thus, the crystallization of the inner portion was suppressed, and therefore, the degree of crystallinity was lower in the inner portion than in the outer portion.

Cr thin films with O added are deposited on sapphire substrate by DC sputtering and are nitrided in NH3 atmosphere between 300 and 900 oC for various times. X-ray diffraction results show that nitridation begins at 500 oC, forming CrN and Cr2N. Cr oxides of Cr2O3 are formed at 600 oC. And, at temperatures higher than 900 oC, the intermediate materials of Cr2N and Cr2O3 disappear and CrN is dominant. The atomic concentration ratios of Cr and O are 77% and 23%, respectively, over the entire thickness of as-deposited Cr thin film. In the sample nitrided at 600 oC, a CrN layer in which O is substituted with N is formed from the surface to 90 nm, and the concentrations of Cr and N in the layer are 60% and 40%, respectively. For this reason, CrN and Cr2N are distributed in the CrN region, where O is substituted with N by nitridation, and Cr oxynitrides are formed in the region below this. The nitridation process is controlled by inter-diffusion of O and N and the parabolic growth law, with activation energy of 0.69 eV.

This study was conducted to investigate the quality of kimchi cabbages stored under a pallet unit-controlled atmosphere (PUCA), containing 2% O2 and 5% CO2, and to develop quality prediction models for cabbages stored under such conditions. Summer and winter cabbage samples were divided into PUCA-exposed groups and atmospheric airexposed control groups (in a cold storage). The control summer cabbages lost up to 8.31% of their weight, whereas the PUCA-exposed summer cabbages lost only 1.23% of their weight. Additionally, PUCA storage effectively delayed the reduction in cabbage moisture content compared with the control storage. After storage for 60 and 120 days of the summer and winter samples, respectively, the reducing sugar contents were higher in the PUCA groups than in the control groups. The linear regression analysis-derived equations for predicting the storage period, weight loss, and moisture content in the control groups, as well as those for predicting the storage period and weight loss in the PUCA groups, were appropriate according to the adjusted coefficient of determination, root mean square error, accuracy factor, and bias factor values. Therefore, this PUCA system would be useful for improving the shelf life of the postharvest summer and winter cabbages used in the commercial kimchi industry.

In this study, a controlled atmosphere (CA) storage system is proposed as a storage method for prolonging processing period. Persimmon was placed in CA storage at 0.5oC±0.5 for 92 d. The qualities of the stored persimmons were compared to determine the possibility of extending shelf life. ‘Sangjudungsi,’ which was harvested on October 26, 2017, was applied to the persimmons. In order to compare differences according to size, the persimmons were classified into Size No. 2 (170 g) and Size No. 3 (145 g). In the result, the yellowness of CA-stored persimmons was 26.3% lower than that of cold-stored ones, confirming that after-ripening was delayed. The firmness of CAstored and Size No. 3 persimmon was higher than that of cold-stored and Size No. 2 persimmon. Tannin decreased significantly in cold storage, but it tended to increase in CA storage. The sugar content of Size No. 3 was lower than that of Size No. 2, but there was no difference in tendencies according to the storage method. Weight loss in CA storage was lower than that in cold storage. A comparison of color difference, firmness, sugar content, tannin, and weight loss ratio showed that CA storage was more effective in improving shelf life than cold storage.

The present study examined changes in surface shape and pore size observed in carbon black particles isothermally oxidized in an air atmosphere according to their burn-off ratio. Carbon black materials were fed into a horizontal tubular furnace in an air atmosphere when the inside temperature reached 600 °C. Subsequently, while changing the isothermal oxidation time, carbon black samples with different burn-off ratios were obtained, i.e., 10.5, 20.0, 30.4, 41.0, 49.9, 59.8, 71.1, and 81.0%. The scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that the observed carbon black particles were in the form of aggregated primary particles, and that there was no change in the particle size of these primary particles as the burn-off process proceeded. The latter observation supported the observation that pores were formed in the carbon black samples during the burn-off process. Notably, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis exhibited hysteresis curves, indicating that the corresponding adsorption isotherms were of IV-type. It was also found that the area of the hysteresis curves increased as the burn-off process proceeded. The specific surface area of the raw carbon black sample was 58.00 m2/g, while that of the 81.0% sample was about 4.1 times the figure at 240.27 m2/g. The total pore volume VT was 0.17 cm3/g for the raw sample, and it was much higher for the 81.0% sample at 0.58 cm3/g. The transmission electron microscope analysis showed that the raw carbon black particles had a spherical shape with a smooth surface, but inner pores were not observed. In the 49.9% sample, pores with a size of about 5 nm were observed inside carbon black particles. Notably, the size of the pores observed in the 81.0% sample was about 20 nm and the large pores were created by the collapsing and merging of the smaller pores by oxidation.

본 연구에서는 지역 기상-해양 접합모델을 이용하여 2018년 8월 28일부터 30일까지 한반도 서울-경기지역에 내린 강수에 대해 대기-해양 상호작용의 효과를 분석하였다. 지역 기상-해양 접합모델에서 기상모델은 WRF (Weather Research Forecasts)가 사용되었으며, 해양모델은 ROMS (Regional Oceanic Modeling System)가 사용되었다. 단일 기상 모델은 WRF모델만 이용되었으며, ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim 의 해수면온도자료가 바닥경계자료로 사용되었다. 관측자료와 비교하여, 대기-해양 상호작용의 효과가 고려된 접합모델은 서울-경기지역의 강수 및 황해 해수면온도에 대해 공간상관계수가 각각 0.6과 0.84로 이는 지역 기상모델보다 높게 나타났다. 또한, 평균편향오차(MBE, Mean Bias Error)은 각각 −2.32와 −0.62로 지역 기상모델 보다 낮은 오차율을 보였다. 상당온위와 해수면온도 및 역학적 수렴장으로 분석한 대기-해양 상호작용의 효과는 황해 해수면온도의 변화를 유도하였고, 그 변화는 하층대기에서 열적 불안정과 운동학적 수렴대의 차이를 발생시켰다. 열적 불안정과 수렴대는 결과적으로 서울-경기 지역에서 상승운동을 유도하였고, 결과적으로 기상-해양 접합모델에서 모의된 강수가 관측과 더 유사한 공간분포를 나타냈다. 그러나 복잡한 관계에 있는 대기-해양 상호작용의 효과를 더 명확히 파악하기 위해서는 다양한 사례연구와 장기적인 분석이 필요하지만, 본 연구는 기상-해양 상호작용이 강수 예보에 중요성에 대한 또 다른 증거를 제시한다.

For the vessel export of strawberries, modified atmosphere package (MAP) using polyamide (PA) film and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) film was investigated to extend the shelf life of strawberries. Because the temperature and relative humidity changes of the MAP were lower than the changes of the control, the weight loss of the MAP were lower than that of the control. The low oxygen level and high carbon dioxide level were effective to decrease the fungal decay rate and to increase the hardness of strawberries. The Hunter’s color differences before and after storage showed no distinct difference between the MAP and the control. The lightness had a tendency to decrease while the redness increased. There were no significant changes of the soluble solids during the storage. The shelf life of strawberries could be extended to 16 days using the MAP considering the weight loss and the fungal decay rate. Thus, this MAP method using PA film and LLDPE film was effective to extend the shelf life of strawberries.