Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a species that has devastated the United States and Canada. It is known to play a role in destroying the ecosystem. In this study, the domestic distribution of garlic mustard was confirmed and a detailed distribution map was created for the Samcheok region, where the largest population has been established in South Korea. This study investigated the growth environment, life cycle, and population dynamics of the species in the Samcheok region. Garlic mustard was found in a total of 301 locations in Samcheok, with a total distribution area of 2,957 square meters. Annual plants germinated in mid-April, overwintered in rosette form, underwent vegetative growth from April 10 to April 24 the following year, and flowered from April 24 to May 7. Individuals producing seeds began to die off from June. Both annual and biennial individuals showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing in number around April 27 (118 days). Garlic mustard grew well under favorable light conditions in early spring. They showed less growth on leaf litter, short distance from roads, lower altitude, deciduous broad-leaved forest of middle and lower parts of the slope and forest edge. Without proper control measures in the Samcheok region, it is likely to spread more rapidly in deciduous broad-leaved forests along hiking trails in the Galyasan Mountains. In particular, it is more likely to extend to oak community where light enters the site during flowering than to pine community where there is less light in the site.

Hypochaeris radicata, native to Europe and Eurasia, is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family. In Korea, H. radicata was reported in 1992, mainly in Jeju Island, and gradually spreading to the inland. It overwinters in the form of a rosette and blooms yellow flowers from May to June. H. radicata propagates by seeds and rhizomes. The germination temperature of the seed is 15/20°C (day/night), and the rhizome forms a new plant at a depth of 2-3 cm in the soil. The roots of H. radicata secrete allelochemicals that inhibit the development of other plants. Some use it as a salad or forage substitute but to a limited extent. However, extensive research on ampicillin contained in H. radicata has been conducted, and its anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects have been recognized. There are only a few methods to manage H. radicata both culturally and physically. In orchards, soil treatments such as oxyfluorfen and diclobenil, or nonselective foliar treatments such as glufosinate-ammonium and glyphosate are used. Notably, there are no known biological control agents.

In 2022, the Korean Ministry of Environment designated Parthenium hysterophorus as an ecosystem-disturbing plant. The purpose of this study was to present a management plan for P. hysterophorus considering its distribution, morphological, physiological, and ecological characteristics, and to introduce various control techniques. P. hysterophorus is native to Central America and occurs in about 45 countries worldwide. However, in Korea, it only grows in some areas of Tongyeong and Changwon, Gyeongsangnam Province. P. hysterophorus is an annual plant and spreads by seeds, moves between countries in the process of importing and/or exporting agricultural seeds, and spreads by agricultural machinery and vehicles after introduction. P. hysterophorus releases parthenin, an allelochemical that suppresses the occurrence of the surrounding vegetation, from its stems and roots. In addition, P. hysterophorus causes damage to humans and livestock through various allergens. P. hysterophorus can be controlled by physical methods, such as cutting its stems or pulling roots, and by treatment with non-selective herbicides, such as glyphosate. Many biological control research studies have been conducted and, unfortunately, there is no a practical solution so far.

Lactuca scariola L. is one of ecosystem-disturbance plants that grow everywhere such as roadsides, grasslands, railroads, banks, and fields. L. scariola usually occurs in autumn. It overwinters in rosette form. It flowers and produces seeds in early summer of the next year. Seeds of L. scariola can germinate immediately without dormancy when the temperature is over 20°C. Due to endogenous bacteria in seeds of L. scariola, it has a strong drought tolerance. Thus, it can grow well on roadsides. L. scariola should be controlled as it can result in 60-80% of soybean yield loss at densities above 50 plants m-2. It is advisable to remove L. scariola as it competes with native plants by acting as a pioneer to other ecosystem-disturbance plants. Among various control methods, chemical control is the most effective method that is widely used. Soil treatment with herbicides such as oxyfluorfen EC and pendimethalin EC can inhibit the development of L. scariola. Foliar treatment herbicides glyphosate and glufosinateammonium are widely used. L. scariola is resistant to 2,4-D, dicamba, and MCPA among foliar treatment herbicides. Thus, it is recommended to apply herbicides with different modes of action.

본 연구는 제주도 지역에서 처음 발견된 점개구리밥의 분포와 서식생물상에 대한 점개구리밥의 위해성을 평가하기 위해, 제주도 내 43개 습지 및 하천에서 환경요인과 서식생물상을 조사하였다. 점개구리밥은 43개 중 총 18개 조사 지역에서 출현이 확인되었으며, 이들 지역에서는 점개구리밥 외 수생식물의 생물량은 낮은 편이었다. 점개구리밥 등 수생식물과 환경요인에 대한 서식생물상의 영향을 분석하기 위해 SOM(Self-Organizing Map)을 활용한 패턴분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 동물플랑크톤 등 서식생물상은 환경요인보다는 수생식물의 생물량에 대한 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 특히 점개구리밥의 생물량은 부착성 종과 밀접하게 관련되는 것으로 분석되었다. 제주도 내 하천 및 습지는 수원이 일정하지 않고 수위변화가 급격하여 수생식물의 현존량이 적은 점을 감안하면, 제주도 지역의 교란 특성에 비교적 강한 점개구리밥은 서식생물상(동물플랑크톤 등)에게 서식처로서 중요하게 적용될 것으로 판단된다. 더욱이, 점개구리밥의 점유 공간 내 유기물이 서식동물상의 먹이원으로 활용되는 점 등을 볼 때 점개구리밥은 서식처인 동시에 먹이터로의 역할을 수행하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 비록 점개구리밥의 밀생이 그늘 효과 등으로 일부 수생식물의 성장과 발달에 영향을 미치지만, 이것은 부유식물이 수표면에 우점하는 특성 때문이며, 점개구리밥의 위해성이라 판단하기는 어렵다. 결론적으로 점개구리밥은 제주도 지역 내 대부분의 수계에서 확산 및 정착된 것으로 조사되었으며, 서식생물상 및 수중 환경 내 미치는 영향은 적은 것으로 사료된다. 추후 제주도 지역 외 내륙에서의 점개구리밥 분포 및 확산에 대한 모니터링을 수행할 필요가 있다고 보여진다.

