Agarum clathratum (A. clathratum) is a marine brown algal species that belongs to the Costariaceae family and has antioxidant and anti-microbial properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of A. clathratum and the molecular mechanisms involved have not been determined so far. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of A. clathratum extracts in THP-1 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis. The THP-1 cells were differentiated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and treated with A. clathratum before LPS stimulation. Cell viability was assessed using the trypan blue exclusion assay. The expression of pro-inflammatory response-associated molecules was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. A. clathratum treatment inhibited the expression of interleukin-1β in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages without causing any cytotoxicity. The anti-inflammatory effect of A. clathratum resulted in a significant repression of the JNK/c-Jun signaling axis, a key regulator in inflammation responses. This study highlights the possible role of A. clathratum in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines via suppression of the JNK/c-Jun signaling axis and suggests that A. clathratum could serve as a marine-derived anti-inflammatory agent in periodontitis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of c-fos and c-jun expression in the odontogenic cysts. For this study, 20 subjects of odontoenic dysts: 8 subjects of keratocysts and 12 subjects of periodontal cysts referred to the Dept. of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, were used as experimental group, and 5 subjects of normal oral mucosa without any inflammatory changes. were used as control groups respectively. All the tissues of experimental and control group were fixed in neutral formalin solution and embedded in paraffin, serial tissue section were made 5㎛ in thickness and processed in the standard way for immunohistochemical method, using primary antibodies, for c-fos, c-jun was diluted at 1:100 each, followed by the super sensitive non-biotin horse radish peroxidase system with DAB as chromogen application, counter stained with Gill's hematoxylin stainmethod, mounted. And examined under the biologic microscope with the criteria of -(no epithelial stain), +(weak or focal epithelial stain), ++(moderate or focal intensive epithelial stain), +++(intense generalized epithelial staining) for the epithelial, and stromal tissues on each. Attained results as follows. In normal oral mucosa, it is noted that moderate positive responses in cytoplasm and nuclei to c-fos and c-jun protein on each.. In the responses to c-fos, c-jun protein, moderate positive responses in nuclei and cytoplasms of the epithelial lining in keratocysts and periodontal cysts, but more intense reaction is noted on the periodontal cyst compare to that on the keratocysts. In the responses to c-fos, c-jun, it is noted that more intense responses in odontogenic cyst compare to that in the oral mucosa. In the responses to c-fos and c-jun on submucoas of oral normal mucosa, focal epithelial stain was noted. and more intensive reaction was noted on the odontogenic cysts, most in periodontal cysts. This results suggests that c-fos and c-jun protein effected on the induction of development and growth of the cysts

1'he purpose 0 1' this study was to evaluate the ro1e of c• fos and c-jun expression in the salivary gland tumol‘ s , For this study‘ 11 s ubj ects of sali vary gland tumors ; 4 su이 ects of p1eomorphic adenomas, 3 s ubj ects of adenoid cystic car cinomas , 2 s ubjects of adenocar cinomas, 2 subjects of mucoepidermoid tumors, referred to the Dept, of Ora l Path College of Dentis t l'Y, Kyung Hee Univer sity, were used as experimental group, and 2 subj ect s of normal minor salivary gla nds without a ny infla mmator y changes, were used as control group respectively, All the tissues experimenta l and control group were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution and embedded in paraffin , serial ti ssue section were made 5 I1I1l in thickness a nd processed in the s t andard way for immunohistochemical method, using primary and secondar y a ntibodi es, for c-fos, c-jun, foll owed by the Streptavidin-Horse Radish Peroxidase, all BioGenex U,S,A, made, appli cat ion counter s t ained with Mayer's hematoxylin stain method, mounted And examined under the biologic mi croscope, with the criteria : -(no epitheli al s ta in), +(weak or focal epithelial stain), ++(moder a te or focal intensive epithelial sta in)‘ +++(intense generali zed epithelial staining) for the epithelial, and stromal ti ssues on each Attained results as follows : 1 1n nonna l minor saliva ry gla nds , it is noted that negative responses on the acini minimal res ponses in nucl ei and cytoplams of se rous demilun e, myoepi theli al cells, and intensive r esponses in nuclei and cytoplam of ducta l cells to c-fos and c-jun, 2 1n the res ponses to c-fos, positive responses in nuclei and cytoplasms of the lining cells o[ the ad e nαd tissues, e pidermoid, and mucous cells in mucoepidermoid tumors are noted and in other tumor tissuses, negative nuclei wi th pos itive cyto plasms are revealed 3 1n the responses to c- jun, it is noted that positive r es ponse in nuclei and cytolasm i n the cells of adenoid tissues in pl eomorphic adenoma, epidermoid cell s, mucous cell in mucoe pi dermoid tumor but in other tumor s, only positive responses in cytoplasm are noted, Intensive r esponses on c-fos‘ c-jun were noted on the high a typical cells 1'his results suggest that c-fos and c-jun may be affected t o the reactivation on growt h and development of the salivary gland tumors

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of c-fos and c-jun expression in the oral squamous cell carcinoma and ameloblastomas. For this study, 12 subjects diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma and 7 subjects of ameloblastomas referred to the Dept. of Oral Path. School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 2 subjects of normal oral mucosa without any inflammatory changes were used as experimental, control groups respectively. All the tissues ; experimental and control group were fixed in neutral formalin solution and embedded in paraffin, serial tissue section were made 5㎛ in thickness and processed in the standard way for immunohistochemical method, using primary and secondary antibodies, for c-fos (Anti-c-fos protein, rabbit polyclonal kit at 1:100 dilution), c-jun( anti-c-jun protein, rabbit polyclonal at 1:100 dilution), all BioGenex U.S.A. made, followed by the Streptavidin - Horse Radish Peroxidase(InnoGenex, Human-Avidin kit) application, counter stained with Mayer's hematoxylin stain method, mounted. And examined under the biologic microscope, with the criteria-(no epithelial stain), +(weak or focal epithelial stain), ++(moderate or focal intensive epithelial stain), +++(intense generalized epithelial staining) for the epithelial, and connective tissue component in squamous cell carcinomas, ameloblastomas and normal mucosal epithelium on each. Attained results as follows ; 1. In oral mucosa, c-fos and c-jun intensely expressed on the all cell layers except on the basal layer. Intense reaction is noted in the c-jun than in the c-fos. and a few cells with positive cytoplasm, negative nuclear are scattered in all layer. 2. The response to c-fos in ameloblastomas, is various according to the histological type, but intense resposes are nodted in nuclear and cytoplasm on the tall columnar cells at the periphery of the follicles compare to that on the stellate cells. 3. The respone to c-fos in squamous cell carcinoma, intense reaction is noted in cytoplasm and nuclei of the tumor cells in well differentiated, poorly differentiated type. 4. The response to c-jun in ameloblastoma, it is noted that moderate respone in nuclear and cytoplasm, at the tall columnar cells at the periphery of follicular or plexiform type but intense respone was notes on the columnar cells, and stellate cell in cytoplasm and nuclear of acanthomatous type. 5. The respon to c-jun in squamous cell carcinoma, it is noted that intensive responses only in cytoplasm in well differentiated type, but intensive responses in nuclei and cytoplasm in the poorly differentiated type are revealed. Intensive responses on c-fos, c-jun were noted on the high atypical cells. This results suggest that c-fos and c-jun may be affected to the reactivation on growth and development of the squamous cell carcinoma.