Estuary is important in terms of biodiversity because it has the characteristics of transition waters, created by the mixing of fresh- and seawater. The estuarine water circulation provides a variety of habitats with different environments by inducing gradients in the chemical and physical environment, such as water quality and river bed structure, which are ultimately the main factors influencing biological community composition. If the water circulation is interrupted, the loss of brackish areas and the interception of migration of biological communities will lead to changes in the spatial distribution of biodiversity. In this study, among the sites covered by the Estuary Aquatic Ecosystem Health Assessment, we selected study sites where changes in biodiversity can be assessed by spatial gradient from the upper reaches of the river to the lower estuarine area. The α-, γ- and β-diversity of diatom, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish communities were calculated, and they were divided into open and closed estuary data and compared to determine the trends in biodiversity variation due to estuarine circulation. As results, all communities showed higher γ-diversity at open estuary sites. The benthic macroinvertebrate community showed a clear difference between open and closed estuaries in β-diversity, consequently the estuarine transects were considered as a factor that decreases spatial heterogeneity of their diversity among sites. The biodiversity trends analyzed in this study will be used to identify estuaries with low γ- and β-diversity by community, providing a useful resource for further mornitoring and management to maintain estuarine health.

군집지수와 FD와의 상관분석 결과 FD는 군집지수 중 Shannon 다양도와 가장 높은 상관성을 보였다. 조사지점은 환경 특성에 따라 6개의 그룹으로 나누어졌으며, 고도에 따라서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 이에 따라 고도가 높은 그룹 1은 산림의 비율이 많고 좋은 수질을 보였으나 고도가 낮은 그룹 6은 수질이 양호하지 않았다. 환경 구배에 따른 조사지역 그룹과 군집지수와 FD의 연관성 분석을 위해 NMDS를 시행하였으며 그룹 1~3에서 FEve를 제외한 모든 지수가 높았다. 그룹 간의 종구성은 그룹 1~3에는 하루살이목, 날도래목, 강도래목이 높았으며, 그룹 4, 5에는 잠자리목, 딱정벌레목이 주요하게 나타났다. 생물학적 형질은 그룹 1~3에서 생식기간이 길고, 이동성이 낮은 형질 특성을 보였으며 생물의 저항력 전략을 잘 보여주었다. 반대로 그룹 4~6은 생식기간이 짧고, 이동성이 높은 회복력의 전략을 뚜렷하게 반영해 주었다. 수질의 오염도가 낮은 상류는 교란의 빈도가 적고 공간적으로 높은 이질성을 가졌으며 생물이 주로 저항성 전략을 보였으며 생물이 서식지에 오래 머무를 수 있어 기능적, 구조적 생물다양성이 높게 나타났다. 반대로 수질의 오염도가 높은 하류는 교란의 빈도가 높고 공간적으로 균질성이 높으며 생물은 주로 회복력의 전력을 보여 교란에 의해 이동하거나 회피할 수 있는 휴면기, 고치, 세포, 알 등의 독특한 형태를 갖는 반면 생물다양성은 낮게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 저서성 대형 무척추동물의 기능적 다양성은 수서 생태계 환경과의 관계를 잘 설명해 주었다. 따라서 생물의 형질을 이용한 기능적 다양성은 잠재적으로 수생태계 건강성 평가에 효과적으로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

Beauveria bassiana is widely studied for its potential as biopesticide. However, little is known about the factors to influence genetic diversity among isolates. In this work, we aimed to study the gene diversity of 42 isolates to figure out the impact of sequences variability on various biological features. The accumulated data showed no correlation between sequence variability and the fungal geographic localization. Meanwhile, weak to strong correlations have been obtained between the sequence diversity of various genes and the studied biological features. Interestingly, Biotrophy-associated gene 2 gene variability was correlated with all the studied biological features, being an important marker to determine isolates of interest for biological control. Therefore, the obtained data would serve as a database to focus on interesting genes related to improving or screening highly virulent isolates as biological control agents.