본 연구는 주남저수지의 수질, 퇴적물, 저서성 무척추대형동물, 어류, 수생식물을 조사 및 분석함으로서 수생태계의 보전과 복원을 위한 기초자료 제공에 그 목적이 있다. 수질분석 결과, 수소이온농도(pH)는 8.2~8.4, 화학적 산소요구량(COD)은 6.0~7.5mg/L, 부유물질량(SS)은 10.0~10.3mg/L, 용존산소량(DO)은 8.3~11.5mg/L, 총인량(T-P)은 0.1mg/L, 총질소량(T-N)은 1.2~1.3mg/L로 나타났다. 퇴적물의 경우 Cd(카드뮴)는 0.47~0.52mg/kg, Cu(구리)는 7.08~7.43 mg/kg, As(비소)는 0.22~0.32mg/kg, Hg(수은)는 0.02~0.03mg/kg, Pb(납)는 6.20~7.45mg/kg, Ni(니켈)는 32.80~39.70mg/kg, F(불소)는 513.0~543.0mg/kg, Zn(아연)은 137.0~140.0mg/kg으로 나타났으며, Cr6+(6가크롬)은 검출되지 않았다. 저서성 대형무척추동물은 3문 5강 9목 26과 33속 39종 432개체가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 저서성 대형무척추동물의 생태점수(ESB)는 25로 나타났다. 어류는 8과 14종으로 나타났으며, 생태계교란야생동식물은 큰입배스와 파랑볼우럭 등 2분류군이었다. 수생식물은 28과 42속 56종 1아종 6변종 등 총 63분류군으로 확인되었으며, 정수식물은 38분류군(60.3%), 부엽식물은 5분류군(7.9%), 부유식물 및 침수식물은 각 10분류군(15.9%)로 나타났다.

The natural environment of Gulup-do should be preserved due to its unique ecological characteristics. A recent report stated that CJ group, one of Korea’s major business conglomerates (chaebols), plans to construct golf courses and resort facilities in Gulup-do. Such projects will destroy the delicate animal habitats of the island. The harmful chemical runoff from golf courses will also significantly damage the ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to show that the development of Gulup-do will adversely affect the ecology of the island.

The aim of this study was to collect crucial data for the improvement of water quality and ecosystem conservation by analyzing water samples, sediments, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish in the Seosan reservoir. The average values of water quality parameters from 2001 to 2016 were a chemical oxygen demand of 10 mg/L, total nitrogen of 1.22 mg/L, and total phosphorus of 0.074 mg/L. Cadmium was detected in the range of 0.531–0.748 mg/kg in the reservoir sediment. Fish belonging to 6 families and 9 species were identified in the reservoir. The dominant species were Carassius auratus and Micropterus salmoides. Benthic macroinvertebrates belonging to 22 families and 28 species were identified. The ecological score of the benthic macroinvertebrate community was 15 inside the reservoir (St. 2). Micropterus salmoides, an invasive alien species, was determined to be the subdominant fish species based on the number of captures, and the presence of the invasive species, Sicyos angulatus L. and Paspalum distichum L. was confirmed among the land flora.

This study analyzed business ecosystems in 4 case regions(Yeongdong, Seocheon, Sunchang, and Hadong) that carry forward the regional 6th industrialization. The analysis aimed to draw implications to build a healthy ecosystem for the sustainable development of the regional 6th industrialization. As a result of the analysis, 4 districts show different characteristics for their growth stages, and these results provide implications for policy directions for the development of the regional industry. The following basic direction was set for the sustainable regional 6th industrialization based on the healthy ecosystem. First, policy support should be differentiated by considering each region’s growth stage. Second, to improve the regional innovation capacity, it is needed to lay the foundation continually and strengthen diverse support for it. Third, a stronger and efficient implementation system is necessary for the regional 6th industrialization.

This paper was studied CO2 respiration rate with physicochemical properties of soils at wetland, paddy field and forest in Nongju-ri, Haeryong-myeon, Suncheon city, Jeollanam-do. Soil temperature and CO2 respiration rate were measured at the field, and soil pH, moisture and soil organic carbon were analyzed in laboratory. Field monitoring was conducted at 6 points (W3, W7, W13, W17, W23, W27) for wetland, 3 points (P1, P2, P3) for paddy field and 3 points (F1, F2, F3) for forest in 10 January 2009. CO2 concentrations in chamber were measured 352∼382 ppm for wetland, 364∼382 ppm for paddy field and 379∼390 ppm for forest, and the average values were 370 ppm, 370 ppm and 385 ppm, respectively. CO2 respiration rates of soils were measured -73∼44 mg/㎡/hr for wetland, -74∼24 mg/㎡/hr for paddy field and -55∼106 mg/㎡/hr for forest, and the average values were -8 mg/㎡/hr, -25 mg/㎡/hr and 38 mg/㎡/hr. CO2 was uptake from air to soil in wetland and paddy field, but it was emission from soil to air in forest. CO2 respiration rate function in uptake condition increased exponential and linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. But, it in emission condition decreased linear as soil temperature and soil organic carbon. CO2 respiration rate function in wetland decreased linear as soil moisture, but its in paddy and forest increased linear as soil moisture. CO2 respiration rate function in all sites increased linear as soil pH, and increasing rate at forest was highest.