본 논문은 쇼팽의 음악에서 자주 나타나는 반음계적 어법 중 조성적⋅모티브적 반음 관계가 어떻게 확장되어 사용되는지 ≪녹턴 Bb단조≫를 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 본 문에서는 먼저 이 녹턴의 중간 부분에서 나타나는 반음 관계의 조성에 초점을 맞추어 이러한 진행이 야기하는 조성적 혼란과 음도 변환에 대해 논의한다. 또한 반음 관계를 3도 관계 전조와 비교함으로써 쇼팽의 음악에서 나타나는 반음 관계가 지니는 독특한 특징을 구체적으로 살펴본다. 또한 ≪녹턴 Bb단조≫에서 이러한 반음 관계는 조성 관계 뿐 아니라 모티브적 디자인과도 밀접하게 연관되어 있다는 점에 주목하여 작곡가가 반음 모티브를 단지 음악의 표면적 효과뿐 아니라 작품 전체에 수반된 음고 구조의 요소로 어떻게 사용하고 있는지 분석한다.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits onto the host when administered at adequate doses. Most widely used probiotics, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, are known to be elements of healthy gut microflora and hence are not considered a threat to the host. However, probiotics may pose a risk in certain populations with compromised immune systems or defects in gut barrier functions. Herein, we evaluated the safety of Bifidobacterium breve BB077, according to the safety evaluation guidelines for probiotics produced by the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS). The results show that B. breve BB077 is both non-hemolytic and non-cytolytic. In contrast, B. breve BB077 exhibited higher streptomycin and tetracycline resistance than the suggested NIFDS standard cut-off values. Hence, a genetic analysis of the streptomycin and tetracycline resistance genes was performed to determine the origin of antimicrobial resistance. Streptomycin and tetracycline resistance was shown have arisen from chromosomal mutations and considered intrinsic to the taxonomic group. In conclusion, the B. breve BB077 strain might be safe for human consumption.

Cry3 toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis are used as biopesticides and the transgenic crops to control of leaf-feeding beetles. Cadherin in insect midgut epithelium is identified as receptor for Cry toxins in several insects and some domains of it synergizes Cry toxicity. Cadherin (DvCad1-CR8-10) fragment of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera enhanced Cry3Bb toxicity to Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Single cadherin repeat (CR) fragment of DvCad1-CR8-10, have a strong binding affinity to the active Cry3Bb toxin. The dissociation constant Kd value of CR8, CR9, and CR10 were 4.9 nM, 28.2 nM, and 4.6 nM, respectively. Interestingly, CR8 and CR10 enhanced Cry3Bb toxicity against CPB and Lesser mealworm (LMW), Alphitobius diaperinus, neonates in up to 2-folds. The DvCad1-CR10 peptide is further analyzed by in-frame deletion to determine the active site for Cry3Bb toxin. The active site is narrowed down to a 26 amino acid locating in the N-terminal region of DvCad1-CR10 that either synergized Cry3Bb toxicity on the CPB and LMW neonates in 3-folds or bound to the toxin with high affinity. The extent of Cry3Bb toxin enhancement by the activie site in DvCad1-CR10 may have practical application for control of CPB and LMW.

The photometric light curves of the W-type W UMa eclipsing contact binary system BB Pegasi have been found to be extremely asymmetric over all the observed 63 years in all wavelengths UBVR. The light curves have been characterized by occultation primary minima. Hence, the morphology of these light curves has been studied in view of these different asymmetric degrees. The system shows a distinct O'Connell effect, as well as depth variation. A 22.96 years of stellar dark spots cycle has been determined for the system. Almost the same cycle (22.78 yr) has been found for the depth variation of MinI and MinII. We also present an analysis of mid-eclipse time measurements of BB Peg. The analysis indicates a period decrement of 5.62X 10-8 day/yr, which can be interpreted in terms of mass transfer at a rate of -4.38 X 10-8M⊙/yr, from the more to the less massive component. The O - C diagram shows a damping sine wave covering two different cycles of 17.0 yr and 12.87 yr with amplitudes equal to 0.0071 and 0.0013 day, respectively. These unequal durations show a non-periodicity which may be explained as a result of magnetic activity cycling variations due to star spots. The obtained characteristics are consistent with similar chromospherically active stars, when applying the Applegate's (1992) mechanism.

Japonica rice cultivars exhibit high susceptibility to bacterial blight(BB) disease due to genetic vulnerability in Korea. Korean japonica resistant rice cultivars mainly possess one of the genes, Xa1 or Xa3 for BB resistance. These resistance genes are becoming susceptible to K3a, resulting in serious rice yield reduction. This study was carried out to confirm the effect of xa13 gene pyramiding for developing of japonica rice cultivars resistant to BB pathogen breaking down Xa1 or Xa3. IRBB4 conferring Xa4 gene was resistant to K1(HB01013), K2(HB01014), K3(HB01015), and moderately resistant to K3a(HB01009). IRBB5 having xa5 gene was resistant to K1, K2, K3, and K3a. The recessive gene xa13 was resistant to K1 race but susceptible to K2, K3, and K3a. But Xa21 gene is susceptible to predominant K1 race but resistant to other races such as K2, K3, and K3a. Two genes Xa3 and xa13 were susceptible and Xa4 gene was moderate resistant to 24 isolates. xa5 and Xa21 genes were resistant to all isolates including K3a. When xa13 gene combined Xa4, xa5 and Xa21 genes, effect of xa13 gene pyramiding showed higher resistant reaction than that having singe gene out of Xa4, xa5, and Xa21. The order of resistance against 24 isolates breaking down Xa3 gene was IRBB55(xa13+Xa21) > IRBB53 (xa5+xa13) > IRBB51 (Xa4+xa13).

Japonica rice cultivars exhibit high susceptibility to BB disease due to genetic vulnerability in Korea. Korean Japonica rice cultivars mainly posses the genes, Xa1 and Xa3 for BB resistance. These resistance genes are becoming susceptible to K3a, new races of BB, resulting in the breakdown of resistance in high yielding Japonica cultivars. It is imperative to look for novel R-genes for improvement of japonica rice resistant to BB races. This study was carried out to conform useful single gene resistant to 24 BB isolates (including K3a, HB01009) breaking down Xa3 gene. Cultivars and near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying Xa1, Xa2, xa8, Xa10, Xa11, xa13 genes were susceptible to 24 isolates, whereas IRBB4 carrying Xa4 gene was moderate resistance. IRBB5 and IRBB21 having xa5 and Xa21 genes, respectively, expressed resistance to these isolates. IRBB7 having Xa7 gene showed resistance response to 24 BB isolates, whereas JBB-107 carrying Xa7 gene was susceptible to 10 BB isolates and moderate resistant to 14 BB isolates. Xa7 gene showed different resistance response according to genetic background of used recurrent parent. With these findings, Xa4, xa5, and Xa21 would be the most prospective genes to 24 isolates used in screening.