Beauveria comprises entomopathogenic fungi frequently isolated from insect cadavers, among which Beauveria bassiana is the most widely studied species of entomopathogenic fungal genus for its high potential as a biological pesticide. Even though it has been reported that B. bassiana is a heterogeneous assemblage of strains, little is known about the factors that might drive the genetic diversity among various isolates. In this work, we ought to study the gene diversity of 33 isolates in order to figure out the relationship between their gene diversity and biological features. First, we analyzed gene sequences that are involved in developmental and immunological processes of the fungal isolates and host. Now we are checking whether the gene diversity is related to the genes function, the isolates geographic localization, thermo-tolerance and virulence of the isolates. The obtained results so far showed no correlation between the genetic diversity and the fungal geographic localization. But interestingly, a positive correlation has been obtained between the virulence and the genetic diversity based on the internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Further analyses are aiming to confirm the obtained data and to analyze possible correlations between the genetic diversity and morphological and transcriptional data of the studied isolates. Based on the obtained results, we could much strongly focus on interesting genes which might be related to improving or screening highly virulent fungal agents as biological control agents.

In June 1992, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was concluded by 158 countries in Rio de Janeiro. And now, 194 member nations are participating in discussions for their own profit. Recently, Nagoya Protocol regarding Access to genetic resources and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) was approved and took effect from October 12th, 2014. Thus, it is important to understand the impact of CBD and ABS functioning on researchers studying marine biodiversity. Until now, in the previous Conference of the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the interest towards researching marine and marine living resources was relatively low, and accordingly, the discussions regarding marine and marine living resources were delayed. However, in the 12th Pyeongchang Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the arguments concerning Ecologically or Biologically Significant marine Areas (EBSA) and the other marine related issues were discussed. Although, South Korea has not yet officially joined Nagoya Protocol, however the consultations in regard to Prior and Informed Consent (PIC), Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) and Global Multilateral Benefit-Sharing Mechanism (GMBSM) were discussed. We belive that as a possessing nation of biological resources, South Korean government authorities should revise their management systems protocol and regulations concerning domestic biological resources, in order to strengthen the information system and help academia and industry to utilize the biological resources abroad easily and effectively.

CBD and one of key character The Convention on Biological Diversity (hereinafter CBD), adopted in 1992, play unique role for global environmental policy in the world. Comparing to other nature conservation convention like CITES and Ramsar which have listing mechanism on specific species or sites, CBD provide opportunity for setting challenge, priority on biodiversity in global, regional and local level and discussing solution. One of uniqueness of CBD is broad range of agenda. Conference of Parties (COP) to the CBD deals nature conservation policy, land use planning (agriculture), use of nature (eco-tourism and customary/traditional knowledge on nature and its use) and scientific and technological matter on nature (Genetically modified species and genetic resource use) and made decision by consensus of 193 countries and region. Japanese Civil Society Strategy to engage CBD Process Towards CBD-COP10 in Japan in 2010, Japan Civil Network for CBD (JCN-CBD) was established to response to such wide scope of CBD and had 17 working group. The network was supported by scientist. Natural science supported better understanding on biodiversity, appropriate advocacy work and making communication based on science. JCN-CBD focused their role as information center (gather, consolidate, arrange and make easy-communication tool from them) and arranging the synergies with working group so that can promote engagement of civil society to CBD process. After COP10, to support strategic plan and 20 Aichi targets which was most important outcome and common global target about biodiversity in UN system, Japan Committee for IUCN are promoting Nijyu-maru Project which is a kind of campaign collecting commitment for contributing Aichi biodiversity targets and got 242 in commitment actions and from 178 organization. Key message People in host country of COP can easily access and influence to the global discussion on biodiversity through its preparation process. I would like to emphasize the benefit to engage it and importance of the role of natural sciences.

