각기 다른 화합물들을 성유인제로 이용하는 3종 과수해충인 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta), 복숭아심식나방(Carposina sasakii), 복숭아명나방(Conogethes punctiferalis)을 대상으로 단일 성페로몬 미끼 방출제에 2종 혹은 3종의 성페로몬 미끼를 섞어 복숭아원과 사과원에서 유인력을 검정하였다. 복숭아원에서 실시된 복숭아순나방 유인에서 복숭아심식나방이 섞인 혼합미끼 트랩에서 유인력이 감소하였으나, 혼합미끼를 이용한 복숭아원에서의 성충밀도 변이는 단일미끼 트랩과 높은 상관성 보였다. 사과원에서는 복숭아순나방에 대한 혼합미끼의 유인력 감소는 관찰되지 않았다. 복숭아심식나방 유인은 복숭아원과 사과원 모두에서 혼합미끼의 유인력은 단독미끼의 유인력과 유의한 차이가 없었고, 복숭아원에서 단독미끼와 혼합미끼 사이의 성충 밀도 변이 양상도 상관성이 높았다. 복숭아명나방 유인에서는 포획수가 너무 적어 평가가 불가능하였다. 이상의 결과에서 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방 혼합미끼는 예찰에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 추정되었다.

Currently, Carposina sasakii (peach fruit moth) is considered economically important pest in organic jujube orchards. However, until now, research has not been conducted to control C. sasakii. The control period is very important for moth larvae to contact organic materials. Therefore, this study were conducted to determine when control using organic materials selected in 2017. In the method, parafin oil selected in 2017 was treated seven times at interval of seven days, and each treatment interval was seven days until 7th treatment. As a result, when the control started at the early to mid July, the control values were about 75%, and when the control started at late July to mid August, the control values were over 85%. However, when the control started after mid August, the control value was less than 30%. Therefore, in order to effectively control C. sasakii, control must be started by early August.

In recent years, not only the cultivation area of Jujube in Korea but also the number of pest species has increased.The farmers farming environmentally friendly are in great difficulty because there are no effective control materials. Thisstudy was conducted to investigate the control effect of the environment friendly materials on two pest species (Caposinasasakii and Spodoptera litura) in jujube orchard. As a result, Sophora extract and paraffin oil showed over 70% controlefficacy to the C. sasakii and Sophora extract show over 90% control efficacy to the S. litura. Therefore, Sophora extractand paraffin oil were thought to be a envionment friendly effctive materials in controlling the C. sasakii and S. litura.

Grapholita molesta occur four times a year and Carposina sasakii occur twice a year, and both pests do damage on stone fruits such as peach, apple, plum, apricot, etc. Grapholita molesta is worldwide distributed in temperate and subtropical areas including South Korea. But, Carposina sasakii distributed in South Korea, Japan, China and Asia, and has been managed as an important import quarantine pest by the authorities of United States, Canada and Taiwan. Forecasting of both pests in Korea is currently done through the investigation of 1,000 fruits per 10 trees (100 fruits / tree) in designated peach orchard. However, this method is very difficult to observe the pest by bagging of peach and require too much time and labor. Therefore, we tried to carry out a new forecasting method by using of sex pheromone traps for newly standardized method as an alternative. Using sex pheromone trap, attractiveness of G. molesta was proved to be 2.5 > 1.5 > 0.5 m by the height and the border => outside > center by the position. Attractiveness of C. sasakii made no difference in height, but, more trapped at the center and border than outside in position at peach orchard.

The establishment of insect population in certain region is affected by three major characteristics, the host spectrum, the phenological plasticity and the overwintering strategy. The geographical distribution of insect population is directly affected by their successful establishment in local environment, thus, in case of development of potential geographical distribution models, three major characteristics should be considered carefully. In this study, we developed geographical distribution model using CLIMEX system with well-known insect species, Carposina sasakii. Its geographical distribution is limited to northeast Asia including Korea, Japan, China and the Soviet Far East. C. sasakii overwinters as a full-grown larva within spherical and compactly woven larval-cocoons in the soil. We calculated Diapause Index (DI) then incorporated DI into CLIMEX system to simulate Ecoclimatic Index (EI), which stands for ability of establishment in a certain area for further studies of geographical distribution of insect populations which have overwintering strategy in their life history.

