Recently, high-rise residential buildings in Korea have adopted slender shear walls with irregular section shapes, such as T-shape, H-shape, and C-shape. In the seismic design of the slender shear walls, the transverse reinforcement for lateral confinement should be provided in the boundary elements to increase deformation capacity and subsequent ductility. However, in practice, the irregularity of the shear walls is not adequately considered, and the lateral confinement region is calculated for the rectangular wall segments. This study investigated the proper design method for lateral confinement regions using finite element analysis. The lateral confinement region was considered in analysis for two cases: 1) as a typical rectangular wall segment and 2) as an irregular wall. When the irregularity of the walls was considered, the compression zone depth was increased because the vertical reinforcement in the flange was addressed. The effect of lateral confinement design methods on the structural performance of the walls was directly compared under various design parameters, including the length of the flange, concrete compressive strength, vertical rebar layout, axial load ratio, and loading direction. According to the results of the parametric analysis, the peak strength and deformation capacity could be significantly increased when the lateral confinement region was calculated based on irregularly shaped walls, regardless of the design parameters. In addition, the effective compression zone was located within the lateral confinement region. Thus, it is recommended that the lateral confinement region of T-shaped walls is calculated by addressing the irregularity of the walls.

셀프-프리스트레싱을 적용할 수 있는 철계-형상기억합금을 콘크리트 기둥에 적용하기 위한 연구가 일부 연구자들에 의해 수행되었으며, 이러한 철계-형상기억합금의 사용으로 셀프-프리스트레싱을 통 한 구속 효과가 입증되었다. 그러나 셀프-프리스트레싱을 통한 구속 효과를 정량적으로 규명하기 위 한 연구는 비교적 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 철계-형상기억합금으로 프리스트레싱된 콘 크리트의 일축압축 거동을 규명하기 위한 해석적 연구를 수행하였다. 철계-형상기억합금 나선철근으로 구속된 콘크리트의 일축압축 거동을 예측하기 위해 파괴에너지에 기반한 응력-변형률 모델이 제안되 었다. 파괴에너지는 콘크리트 내부 변형률 게이지가 부착된 아크릴 바를 통해 측정되었다. 실험 변수 로 철계-형상기억합금 나선철근의 간격, 활성화 온도, 콘크리트 압축강도가 고려되었다. 파괴에너지는 나선철근의 간격이 감소됨에 따라 증가하였으며, 활성화 온도가 증가됨에 따라 감소되는 것으로 확이 되었다. 또한, 파괴에너지에 기반한 응력-변형률 모델은 철계-형상기억합금 나선철근으로 구속된 콘크 리트의 일축압축 거동을 비교적 유사하게 예측할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Since the time to consider when evaluating leakage of spent fuel dry storage systems is very long, assumptions that continue to leak at the initial leakage rate are too conservative. Therefore, this study developed a dynamic methodology to calculate the change in leakage rate using time-varying variables and apply it to calculate the amount of radioactive leakage during the evaluation period. The developed dynamic methodology was then applied to calculate the leakage radiation source term for a hypothetical dry storage system and used to perform a public dose assessment. When applying the developed dynamic leakage rate evaluation methodology for more accurate confinement evaluation in case of containment damage of dry storage system, it was found that the change of leak rate with time is very insignificant if the hole diameter is small enough, and the leak rate decreases rapidly with time when a hole with a certain diameter or larger occurs. In the case of the accident condition, except when the hole is very large, it corresponds to the chocked flow condition, and the leak rate decreases rapidly as soon as the internal pressure is sufficiently lowered to enter the molecular and continuum flow region. In the case of a small hole diameter, the leakage volume is very small, so even if the dynamic methodology is applied, the evaluation results are not different from the case where the initial leakage rate continues, and when the hole diameter exceeds a certain value, the internal pressure drops according to the leakage volume, and the leakage rate decreases significantly. As a result of evaluating the dose to residents by applying the calculated radiation source term, it was confirmed that the dose criteria was exceeded when a hole with a diameter of about 4 μm occurred under off-normal conditions, and the dose standard was exceeded under accident conditions when a chocked flow occurred between the diameter of the hole and 2-3 μm, resulting in a rapid increase in the dose. The results of this study are expected to contribute to a more accurate evaluation of the confinement performance of storage systems, which will contribute to the design of optimal dry storage systems.