생물다양성협약과 핵심특징 1992년 채택된 생물다양성협약(이하 CBD)은 지구환경정 책에서 독특한 역할을 수행한다. 특정 종 또는 대상지의 목록 메커니즘을 가지고 있는 CITES(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, 멸종위기에 처한 야생동식물종의 국제거래에 관한 협약)와 람사르협약과 같은 자연보전협약과 비교했을 때 CBD는 지 구적, 지역적 그리고 지방 차원의 생물다양성에 관한 과제 및 우선순위를 설정하고 해결책을 토론하기 위한 기회를 제공한다. CBD의 독특성 중 하나는 광범위한 의제이다. CBD 당사 국총회는 자연보전정책, 토지이용계획(농업), 자연의 이용 (생태관광 및 자연과 자연의 이용에 관한 관행/전통 지식), 자연에 관한 과학·기술 문제(유전자변형종 및 유전자원의 이용)를 다루며 193개국 및 지역의 합의에 의해 결정을 내린다. CBD 과정에 참여하기 위한 일본시민사회의 전략 2010년 일본에서 열린 CBD 제10차 당사국총회를 위해 일본CBD시민네트워크 (Japan Civil Network for CBD, JCN-CBD)가 CBD 의 광범위한 의제에 대응하기 위해 만 들어졌으며 17개 워킹그룹이 조직되었다. 이 네트워크는 과 학자들의 지원을 받았다. 자연과학은 생물다양성에 대한 더 나은 이해와 적절한 주창 활동 및 과학에 기반한 커뮤니케 이션을 하는 것을 지원하였다. JCN-CBD는 정보센터로서 의 역할(수집, 통합, 조직 및 손쉬운 의사소통 도구 창출)과 워킹그룹과의 상승효과를 내는데 초점을 맞추었으며 이로 인해 CBD 과정에 시민사회 참여를 증진할 수 있었다. 제10 차 당사국총회 이후, 일본 IUCN 위원회는 가장 중요한 결 과이자 UN 시스템내 생물다양성에 관한 지구적 목표인 20 개의 아이치 목표와 전략계획을 지원하기 위해 ‘니쥬마루 프로젝트’(Nijyu-maru Project)를 알리고 있다. 이 프로젝트 는 아이치 생물다양성 목표에 기여하기 위한 헌신을 한데 모으는 일종의 캠페인으로서 현재 178개 기관으로부터 242 개의 헌신을 약속받았다. 핵심메세지 생물다양성 당사국총회 주최국 시민들은 준비과정을 통 해 보다 쉽게 생물다양성에 관한 지구적 토론에 접근하고 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본인은 이 자리에서 준비과정 참여의 이점과 자연과학역할의 중요성을 강조하고자 한다.

생물다양성은 ‘생태계 서비스’를 통해 기후변화의 ‘완화(mitigation)’과 ‘적응(adaptation)’에 중요한 기여를 하고 있다. 또한, 기후변화 와 생물다양성은 상호 밀접하게 연결되어 있는바, 기후변화는 생물다양성에 영향을 미치고, 생물다양성도 기후변화에 영향을 주는 것으로 보고 되고 있다. 생물다양성의 보전에 관한 포괄적 국제환경규범인 ‘생물다양성협약’에서는 생물다양성과 기후변화에 관한 많은 결정문을 채택하여 왔으며, 2001년부터 ‘생물다양성과 기후변화에 관한 특별기술전문가그룹’을 설치․운영하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 해양산성화(ocean acidification), 해양시비(ocean fertilization), 바이오연료 등 최근 생물다양성협약 당사국회의에서의 기후변화 관련 논의동향을 분석하고, 향후 우리나라의 대응방향을 고찰해 보았다.

Habitat heterogeneity can enhance biological diversity by providing variation in structural diversity. This paper reviewed heterogeneous habitat serves as a population stability and superior demographic performance (e.g., high density, survivorship, repro