대추에 발생하고 있는 복숭아 심식나방에 대한 최적의 방제적기를 구명하기 위 한 기초 자료를 얻고자 2014년 보은지역 대추과원의 복숭아 심식나방 발생 현황을 조사하였다. 보은군 일원의 대추재배지 10개면 20곳에 성 페로몬 트랩을 활용하여 조사하였다. 트랩 설치시기는 5월 중순부터 9월 중순까지 15 ~ 20일 간격으로 설치 하였고, 성페로몬 루어는 2개월 간격으로 교체하면서 트랩에 유살된 개체수를 조 사하였다. 조사결과 보은지역 대추과원의 복숭아심식나방 성충 최초 발생 시기는 5월 하순 이었으며 7월 초순까지 증가하였다. 그 후 7월 중순부터 8월 초순까지 감소하다 8 월 초순부터 8월 하순까지 다시 증가하였다. 8월 하순 이후부터는 다시 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 최다 발생 시기는 7월 초순으로 농가 평균 22.4마리가 발생하였다. 비가림하우스 재배농가와 노지 재배농가의 복숭아심식나방 발생 양상을 비교 하였을 때 조사한 대추농가 대부분에서 복숭아심식나방이 발생하였고 발생 시기 및 패턴도 유사한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 최초 발생 시기는 재배환경별 모두 5월 하 순경이었으나 이시기에 비가림하우스 재배농가에서 성페로몬 트랩에 잡힌 포획량 이 평균 6.7마리로 노지재배농가 평균 포획량 0.6마리보다 높게 나타났다.

보은지역 무농약재배 대추과원의 복숭아심식나방에 대한 교미교란제 처리에 대한 시기별 방제효과를 간접적으로 알아보기 위해 시험을 수행하였다. 교미교란 제 설치시기는 복숭아심식나방 최초 발생 전인 5월 하순과 다발생 시점인 7월 중순 으로, 각각 3농가씩 설치하였으며 성페르몬 트랩을 설치하여 교미교란제를 설치하 지 않은 관행농가와 트랩에 유인 된 개체수의 차이를 조사하였다. 성페로몬트랩은 5월 중순에서 9월 중순까지 15 ~ 20일 간격으로 조사하였다.. 조사결과 무농약재배 대추과원의 복숭아심식나방 성충 최초 발생시기는 5월 하 순경으로 확인되었으며 관행재배농가와 발생시기가 같은 것으로 나타났다. 관행 재배농가에서 복숭아심식나방은 5월 하순부터 9월 중순까지 발생하였으며 7월과 8월이 다발생기로 연 2회 발생하는 것으로 보였다. 교미교란제 처리시기별 무농약 재배 대추과원의 성페로몬에 유살된 개체수를 비교하였을 때 최초발생시기인 5월 에 설치한 농가에서는 설치기인 5월에 평균 4마리가 유살되었고, 교미교란제 설치 후부터 9월 중순까지 발생이 없었다. 다발생기인 7월 중순에 설치한 농가에서는 교 미교란제를 설치하기 전 인 7월에 평균 15.7, 15.3마리가 유살되었고, 교미교란제 설치후에는 9월 중순까지 발생을 보이지 않았다. 무농약재배 대추과원의 교미교란제처리가 복숭아심식나방 방제에 효과가 우수 한 것으로 조사되었으나 이는 성페로몬 트랩에 유살된 개체수를 비교하여 교미교 란효과를 간접적으로 평가한 것이므로 추후 피해 신초율, 피해과율 조사 등 추가적 인 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방의 방제를 위해 교미교란제 MD-IKR (Isomate-KR)과 MD-CR (Confuser-R)의 효과를 무농약 유기재배 사과원에서 평가하였고 관행방제 사과원과 비교하였다. 2011년 칠곡지역의 복숭아순나방에 대한 두 종의 교미교란제에 대한 교미저해율은 99.8%였고, 상대적으로 청송지역의 교미저해율이 각각 99.8과 92.8%로 칠곡지역과 차이가 있었다. 2012년 칠곡지역의 교미저해율은 각각 92.4와 96.7%였다. 청송지역에서 교미저해율은 99.6%로 가장 높은 교미저해율을 보였다. 2011년 2012년의 복숭아심식나방에 대한 교미저해율은 두 교미교란제 모두 100%로 높게 나타났다. 두 교미교란제는 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방이 방제효과에 대하여 무방제구 대비 방제효과가 월등하였고, 관행방제와 비교했을 때 통계적으로 유의성 없이 방제효과가 대등하였다. 두 종의 교미교란제와 관행재배구의 새순과 과실피해율은 무방제구 대비 유의성있는 방제효과를 보였다. 두 종의 교미교란제 간에는 효력의 차이가 없어 MD-IKR이 MD-CR을 충분히 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

