This study aims to distinguish between various Ethiopian durum wheat varieties based on their genetic identity using chemical and morphological characterization of seeds. Combinatorial employment of five chemical tests on seeds showed marked qualitative variation among the test varieties, with high discriminatory potential noted for the standard phenol test, followed by the modified phenol and iodide tests. The modified phenol test was instrumental in further discriminating between the varieties that were not identified using the standard phenol test. Unlike the iodide and phenol tests, the NaOH and KOH tests did not show significant variation among the varieties. These results underscore the efficacy of phenol and iodide tests in differentiating between durum wheat varieties. Although the morphological traits were advantageous in seed characterization, they lacked discriminatory power compared with that of the chemical tests. This study concludes that a single test is inadequate for varietal discrimination; rather, a combination of chemical tests can augment the discriminatory potential.

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) is a global staple food crops. However, saline soil reduces the production of durum wheat in a lot of countries including Tunisia. This problem would be more severe as soil salinization ascribed by the global climate changes and worldwide water deficiencies. To overcome this circumstance, we performed two experiments related to salinity stress tolerance of durum wheat. Two Tunisian durum wheat cultivars (‘Om Rabia’, ‘Mahmoudi’) were applied to examine the reaction to salt stress. At the third leaf stage, salt stress was treated by submerging the pots into 500 mM NaCl for 5 mins everyday instead of irrigation in greenhouse. The treatment was applied for 1 week and their tolerances to salt stress were determined by comparing their growth parameters to the control plants. Total RNA was extracted and Quantitative reverse transcript PCR (qRT-PCR) using the genes linked with the salt tolerance was performed. The plant height and leaf chlorophyll content were reduced during salt stress treatment in both cultivars. The growth parameters of ‘Om Rabia’ was reduced less than that of ‘Mahmoudi’. The transcription level of the genes linked with the salt tolerance was greater in ‘Om Rabia’ than in ‘Mahmoudi’. These results will be fruitful to future breeding program for salt tolerant tetraploid durum wheat.

Soil salinity limits crop productivity in many regions. This problem would be more serious as the global climate changes and worldwide water shortages would accelerate soil salinization. This study is fulfilled with aim on resolve crop cultivation in dry/saline land as an international joint research project with Tunisia. Total 48 lines of wheat cultivars including 32 common wheat (16 Korean wheat, 16 Tunisian common wheat) and 16 Tunisian durum wheat were incorporated in this study. Salt stress was applied for 2 weeks by submerging the pots into 500 mM NaCl at 3-leaf stage followed by re-watering for restoration in greenhouse. Numerous agronomic/growth parameters were scored for tolerence. SSR primers that have been known to be related to salt tolerance were applied to explain selected population. The correlation between PCR-based length polymorphism of selected lines and their resistance were evaluated. The obtained information will aid selection for salt tolerance hexa/tetraploid wheats. Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2012K1A3A1A09028123) and carried out with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project title: Development of high yielding wheat with stress tolerance via molecular breeding strategies, Project No. PJ008031)”, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.

Drought tolerance is the ability of a plant to live, grow, and reproduce properly with limited water supply or under periodic conditions of water deficit. However, the climate changes and worldwide water shortages would result in the loss of applied water to irrigated land, increasing soil water deficit. To control the situation, we have carried out the international joint research project for the aim of developing that drought tolerance common wheat and durum wheat in Korea and Tunisia. Total 79 (41 common wheat, 39 durum wheat) Tunisian lines and 33 Korean wheat cultivars were incorporated in this study. Drought stress was applied for 25 days of stopping irrigation from the 3-leaf stage followed by re-watering for restoration in greenhouse. We selected top 13 (5 Korean line, 8 Tunisian line) tolerant lines and 11 (5 Korean, 6 Tunisian) susceptible lines based on growth parameter analysis. Primers (Operon primers and wheat Dreb1 gene) that have been known to be related drought resistance were applied to explain selected population. The correlation between PCR-based length polymorphism of selected lines and their resistance were evaluated. The obtained primer information will aid selection for drought tolerance durum as well as hexaploid common wheat.

Test plants with 10 days old primary leaves were indouclated by shaking infected seedlings with sporulating colonies over them in an inoculation room under the conditions of 20±1 ℃ with constant illumination of 2.500 lux and 100% realtive humidity. A seeding reaction of 4 days after inoculation appreared in the trisomic types as opposed to Tri-5B line had been symtoms of a fungus 3 days after inoculation. The infection types of 8 days after inoculation were recognized with higher susceptibility to each trisomics in A genomie than B-genome. Tri-2A line showed less condium and there appeared symptoms of a conditions of mottle and formed papilla, and haustorium was not formed. However, Tri-5B line had much condium one overall leaves and showed a symtom like necrosis compared with normal plant. Moreover, Tri-5B line showed high sensitivity and high germination number of condium. These results inferred that resistant gene located on 2A chromosome and susceptibility gene is located on the chromosome 5B.