In order to construct and operate the dry storage systems, it is essential to confirm the safety of the systems through safety analysis. If the dry storage cask is damaged due to an accident, a large amount of radioactive material may be leaked to the outside and cause radiation exposure to surrounding workers and nearby public, so the effect thereof should be evaluated. Many input parameter are required in the confinement evaluation for accident condition, and in this study, the change in the confinement evaluation result according to the change of major input parameter is to be studied. In this study, we selected fractions of radioactive materials available for release from spent fuel, cooling time, and distance to exclusive area boundary as the major input parameter. In general, the release fraction suggested by NUREG-1536 has been used, but NUREG-2224 provides the fraction for high burn-up spent fuel in fire and impact accident conditions, unlike NUREG-1536 which provide a single value. In the case of the distance to exclusive area boundary, 100 to 800 m was considered, and in the case of the cooling time, 10 to 50 years was considered in this study. In order to compare the dose change by the parameter, we set up the hypothetical storage system. A storage cask of the system contain 21 PWR spent fuel assemblies with an initial enrichment of 4.5wt%, burnup of 45,000 MWD/MTU. During the accident condition, it is assumed that the cask is leaked at 1.0×10−7cm3·sec−1. Since the main dose criterion for accident conditions is 50 mSv of effective dose, effective doses are calculated in this study. In an accident condition, transuranic particulate contribute most of the doses, so the doses are determined according to the fraction for the particulate. Therefore, it was confirmed that the dose was almost the same as the fraction for the accident conditions in NUREG-1536 and the fraction for the impact accident conditions in NUREG-2224 is 3×10−5, but the dose was also 100 times higher as the fraction for the fire accident conditions in NUREG-2224 is 3×10−3. In the case of the cooling time, it was confirmed that the dose change according to the cooling time was not significant because the dose contribution of transuranic elements having very long half-life was very large. In the case of the distance, it was confirmed that the dose decreased exponentially as the atmospheric dispersion factor decreased exponentially with the distance.

Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals, due to their high absorption coefficient, high diffusion length, and photoluminescence quantum yield, have received significant attention in the fields of optoelectronic applications such as highly efficient photovoltaic cells and narrow-line-width light emitting diodes. Their energy band structure can be controlled via chemical exchange of the halide anion or monovalent cations in the perovskite nanocrystals. Recently, it has been demonstrated that chemical exfoliation of the halide perovskite crystal structure can be achieved by addition of organic ligands such as noctylamine during the synthetic process. In this study, we systematically investigated the quantum confinement effect of methylammonium lead bromide (CH3NH3PbBr3, MAPbBr3) nanocrystals by precise control of the crystal thickness via chemical exfoliation using n-octylammonium bromide (OABr). We found that the crystalline thickness consistently decreases with increasing amounts of OABr, which has a larger ionic radius than that of CH3NH3 + ions. In particular, a significant quantum confinement effect is observed when the amounts of OABr are higher than 60 %, which exhibited a blue-shifted PL emission (~ 100 nm) as well as an increase of energy bandgap (~ 1.53 eV).

한 젊은 여인에 대한 사랑으로 복잡해지는 예이츠의 중기 시는 나이 들어감에 대해 미묘한 반응을 보인다. 예이츠는 나이의 속박에서 풀려나는 젊음과 열정의 세계를 갈구한다. 반면에 그는 노년과 전통적인 노년에 대한 생각들에 영향을 받는 한 계도 포괄적으로 인식한다. 이 두 상충하는 목소리는 똑같이 강하며 노년기의 시에서 공개적인 저항과 투쟁으로 발전하여 시들 속의 긴장감을 만들어낸다.

Concrete-Filled Tube (CFT) has been used as a column of building and bride pier. CFT member consists of outer steel tube and in-filled concrete. Since the concrete is under tri-axial stress state by outer steel tube, the strength and deformation capacity of the in-filled concrete increases. This is called confinement effect of CFT. To simulate this confinement effect, modified stress-strain relationship of the in-filled concrete is generally used. However this approach is not a direct method to simulate the confinement effect, and more novel simulation technic is needed for in-depth understanding of the confinement effect. In this study, direct method for simulating the confinement effect of CFT was proposed, where the modified strain-stress relationship was not used. From the results, the proposed method agrees well with the test results.