경북의 자두 주요 생산지인 경산시와 의성군내 8개의 자두과원을 선정하여, 2010년과 2011년에 주요 심식나방류인 복숭아순나방, 복숭아순나방붙이, 복숭아심식나방의 발생상을 성페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 조사하였다. 또한 경산지역에서는 과수원 내부와 외부에서 포획된 개체수 자료를 이용하여 내외부 발생량을 비교하였다. 경산에서 복숭아순나방과 복숭아순나방붙이 발생은 의성보다 약 1주일 정도 빠르게 나타났다. 복숭아순나방은 3월 하순에 발생을 시작하여, 4월 하순 최성기를 이루었으며, 이후 세대는 6월 중순, 7월 중순, 8월 중순에 성충 최성기를 보였다. 반면 복숭아심식나방은 두 지역간의 차이가 없었으며, 6월 상순에 발생을 시작하여 9월 중순까지 2-3회의 발생 최성기를 보였다. 복숭아심식나방의 경우 2010년은 전형적인 2회 최성기를 보였으나 2011년에는 3회 최성기를 보였다. 연간 복숭아순나방, 복숭아순나방붙이, 복숭아심식나방의 발생량비는 경산지역에서 63-47:16-35:20-18%였고, 의성지역은 51-46:18-13:31-36%로 나타났다. 복숭아순나방과 복숭아순나방붙이의 경우 과수원 내부와 외부에서 포획량의 차이는 없었다.

Grapholita molesta, G. dimorpha and C. sasakii as “internal feeders” are important apple pests in Korea. Three species overwinters around and in apple orchards. New young larvae of three species bore into new shoots or fruits and then feed inside apple. When mature larvae escape from fruits they make holes that reduces the commercial value of fruit. Therefore, understanding the phenological distribution of three species is critical to establish the precise management system for reducing three species population. The study was conducted to investigate the adult emergence of G. molesta, G. dimorpha and C. sasakii using pheromone traps and to forecast the cumulative proportion of each population. This study is second part of consecutive experiment. Data collection was carried out on three commercial apple orchards and one experimental orchard of Giran in 2010 and 2011. The experimental process was same in the study of plum. More than 50% of G. molesta male was occurred in spring season (within 500 degree-days), 2010 and 2011. The adult emergence of G. dimorpha and C. sasakii was linear and sigmoidal pattern in each year. The phenology of C. sasakii was explained well by nonlinear functions and the equation 3, 6, 8 and 11 were selected based on AICc and BIC. The selected equations were validated by the data of present year (2011) in each region. The performance of G. molesta and G. dimorpha was analyzed well by bimodal functions. The importance of phenological model is discussed to develop and maintain a more precise system for multiple pest management on apple orchard.