듀럼밀(Triticum durum var. hordeiforme 2n=28 AABB)에서 trisomics(2n=28＋1)을 육성하여 외부형태적 형질에 발현되는 양적효과를 조사하였다. Trisomics은 각각의 잉여염색체에 존재하는 유전자의 상호작용에 의해서 외부형태적 형질에 정상식물과 명백히 상이한 양적효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 A및 B의 양 genome에 속하는 동조염색체간에는 서로 유사한 특성을 나타내어 상호 구별짓기가 매우 어려웠다. 이와 같은 현상으로 부터 몇몇의 외부형질에 관여하는 주동유전자의 염색체위치는 동조염색체상에 존재하고 있음이 시사되었으며, 이들은 같은 역할을 하는 동조유전자인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 듀럼밀의 동조성 및 연관군이 동시에 해명된 것으로 보여지며, 본 trisomics은 밀속의 A및 B genome의 각각의 염색체에 관한 유전분석 및 유전자지도 작성을 위한 연구재료로서 유익할 것이다. 또한 빵밀(Triticum aesitivum AABBDD)의 선조종인 듀럼밀(T. durum AABB)과 타루호밀(T. squarrosa DD)의 진화과정 및 비교유전분석상 매우 중요한 소재로서 이용될 것이다.

맥각병운 맥류의 중요 병해로 이삭에 발생해서 종자형성을 저해하고, 이삭의 성숙정도에 따라서 종자보다 훨씬 큰 맥각을 형성하는병해이다. 따라서 마카로니밀의 trisomics을 이용하여 맥각병에 대한 라병정도와 염색체와의 관계를 구명하기 위하여, 출수 2~3일전의 이삭에 접종하였다. 1)개화직전의 소화에 맥각병의 분생포자액을 주입접한한 결과, 각 계통별로 90.0%~100.0%의 감염률을 나타냈고, 11.6%(Tri-6A)~83.4%(Tri-4A)의 균핵(맥각) 형성률을 보여, 완전한 면역성계통은 존재하지 않았다. 2)개화중인 소화에 분\ulcorner접종한 결과, 0%(Tri-6A)~83.4%(Tri-3A)의 맥각형성률를 나타내어, 주사접종에 비해 저하하는 현상을 보였다. 3)맥가의 성장상에 관해서 조사하였더니, 6A 염색체가 여분으로 존재하는 trisomics에서는 영외까지 성장한 맥각은 전혀 인정되지 않았다. 따라서 6A 염색체상에는 맥각에 생장을 억제하는 유전자가 존재하는것으로 추정되었다. 따라서 이 계통은 맥각병에 대한 내병성 밀육종에 도움이 될 것이다. 4) 2A, 4A 및 7B 염색체를 여분으로 갖고 있는 trisomics에서는 비교적 큰 맥각을 형성하여 2A, 4A 및 7B염색체상에는 맥각의 생장촉진 조절유전자가 위치하고 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 따라서 이것으리 3계통은 약용맥각생산용의 밀육종에 기초적 역할을 다할 것이다. 5) 이와같이 맥각병의 리병정도에 관흥하는 유전자가 염색체상에 존재하고 있는 것이 확실하게 밝혀졌다. 그러나 맥각병은 감염해서부터 발병할 때까지는 많은 일수를 필요로 하는 특미를 가지고 있으므로, 맥각병에 대한 본질적인 저항성 및 리병성 유전자라기 보다도 식물생육과정에서 병원균의 발병(발육)을 조절하는 생리적작용에 관계하고 있는 유전자의 역할이라고 은료되었다.

A combination of acerocarininc-Wright C-banding technique was utilized to identify each chromosomes in durum wheat ,Triticum durum var. Hordeiforme (2n=4x=28 AABB), This technique elucidated qualitativr and quantitative traits of the indi-vidual chromosomes In coinplement. Most comspicuous bands were observed at thecentromere of B-genome chronmosomes. Each chromosomes of A-genome had some-what weak centromeric, proximal and terminal bands. Chromosomes 2A and 4A hasa small subterminal bands. 6A is smallest and metacentric chromosome and , has two faint interstitial band. Chromosomes 1B and 6B showed satellite and constriction lage band. Short arm of 3B has three heavily interstitial bands. Both arms of chromosome 4B has a lagc centromeric band and a very lage proximal band. 5B had heavilycentromeric band and the long arm showed prominent two interstitial bands. Chromo-somes 25 and 7B has a small terminal band of both arms.