The passenger airline industry is worth $623 billion, transporting around 3,530 million passengers a year (IATA, 2015). Although useful, most prior research focuses only on specific situations and on a minority of passengers, and takes a producercentric view which conceptualizes consumers as the target of airline activities (Reisinger and Movondo, 2005, Wangenheim and Bayón, 2007, Folkes et al., 1987, Bejou and Palmer, 1998). Instead, we focus on a characteristic of airline travel that affects all airline consumers: confinement. Airline consumers are often confronted with restrictions in terms of space and activity which can lead to discomfort, frustration, dissatisfaction, and reduced well-being. The objectives of this study are therefore to: 1) Define the concept of consumer confinement, 2) Develop a model showing how the problems faced in confined contexts, solution strategies used to deal with these, moderators and outcomes are related, 3) Show how confined airline experiences can be managed more effectively to improve consumer and company outcomes. In understanding how companies and consumers play a role in avoiding and reducing these, we investigate how consumers become problem solvers and deal with confinement using a thematic analysis of blogs and forums. Our study shows that long-haul travellers face a wide range of problems and have developed inventive, personalized solution strategies to address these. We also develop a conceptual model which identifies the problems faced by consumers such as boredom and not looking good; moderators such as propensity to plan and claustrophobia; potential confinement solution strategies consumers and companies can action, such as talking with other passengers and watching movies; and how these may affect company and consumer outcomes such consumer emotions, satisfaction and loyalty. The paper contributes to theory development in marketing by conceptualizing confinement, which has received very limited attention in prior work (see Chen, Gerstner, and Yinghui, 2009 for an exception). Second, we build on prior work on negative service experiences, such as the effect of overbooking service capacity (Wangenheim and Bayón, 2007) and service failure (Folkes, Koletsky, and Graham, 1987) that took a more producer-centric view, conceptualizing consumers as the recipient of the company’s activities. We extend and go beyond this work by showing that consumers are actually active co-solvers of their consumption experience problems (Prahalad and Ramaswamy, 2004). Third, our conceptual model provides theoretical relationships between confinement and company as well as consumer outcomes such as satisfaction, emotions and loyalty to show how effective strategies are used to help consumers reduce the problems caused by confined situations. Fourthwe contribute to an understanding of the boundary conditions of when strategies work by showing that in particular, individual differences such as fear of flying could have an effect on the effectiveness of strategies. Fifth, we complement the travel medicine and the general travel literature which has researched travel risk and anxiety (Reisinger and Movondo, 2005) and physical health problems resulting from flying phobias (McIntosh et al., 1998), with a focus on the more common problems and strategies used by the large majority of long-haul flyers to occupy time and improve emotional well-being. We conclude with suggestions for further research.

This paper addresses the effect of dopants on the electronic properties of zigzag (8, 0) semiconducting single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), using extended Hückel theory combined with nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism. Through appropriate dopant concentrations, the electronic properties of SWCNTs can be modified. Within this context, we present our ongoing investigation on (8, 0) SWCNTs doped with nitrogen. Quantum confinement effects on the electronic properties of the SWCNTs have also been investigated. The obtained results reveal that the electronic properties of SWCNTs are strongly dependent on the dopant concentration and modification of electronic structures by hydrogen confinement.

국가 주도로 2009년부터 개발중인 경수로 사용후핵연료 건식저장시스템은 금속 겸용용기와 콘크리트 저장용기의 두 가지 방식이다. 국외 건식저장시설 운영 시 주요 격납감시 방안으로는 금속 겸용용기인 경우 이중 뚜껑 사이에 압력센서를 설치 하여 실시간 압력변화를 감시하는 방법이 있고 콘크리트 저장용기의 경우는 캐니스터 기반으로 주요 격납 경계인 뚜껑을 이중으로 용접하는 방식으로 구조물(over pack 또는 module)의 공기 유로인 입구 및 출구에 대한 온도 변화를 감시하는 방 법으로 격납을 관리하는 것으로 나타났다. 미국, 독일 등 30 년 이상 안정적으로 저장시설을 관리한 국가의 다양한 적용기 술 및 운영사례를 조사/분석하여 우리가 개발중인 저장시스템에 적용할 수 있는 격납감시 방안을 도출하는데 활용할 수 있 도록 하였다.