The study was conducted to investigate the phenological distribution of G. molesta, G. dimorpha and C. sasakii and to estimate the emergence timing of three species in plum orchards. It was known that G. molesta and G. dimorpha are a multi-voltine insect and C. sasakii has one to two generations depending on temperature and geographic location. Three species damage to many economically important fruit tree such as plum, pear, peach and apple. The main emergence time of each species is different depending on host plant and environmental conditions, specially temperature. Therefore, if we have the information of population density and low temperature threshold of a species and air mean temperature of a region in previous year we can predict the phenology of a species in present year. This is one part of consecutive research. Data collection was carried out in seven plum-growing commercial orchards of Uiseong in 2010 and 2011. The commercial pheromone monitoring traps (GreenAgroTech) were used to investigate the flight phenology of three speices. The record of temperature was received from meteorological center close to monitoring orchards. The relationships between degree-day accumulated above the low temperature threshold and cumulative proportion of accumulated moth caught of previous year was used to predict the phenology of three species in present year. The results of G. molesta and G. dimorpha estimated by bimodal functions were better than those analyzed by nonlinear functions. The phenology of C. sasakii was analyzed well by nonlinear function and the equation 3, 6, 8 and 11 were selected based on AICc and BIC. The selected equations were validated in each orchard.

As an environment-friendly phytosanitary measure, CATTS (controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system) has been developed to kill several quarantine insect pests infesting subtropical agricultural commodities. This study tested any possibility to apply CATTS to apples to effectively eliminate the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii, which has been regarded as a quarantine insect from the imported countries. When the larvae of C. sasakii were directly exposed to 46℃ (an installed lethal temperature of CATTS), they showed a median lethal time at 14.66 min. Addition of high carbon dioxide to the temperature treatment enhanced the thermal limit susceptibility of C. sasakii to 46℃. The larvae internally infesting apples were tested using this CATTS device and showed 100% lethality after 60 min exposure to a treatment of 46℃ under 15% CO2 in the chamber. This study suggests a possibility that CATTS can be applied as a quarantine measure to kill the larvae of C. sasakii locating inside the apples. To understand the CATTS effect, a heat shock protein was cloned. Hsp90 was partially sequenced and showed its expression in response to heat treatment. CATTS was likely to suppress hsp90 expression.

As an environment-friendly phytosanitary measure, CATTS (controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system) has been developed to kill several quarantine insect pests infesting subtropical agricultural commodities. This study tested any possibility to apply CATTS to apples to effectively eliminate the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii, which has been regarded as a quarantine insect from the imported countries. When the larvae of C. sasakii were directly exposed to 46℃ (an installed lethal temperature of CATTS), they showed a median lethal time at 14.66 min. Addition of high carbon dioxide to the temperature treatment enhanced the thermal limit susceptibility of C. sasakii to 46℃. CATTS device was constructed to automatically control CO₂ concentration and temperature with real-time monitoring both in the chamber and in the fruit. The larvae internally infesting apples were tested using the CATTS device and showed 100% lethality after 60 min exposure to a treatment of 46℃ under 15% CO₂ in the chamber. Relatively long exposure may be due to the deviation between the ramping temperature (0.35℃/min) of the chamber and the ramping temperature (0.12-0.23℃/min) inside apple fruit, where the tested larvae were located. This study suggests a possibility that CATTS can be applied as a quarantine measure to kill the larvae of C. sasakii locating inside the apples.

Two fruit moths of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), and the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii (Matsumura), infest apples in Korea by internally feeding behavior. C. sasakii is a quarantine insect pest from some other countries importing Korean apples. G. molesta is not a quarantine insect pest, but can be incorrectly identified as C. sasakii especially when it is found inside apple fruits at its larval stages because it is not easy to identify the two species by morphological characters alone. This incomplete identification results in massive economical loss by fruits needlessly destroyed or turned away at border inspection stations of the importing nations. This difficulty can be overcome by molecular DNA markers. Several polymorphic regions of mitochondrial DNA of both species were sequenced and used for developing specific restriction sites and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Based on these sequences, three diagnostic PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites were detected and validated for their practical uses. Also, species-specific PCR primers were devised to develop diagnostic PCR method for identifying the internal feeders.