이 연구의 목적은 중공원형 철근콘크리트 교각의 횡방향철근에 따른 지진거동을 파악하고 합리적이면서 경제적인 내진 설계기준의 개발을 위한 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 3개의 중공원형 교각 실험체에 일정 축하중 하에서 횡방향 반복하중을 가하는 준정적실험을 수행하였다. 정확하고 올바른 성능평가를 위하여 신뢰성 있는 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램을 사용하였다. 이용된 해석기법은조사된 실험체에 대하여 하중단계에 따라 내진성능을 비교적 정확하게 예측하였다. 실험적, 해석적 결과로부터 중공원형 철근콘크리트교각의 설계와 시공 실무를 향상하기 위한 내진상세를 제시하였다.

In order to investigate the confinement behavior of reinforced concrete columns using high strength materials, we performed loading tests on the columns with different combinations of reinforcement strength. Base on the test results together with previous studies, the confinement capacity of high strength reinforced concrete column was evaluated and the adequacy of the confinement design equation in the KCI code was discussed. As a result, it is found that the energy dissipation capacity increases as the yield strength increases.

The hoop bars confining the longitudinal reinforcement increase the strength and ductility of the column. The enhancement effects on the strength and ductility of the RC columns with rectangular cross section are represented differently depending on the degree of hoop bars reinforcement. A theoretical studies were performed using the previous equations proposed by earlier researchers. As the results of this theoretical studies, the yield strength bar and the vertical space of hoop bars are the most influenced in the strength and ductility of the columns. A square RC column than a rectangular RC column was found to receive a larger impact on the strength and ductility effect.

Transverse reinforcement in reinforced concrete column can improve strength and ductility by confining column to expend laterally. The effects of enhancement of strength and ductility depend on the degree of confinement on transverse reinforcement. The theoretical equations about confinement effects of reinforcement concrete column were proposed by earlier investigators. In this study, it was identify the factor for significant impact on reinforced concrete circle column based on early models, and Parameter studies was carried out by each factor. Parameter studies decide the major variables for vertical interval and yield strength of transverse reinforcement, compressive strength of concrete, and sectional area. In Parameter study results, it was identify that vertical interval of transverse reinforcement is significant impact on the strength and ductility.

본 연구에서는 FRP로 보강된 장방형 철근콘크리트 기둥의 구속효과에 미치는 형상계수의 영향력 평가를 수행하였다. Lam and Teng의 연구결과를 바탕으로, FRP 종류를 구분하고, 단면형태에 따라 총 150여개의 철근콘크리트 기둥 실험 데이터를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 단면의 형상계수가 구속효과에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, FRP로 보강된 장방형 철근콘크리트 기둥은 보강되지 않은 철근콘크리트기둥에 비하여 구속효과가 28%에서 67%까지 증가되는 결과를 나타냈다. 또한, 정방형 형태는 장방형 형태에 비하여 약 20% 정도 증가되는 구속효과가 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. 현재 FRP 보강에 대한 구속효과 산정식은 매우 복잡한 형태를 보이고 있으며, 실무에 적용하기 어려운 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 분석한 결과를 이용하여, 간단한 구속효과 산정식을 제안하였다.

KCI 2012 and ACI318-11 contains development length provisions for the use of headed deformed bars in tension and does not allow their tension lap splices. In ACI318-11, the confinement factor, such as transverse reinforcement factor, is not used to calculate the development length of headed bars. The purpose of this experimental study is to evaluate the effect of confinement details to the lap splice performance of headed deformed reinforcing bars in grade SD400 and SD500. The confinement details are stirrups and tie-down bars in lap zone. Test results showed that specimens with only stirrups had the brittle failure and could not increase lap strengths, and that specimens with composite confinements by stirrups and tie-down bars had the flexural strengths over than nominal flexural strengths. Stirrups with tie-down bars can have an effect on improvement in lap splice of headed bars in grade SD400 and SD500.